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The current study investigated the factors that have a positive impact on reading development by examining the influence of the home and school environment on students who started school already able to read (early readers). The reading proficiency of the students in the study was determined by a variety of reading tests conducted at the beginning of the school year and students were identified as “early readers”, “average readers”, or “non readers”. The intent was to provide a comprehensive picture of early readers with an emphasis on historical, cultural, and social factors. Many factors influence the development of reading, but this study concentrated on the learning environment at home and in the school. Several methods were used to facilitate a broad description of the reading development of early readers, including observations, interviews, questionnaires, and reading tests. The theoretical concepts were derived from a social constructivist perspective and build on Vygotsky’s theories of learning and development. Among the factors considered were formal reading instruction and literacy. The results demonstrated that the early readers’ reading ability greatly exceeded that of their classmates at the start of the formal school experience. The early readers maintained this advantage through the first three years of school, but the gap was reduced over time. A comparison of the timing of the reading development showed that the early readers developed primarily before the start of school, while the average readers developed during school years one and two, and the non readers, during school year two. A comparison of the learning environments in home and school showed considerable differences. Learning in the home came about as a result of the child’s interests and occurred in the zone of proximal development. Parents gave support without controlling the activities and, along with older siblings, served as good models for reading. In the school setting, the national curriculum and the goals set in the syllabus determined the content of the instruction. The child’s interest did not guide the learning and early readers often worked on concepts they had already mastered. Early readers also worked independently more often, facilitated by their ability to read instructions. As a result, the individualization that occurred was often simply that children accomplished the same tasks in different amounts of time. This study concluded that the stimulation and support that parents provide can have a significant impact on reading learning and development. It is important that teachers take into account the prior knowledge and experiences that children have, since this can greatly impact their motivation to learn. Reading development does not occur at any one specific age, but can be influenced by a number of factors including the child’s development in other areas, and historical, social, or cultural influences.

The never ending argument among linguists and teachers about whether reading difficulties of the non native speakers of English are a reading problem or a language problem is an interesting study to start with. This was one of the questions examined in the study leading to the development of an ESP syllabus for undergraduate students at Bogor Agricultural University (IPB). Chapter One outlines the current English course at IPB where the focus of language teaching is on teaching grammar and reading. Chapter Two looks at the theoretical background and the development of ESP as well as the role of the ESP teachers which is different from the role of General English teachers. Since reading is the only target skill students need to acquire, Chapter Three looks at the theory of reading, outlines necessary reading skills and examines a 'good1 reading teacher. Chapter Four consists of a study and its analysis into whether difficulties in reading is a reading problem or a language problem. These findings are expected to give a clearer idea to the teachers of reading about the problems encountered by the students in reading English texts so they can decide whether the focus of the course should be on grammar development or reading development. Chapter Five discusses several types of syllabus as well as relating to the importance of needs analysis in designing a course, and suggests an outline syllabus for the IPB students i.e. the proportional syllabus including the profile of communication needs, aims and objectives of the course, language content, and the syllabus content.

Syftet med föreliggande uppsats är att visa hur skillnaden ser ut mellan lärarnas praktik och forskningens teori när det gäller att främja läsförståelse på högstadiet. I litteraturgenomgången presenteras läsprocessen och ett antal studier om vad några forskare anser främjar läsförståelse. Följande frågeställningar har varit ledande i undersökningen: Hur ser skolan till att eleverna uppnår en läsförståelse som motsvarar deras ålder/utveckling; hur utvärderar skolan elevernas kunskaper inom ämnet; hur ser forskare på vad som krävs för att förbättra läsförståelsen? Jag har intervjuat en specialpedagog och fem lärare som undervisar i svenska på två högstadieskolor. Resultatet visar att lärarna använder ett stort antal av de metoder som forskarna förespråkar men inte alla. Likaså tar inte alla forskare upp samma metoder. Pedagogerna använder även tillvägagångssätt som inte forskarna lyfter fram. Det saknas en systematik i uppläggningen av läsprocessen som leder även genom högstadiet. / The purpose of my essay is to explore the differences between teachers´ practice and the theory of research when it comes to improving reading comprehension during upper school. In the literature review, I opted to pick up the process of learning to read and investigations about what some researchers consider improve reading comprehension. To have my purpose answered I set up the following questions: How does school make sure that pupils reach a reading comprehension that correspond to their age/development; how does school evaluate pupils´ knowledge concerning reading comprehension; how do researchers look upon what requirements are needed to improve the reading comprehension? I have interviewed one special pedagogue and five teachers who are teaching Swedish in two upper schools. The result shows that the teachers are using a large numbers of the methods that the researchers advocate but not all. Likewise do not all researchers mention same methods. The pedagogues also use procedures that the researchers do not emphasize. It is lacking a systematic presentation of the reading process that continues all the way through upper school. The purpose of my essay is to explore the differences between teachers´ practice and the theory of research when it comes to improving reading comprehension during upper school. In the literature review, I opted to pick up the process of learning to read and investigations about what some researchers consider improve reading comprehension. To have my purpose answered I set up the following questions: How does school make sure that pupils reach a reading comprehension that correspond to their age/development; how does school evaluate pupils´ knowledge concerning reading comprehension; how do researchers look upon what requirements are needed to improve the reading comprehension? I have interviewed one special pedagogue and five teachers who are teaching Swedish in two upper schools. The result shows that the teachers are using a large numbers of the methods that the researchers advocate but not all. Likewise do not all researchers mention same methods. The pedagogues also use procedures that the researchers do not emphasize. It is lacking a systematic presentation of the reading process that continues all the way through upper school.

Samhället står i ständig förändring, och vi lever i ett informationssamhälle där vi ideligen kommer i kontakt med olika former av texter, vilket har fått till följd att det ställs andra krav på människans läsutveckling. Då forskning har visat på minskad läsförmåga hos elever i årskurs 4, ansåg vi det intressant att utveckla kunskap om hur elevers läsintresse kommer till uttryck i och utanför skolan, vilket också är studiens syfte. I denna studie har kvantitativ och kvalitativ metod kombinerats. För att få svar på vilka förutsättningar som har betydelse för elevers läsintresse utanför skolan, genomfördes en enkätundersökning. Elevernas enkätsvar användes som stöd när lärarna därefter intervjuades. Lärarna kunde också ge svar på vilka förutsättningar som har betydelse för elevernas läsvanor i skolan. Det centrala som studiens resultat pekar på är att det, finns fysiska och intellektuella redskap. Då studien utgår ifrån ett sociokulturellt perspektiv kan det fysiska redskapet förklaras som böcker, medan det intellektuella redskapet kan förklaras som läsintresset. Det har betydelse för elevers läsintresse, att de fysiska och intellektuella redskapen  samverkar med varandra. / The society is constantly changing, and we live in an information society where weoften get in contact with different forms of texts. Because of that we can see other typesof demands on peoples reading development. Research has shown reduced readingability in students in grade four, therefore we thought it would be interesting to gainknowledge about the condition regarding interests of reading for students in grade four,both in and outside school, which also is the purpose of this study.In this study, quantitative and qualitative methods were combined. To get the answersto what conditions are relevant to the students’ interest in reading outside the school, asurvey was made. The students’ survey responses were then used as support when theteachers thereafter were interviewed. The teachers could also provide the answers onwhat conditions are relevant to the students’ reading habits at school.The most important result of this study is that there are physical instrument andintellectual instrument. As the study is based on a socio cultural perspective, thephysical instrument can be explained as books, whilst the intellectual instrument can beexplained as interests of reading. In order to motivate students’ interest in reading, it isimportant that these instruments interact with each other.

Sound-field amplification systems (SFA) have proven effective in overcoming classroom listening difficulties associated with noise, distance and reverberation. However, whether improving the classroom listening environment is sufficient to enhance young children’s learning in areas critical to early reading acquisition, such as awareness of the sound structure of spoken words (phonological awareness: PA), is unclear. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of an enhanced listening environment combined with PA intervention which aimed to specifically increase children’s PA compared to an enhanced listening environment alone. Participants were 38 children aged 5-6 years from two classes at a low-decile primary school. All children were hearing screened at baseline, pre- and post-intervention. PA, letter-sound knowledge, real and non-word decoding were measured three times over 10 weeks (Term 1) prior to SFA installation in both classrooms, as well as pre- and post-intervention. In Term 2, children in class 1 were randomly assigned to receive SFA and an eight-week class-based teacher-administered PA programme. Class 2 received SFA only. A significant learning effect for all children occurred during the first phase of the monitoring period. Yet, a plateau was reached for most children between assessment times two and three prior to intervention. Following intervention, class 1 demonstrated a significant difference compared to class 2 in one PA assessment. Other measures failed to show any differences between classes. Visual data analyses revealed particular (non-significant) improvements for poor readers in class 1. These children outperformed poor readers in class 2 on all measures. Teacher questionnaires indicated that children’s listening skills improved with SFA. The significant difference observed in one measure of PA between classes demonstrated that the combination of enhanced classroom acoustic environment and PA intervention actively improved PA development. The results of this study have implications for: (a) facilitating attention to sound structure, (b) optimal intervention for early PA development, (c) early reading acquisition in New Zealand classrooms, and, (d) the use of typical models of professional teacher development.

The problem of this study was that parental perceptions of the roles and needs related to their children's reading development had not been successfully investigated. The primary purpose of this investigation was to determine parental perceptions of their roles, influence, and skills most needed to assist them relating to their children's reading development; the information sources on which parental beliefs about their role are founded; factors foreseen by parents that might hinder their involvement in that role; parents' preferred mode of receiving desired information relative to their assistance in their children's reading development; and existing variations in parental perceptions.

Orientador: Sergio Antonio da Silva Leite / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T07:00:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lins_HeloisaAndreiadeMatos_D.pdf: 1364565 bytes, checksum: abbd167bb593254e67369c36f5289ac8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Esta pesquisa busca delinear a construção social sobre os modos de apropriação da leitura pelos surdos - próprios e particulares - e das práticas de produções relativas à mesma que constituem/ constituíram tais sujeitos como leitores. Para tanto, procurou traçar a cartografia do movimento de formação de quatro surdos adultos como leitores (com pouca influência da oralização e relativa proficiência na leitura do Português, no presente), configurada na noção de espaço e tempo construídos pela memória dos mesmos, através dos recursos da História Oral. Em síntese, através dessas memórias, procurou-se destacar os diferentes modos de interação com a leitura e com a coletividade - formada por sujeitos surdos e ouvintes - em vários períodos de suas vidas, com intuito de categorizar os principais mediadores para tais processos de apropriação. Neste sentido, a pesquisa revelou que as imagens e a relação da Língua de Sinais com a escrita em Português são fundamentais para que o leitor surdo possa desenvolver-se como tal. Os sinais cumpriram a função da fala para os ouvintes, na constituição do leitor surdo. O papel da família como mediadora da leitura foi decisivo também nas histórias narradas, pelos modelos oferecidos, pelos materiais de leitura apresentados e pelas relações que se estabeleciam, do ponto de vista afetivo, assim como nas Associações de Surdos. A pesquisa também destaca que as identidades dos leitores surdos, imersos num contexto majoritariamente ouvinte, embora reprimidas, rebelam-se e afirmam-se em relação ao mesmo, frente às questões de inserção social, ideologicamente marcadas, que a palavra escrita e a proficiência na leitura também oferecem. Finalmente, a pesquisa aponta para o fato de que alguns surdos (que possuem uma identidade surda, que reconhecem a língua de sinais como língua natural), indicam que a oralidade exerce um papel importante em seu processo educativo, diferentemente dos moldes oralistas historicamente situados / Abstract: This research searchs to delineate the social construction on the ways of appropriation of the reading for the deaf people - proper and particular - and of the practical ones of relative productions to the same one that they constitute/had constituted such citizens as readers. For in such a way, it looked for to trace the cartography of the movement of formation of four adult deaf people as reading (with little influence of the oralism and relative proficiency in the reading of the Portuguese, in the current days), configured in the notion of space and time constructed by the memory of the same ones, through the resources of Oral History. In synthesis, through these memories, it was looked to detach the different ways of interaction with the reading and the collective - formed for deaf citizens and listeners - in some periods of its lives, with intention to categorize the main mediators for such processes of appropriation. In this direction, the research disclosed that the images and the relation of the Language of Signals with the writing in Portuguese are basic so that the deaf reader can develop itself as such. The signals had fulfilled the function of speak for the listeners, in the constitution of the deaf reader. The function of the family as mediating of the reading was decisive also in told histories, for the offered models, the materials of presented reading and the relations that if established, of the affective point of view, as well as in the Associations of deaf people. The research also detaches that the identities of the deaf, immersed readers in a context mainly listener, even so restrained, is rebelled and affirmed in relation to exactly, front to the questions of social insertion, marked by ideology, that the word written and to the proficiency in the reading also they offer. Finally, the research points with respect to the fact of that some deaf people (that they possess a deaf identity, who recognize the language of signals as natural language), indicate that the orality exerts an important function in its educative process, differently of situated by oralism history / Doutorado / Educação, Conhecimento, Linguagem e Arte / Doutor em Educação

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Redan i de tidiga skolåren och i skolans alla ämnen har språket stor betydelse för utvecklingen och lärandet. Alla barn utvecklas olika och skolan har ett uppdrag i att möta och utmana alla elever. Studiens syfte är att bidra med kunskap om hur skolan kan möta och utmana de elever som redan har ett välutvecklat språk när de kommer till skolan, något som vi väljer att kalla tidiga språkare, samt hur specialläraren inom språk-, skriv- och läsutveckling kan vara delaktig i detta arbete. Studien belyser även hur samverkan mellan personal på skolan och skolbibliotek kan främja dessa elevers språk-, skriv- och läsutveckling. Teoretisk utgångpunkt i studien är sociokulturellt perspektiv. Empiri till studien har samlats in genom intervjuer av kvalitativ och semistrukturerad karaktär med åtta respondenter. Resultatet visar att lärare och förskollärare upplever att de snabbt får en klar bild av samtliga elevers språkliga förmågor och vilka som är i behov av särskilda utmaningar. Det framkommer också att lärare och förskollärare uppger sig ha möjligheter att utmana de som har kommit längre i sin språkliga utveckling. Gruppens betydelse och sammansättning lyfts som viktiga faktorer för lärande och samtliga respondenter trycker på vikten av det sociala arbetet i skolan. Resultatet visar även att lärare och förskollärare främst önskar handledning från speciallärare inom språk-, skriv- och läsutveckling för att möta de språkligt tidiga elevernas behov. Speciallärarens handledande roll är en viktig specialpedagogisk implikation som framkommer i studien. / Already in the early school years and in all school subjects, the language has great importance for development and learning. All children develop differently and the school has a mission to meet and challenge all pupils. The aim of the study is to provide knowledge about how the school can meet and challenge the students who already have a well-developed language when they come to school, something that we choose to call early language speakers, and how the special needs teacher in language, writing and reading development can be involved in this work. The study also highlights how collaboration between staff at the school and school libraries can promote these pupils' language, writing and reading development. The theoretical starting point in the study is socio-cultural perspective. The empirical study has been collected through interviews of a qualitative and semi-structured character with eight respondents. The result shows that teachers and preschool teachers find that they quickly get a clear picture of all pupils' linguistic abilities and who are in need of special challenges. It also appears that teachers and preschool teachers say they have the opportunity to challenge those who have come further in their linguistic development. The group's importance and composition are highlighted as important factors for learning and all respondents emphasize the importance of social work in school. The result also shows that teachers and preschool teachers primarily want supervision from special needs teachers in language, writing and reading development in order to meet the needs of the linguistically early students. The special role of the special needs teacher is an important special educational implication that emerges in the study.