Land Ownership and Development: Evidence from Postwar Japan This paper analyzes the effect of land ownership on technology adoption and structural transformation. A large-scale land reform in postwar Japan enforced a large number of tenant farmers who were cultivating land to become owners of this land. I find that the municipalities which had many owner farmers after the land reform tended to experience a quick entry of new agricultural machines which became available after the reform. The adoption of the machines reduced the dependence on family labor, and led to a reallocation of labor from agriculture to industries and service sectors in urban centers when these sectors were growing. I also analyze the aggregate impact of labor reallocation on economic growth by using a simple growth model and micro data. I find that it increased GDP by about 12 percent of the GDP in 1974 during 1955-74. I also find a large and positive effect on agricultural productivity. Loyalty and Treason: Theory and Evidence from Japan's Land Reform A historically large-scale land reform in Japan after World War II enforced by the occupation forces redistributed a large area of farmlands to tenant farmers. The reform demolished hierarchical structures by weakening landlords' power in villages and towns. This paper investigates how the change in the social and economic structure of small communities affects electoral outcomes in the presence of clientelism. I find that there was a considerable decrease in the vote share of conservative parties in highly affected areas after the reform. I find the supporting evidence that the effect was driven by the fact that the tenant farmers who had obtained land exited from the long-term tenancy contract and became independent landowners. The effect was relatively persistent. Finally, I also find the surprising result that there was a decrease, rather than an increase, in turnout in these areas after the reform.  Geography and State Fragmentation We examine how geography affects the location of borders between sovereign states in Europe and surrounding areas from 1500 until today at the grid-cell level. This is motivated by an observation that the richest places in this region also have the highest historical border presence, suggesting a hitherto unexplored link between geography and modern development, working through state fragmentation. The raw correlations show that borders tend to be located on mountains, by rivers, closer to coasts, and in areas suitable for rainfed, but not irrigated, agriculture. Many of these patterns also hold with rigorous spatial controls. For example, cells with more rivers and more rugged terrain than their neighboring cells have higher border densities. However, the fragmenting effects of suitability for rainfed agriculture are reversed with such neighbor controls. Moreover, we find that borders are less likely to survive over time when they separate large states from small, but this size-difference effect is mitigated by, e.g., rugged terrain.

A agroindústria sucroenergética tem importância histórica no agronegócio brasileiro e vivenciou um período de grande desenvolvimento e transformações nas últimas décadas, o que, consequentemente, impactou de maneira diversa sobre o mercado de trabalho da atividade. Neste contexto, diversos estudos buscaram avaliar a evolução de indicadores do mercado de trabalho da agroindústria sucroenergética, destacando sua dimensão, transformações e relevância. Porém, ainda se identificam lacunas pouco exploradas pela literatura científica, como o impacto de transformações institucionais e conjunturais no mercado de trabalho do setor, advindos principalmente da restrição às queimadas no processo de colheita e do período de crise na atividade. Posto isso, este trabalho de tese busca contribuir neste campo de estudo, com dois capítulos independentes, ambos tendo como argumento principal a avaliação das mudanças institucionais e conjunturais do setor sucroenergético ao longo dos últimos anos, com destaque aos efeitos sobre o mercado de trabalho formal da atividade. No primeiro, adentra-se à discussão de maneira mais ampla, avaliando-se a evolução dos indicadores do mercado de trabalho formal dos setores de cana-de-açúcar, açúcar e etanol para o período de 2000 até 2016. Também são calculadas equações de rendimento, de modo a se obter informações sobre os determinantes do nível de salário dos trabalhadores do setor sucroenergético. Como resultados principais, verifica-se a grande expansão do número de empregos e salários até 2008, com diferenciais de salários entre os trabalhadores do setor, em geral, apresentando redução. Mas, houve queda no número de ocupações no período imediatamente posterior, até 2016, mas com crescimento da qualidade das ocupações. Destacou-se também o processo de mecanização da colheita que impactou na redução significativa de empregos na área agrícola. Também se verificaram efeitos da crise do setor, que teve influência expressiva principalmente na queda de empregos na indústria entre 2008 e 2016. No segundo estudo, busca-se uma análise mais específica dos efeitos destas mudanças institucionais e conjunturais sobre o mercado de trabalho formal do setor sucroenergético, lançando-se foco específico sobre os fluxos de contingente de trabalhadores relacionados à atividade, avaliando-se fluxos de migração e a realocação dos trabalhadores entre atividades e localidades no período de análise de 2008 e 2016, com o uso da metodologia de redes socioeconômicas e clusters. Como resultados principais, verifica-se a saída do mercado formal de um grande contingente de trabalhadores, com característica majoritária de baixa escolaridade, o que evidencia a dificuldade de trabalhadores do setor em se realocar de maneira formal em outras atividades. / The sugarcane agroindustry has historical importance in Brazilian agribusiness and has experienced a period of great development and transformation in the last decades, which, consequently, had a different impact on the labor market of the activity. In this context, several studies sought to evaluate the evolution of indicators of the labor market of the sugarcane agroindustry, highlighting its size, transformations and relevance. However, there are still gaps that are not explored by the scientific literature, such as the impact of institutional and conjunctural changes in the labor market of the sector, mainly due to the restriction to the burnings in the harvesting process and the period of crisis in the activity. Thus, this thesis aims to contribute in this field of study, with two independent chapters, both having as main argument the evaluation of the institutional and conjunctural changes of the sugarcane industry in recent years, with emphasis on the effects on the formal labor market of the activity. In the first, a broader discussion is introduced, evaluating the evolution of the formal labor market indicators of the sugar cane, sugar and ethanol sectors for the period from 2000 to 2016. Income equations are also calculated, in order to obtain information about the determinants of the wage level of workers in the sugar-energy sector. The main results are the great expansion in the number of jobs and wages up to 2008, with salary differentials among workers in the sector, in general, showing a reduction. However, there was a decrease in the number of occupations in the period immediately after, until 2016, but with growth in the quality of occupations. It was also highlighted the mechanization process of the harvest that impacted on the significant reduction of jobs in the agricultural area. There were also effects of the sector\'s crisis, which had a significant influence mainly in the fall of jobs in industry between 2008 and 2016. In the second study, a more specific analysis is sought of the effects of these institutional and conjunctural changes on the formal labor market of a specific focus and on the contingent flows of workers related to the activity, assessing migration flows and the reallocation of workers between activities and localities in the period of analysis of 2008 and 2016. As main results, the formal market exit of a large contingent of workers, with a majority of low schooling, evidencing the difficulty of workers in the sector to relocate in a formal way in other activities.

L’objectif de la thèse a été de comprendre la dynamique protonique et l'adsorption d'eau dans de nouveaux matériaux poreux identifiés expérimentalement comme des candidats prometteurs pour des applications dans le domaine de la conduction protonique et du transfert de chaleur par adsorption. Dans ce contexte, des simulations à l’échelle électronique (Théorie de la fonctionnelle de la Densité) et atomique (Monte Carlo et Dynamique Moléculaire classique) ont permis (i) d’élucider les mécanismes de conduction protonique assistées par l’eau de deux matériaux hybrides de type MOFs, MIL-163(Zr) et KAUST-7', et d'un phosphate de titane, TiIVTiIV(HPO4)4 à l’origine de leurs performances exceptionnelles et (ii) d’interpréter les comportements d’adsorption de l’eau d’une série de matériaux hybrides CUK-1(Me), MOF-801(Zr) and MIL-100(Fe) qui peuvent être modulées par la nature de leur centre métallique, la création de défauts et l’incorporation de sites de coordination insaturés. Cette connaissance fondamentale devrait permettre de voir émerger de façon plus efficace des matériaux pour les deux applications visées. / The objective of this PhD thesis was to gain insight into the proton dynamics and water adsorption mechanisms in novel porous materials that have been identified experimentally as promising candidates for low temperature proton conduction and adsorption-based heat reallocation-related applications. This was achieved by combining advanced computational tools at the electronic (Density Functional Theory) and atomic (force field_based Monte Carlo and Molecular Dynamics) levels to (i) reveal the water-assisted proton migration pathway through the pores of the hybrid metal organic frameworks MIL-163(Zr) and KAUST-7’and the inorganic phosphonate TiIVTiIV(HPO4)4 materials at the origin of their outstanding proton conduction performances and (ii) explain the water adsorption behaviors of a series of metal organic frameworks CUK-1(Me), MOF-801(Zr) and MIL-100(Fe) that can be tuned by changing the nature of the metal center, creating defects and incorporating coordinatively unsaturated sites. Such a fundamental understanding is expected to pave the way towards a more efficient development of materials for the two explored applications.

Firms' participation in exporting or foreign direct investment is an extremely rare behavior: only 4 percent of over 5.5 million U.S. firms were exporters in 2000. Exporters are generally larger (e.g. output and employment) and more productive than firms serving only domestic markets. Such heterogeneity within a narrowly defined industry cannot be fully explained by either comparative advantage arguments or the presence of scale economies and consumers' love of variety. Recent studies of heterogeneous firms show that a reduction in trade costs, i.e. policy, geographic and institutional barriers, has two effects within an industry previously not recognized in trade literature: (i) exit of low productivity firms, and (ii) resource reallocation in favor of high productivity firms. These two effects combine to raise an industry's average productivity and overall welfare, but can adversely affect some regions of an economy with firm closures or job losses. The objective of this dissertation is to examine the effects of trade costs on firm entry, exit, and employment at a regional level in the United States. For this purpose, industry-specific trade costs by U.S. regions are derived and their underlying sources are examined. The chosen trade-costs measure, based on the gravity equation, captures the variation over time in trade fictions among countries. Data from the Census Bureau and the World Bank are employed to quantify trade costs by U.S. industries and regions. Results show that a single measure of trade costs for the United States does not adequately represent the large number of and diverse regions through which trade in agriculture and manufacturing occurs. Moreover, geographic factors appear to be relatively more important than policy barriers in explaining the level of trade costs faced by U.S. regions. Drawing on recent heterogeneous firms models, this dissertation specifies an empirical framework to examine: (i) firm entry or exit arising from changes in trade costs, i.e. extensive margin, and (ii) changes in employment of surviving firms creation arising from changes in trade costs, i.e. intensive margin. These two hypotheses are tested using regional business dynamics data from the Census Bureau and trade cost measures derived earlier. Results show that trade cost changes affect firm exit and employment as hypothesized. That is, lowering trade costs increases the likelihood of firm exit, presumably of the low-productivity ones. Thus, trade costs, by way of the extensive margin, affect an industry's average productivity. Similarly, trade costs appear to affect the employment of surviving firms suggesting that the intensive margin also operates to improve average productivity of an industry, such as through resource reallocation towards high-productivity firms. The intra-industry reallocation of resources to high productivity firms is an important source of gains from trade to the whole economy. Nonetheless, some regions face firm exit and job losses. In assessing the gains from trade, attention must be paid to the distributional consequences of resource reallocation within an industry as well as a country. / Graduation date: 2013

Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2006

Die höchstrichterliche Rechtsprechung von BGH und BVerwG und die darauf aufbauende Fachliteratur führen aus, daß eine Umlegung oder eine Flurbereinigung privatnützig seien und aus diesem Grund eine Inhaltsbestimmung darstellen würden; die Enteignung sei im Gegensatz dazu durch ihre Fremdnützigkeit gekennzeichnet. Dabei wird die Privatnützigkeit durch das „wohlverstandene Interesse der Eigentümer“ und den „wirtschaftlich vernünftig denkenden Eigentümer“ beschrieben. Diese Denkweise spielt nach wie vor die entscheidende Rolle, wenn ein Bodenordnungsinstrument für die Bewältigung einer Bodenordnungsaufgabe ausgewählt wird. Das BVerfG hat die Baulandumlegung ebenfalls als eine Inhalts- und Schrankenbestimmung eingeordnet. Das Gericht hat jedoch eine von der oben beschriebenen abweichende Argumentation gewählt und die Einordnung der Umlegung in Art. 14 GG anhand der aktuellen Eigentumsdogmatik vorgenommen. Demnach findet während der Umlegung wie bei der Enteignung ein Entzug von Eigentum statt. Beide Instrumente werden jedoch nicht über die Schwere des Eigentumseingriffs voneinander unterschieden, sondern anhand des Zwecks des Eigentumsentzugs. Ob die Umlegung jedoch privatnützig zu sein hat, spielt im Urteil des BVerfG keine Rolle, da dieses Kriterium eher materiellen Charakter hat. Dieser Umstand bildete den Ausgangspunkt für die vorgelegte Arbeit, nämlich ob der Aspekt der Privatnützigkeit trotzdem noch eine Rolle bei der Wahl des Bodenordnungsverfahrens spielt oder zu verwerfen ist. Dafür wurde zunächst die Eigentumsdogmatik des BVerfG im Vergleich zur Rechtsprechung des BGH und des BVerwG eingehend ausgewertet. Später fand auch noch eine Fokussierung auf die Rechtsprechung statt, die sich unmittelbar mit der Umlegung bzw. der Flurbereinigung befaßt. Diese, für eine ingenieurwissenschaftliche Arbeit ungewöhnlich tiefgründige, Auseinandersetzung mit der Eigentumsdogmatik war notwendig, da nur so eine Annäherung an die Thematik der Privatnützigkeit möglich war. Außerdem werden Bodenordnungsverfahren nach dem BauGB oder dem FlurbG in der Regel von Vermessungsingenieuren durchgeführt, und diese müssen ja auch das geeignete Bodenordnungsverfahren auswählen. Die Annäherung an das, sich gegenseitig ausschließende, Begriffspaar „privatnützig“ und „fremdnützig“ wurde in rechtsprechungsbezogener, in eigentumsbezogener, in philosophischer und in planungsbezogener Hinsicht durchgeführt. Im Ergebnis wurden dem Begriff „privatnützig“ insbesondere die Attribute der „eigenen Wertschöpfung“ und der „Umsetzbarkeit der Nutzung in eigener Person“ zugeordnet, und zwar aus Sicht des jeweiligen Grundstückseigentümers. Dies korrespondiert auch mit der Rechtsprechung des BVerfG zur Baulandumlegung, wo ein Bezug zur Baubefugnis aus Sicht des Betroffenen gezogen wird. Anhand der Kombination der Rechtsprechung und der Ausgestaltung des Begriffspaars „privatnützig“ und „fremdnützig“ wurde ein Untersuchungsschema aufgestellt, nach dem beispielhafte Verfahren der städtischen und agrarischen Bodenordnung analysiert wurden. Dieses Schema sieht eine Vorverlagerung der Untersuchung der Privat- und der Fremdnützigkeit von der Ebene der Bodenordnung in die Planungsebene vor. Dafür werden der Adressat der Planung, der Anteil und die Funktion öffentlicher Gemeinbedarfsflächen sowie die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Landzuteilung in einem künftigen Bodenordnungsverfahren analysiert. Daraus sind dann Schlüsse zu ziehen, wie die Bodenordnungsaufgabe zu lösen ist. Liegt eine insgesamt privatnützige Planung vor, ist die Bodenordnung in jedem Fall im Rahmen einer Inhaltsbestimmung des Eigentums lösbar. Dazu gehören insbesondere auch die Erschließungsflächen für die Umsetzung einer privatnützigen Planung. Im Fall einer fremdnützigen Planung verbleibt die Enteignung. Dafür wurden jedoch Möglichkeiten entwickelt, nach denen die Enteignung selbst in ein inhaltsbestimmendes Bodenordnungsinstrument eingebettet werden kann. Anhand der Schlüsse aus den untersuchten Bodenordnungsverfahren wurden schließlich ein Schema für die Wahl des geeigneten Bodenordnungsverfahrens entwickelt sowie Empfehlungen für die Weiterentwicklung der gesetzlichen Grundlagen getroffen. / The supreme courts administration of justice of BGH and BVerwG and the professional literature, building up on it, explain that a reallocation or a land consolidation are serving private interests and that because of this these instruments are contents and barriers regulations; the expropriation is by contrast marked by its common utility. Besides, the private utility is described by its “well-understood interest of the owner” and “the economically rationally thinking owner”. This way of thinking still plays the determining role if a land division instrument is selected for the coping of a land division job. The BVerfG has also arranged the reallocation as a contents and barriers regulation. Nevertheless, the court has chosen an argumentation which deviates from the described ones on top to classify the reallocation into art. 14 GG with the help of the topical proprietary dogmatics. Therefore, a denial of property takes place during the reallocation like with the expropriation. Nevertheless, both instruments are distinguished not about the gravity of the proprietary intervention of each other, but with the help of the purpose of the proprietary denial. Whether the reallocation has to be serving private interests, nevertheless, plays no role in the judgement of the BVerfG, because this criterion has rather material character. This fact formed the starting point for the presented work, namely whether the aspect of the private utility plays, nevertheless, one more role with a choice of the land division procedure or is to be rejected. For that the proprietary dogmatics of the BVerfG was evaluated first in comparison to the administration of BGH and the BVerwG thoroughly. Later a focusing took place on the administration of justice which deals immediately with the reallocation or the land consolidation. This, for an engineer-scientific work unusually profound, discussion with the proprietary dogmatics was necessary, because only that way an approach to the topic of the private utility was possible. Moreover, land division procedures according to the BauGB or the FlurbG are operated by measurement engineers, and these must select also the suitable land division procedure. The approach to this, mutually excluding, concept pair \"serving private interests\" and \"serving common interests\" was carried out in administration of justice-related, in property-related, in philosophical and in planning-related regard. In the result in particular the attributes “own added value” and “feasibility of the use in person” were assigned to the concept “serving private interests”, namely from the point of view of the respective property owner. This also corresponds with the administration of justice of the BVerfG to the reallocation where a relation is pulled to the construction competence from the point of view of the affected person. With the help of the combination of the administration of justice and the arrangement of the concept pair \"serving private interests\" and \"serving common interests\" an investigation pattern was put up to analyse exemplary procedures of urban and agrarian land divisions. This pattern intends a forward displacement of the investigation of the private and the common utility from the level of the land division into the planning level. Then from this conclusions are to be drawn as the land division job is to be solved. If a planning is given which is all together “serving private interests”, the land division is solvable, in any case, within the scope of a contents and barriers regulation. The development surfaces in particular also belong to it for the conversion of a planning which is “serving private interests”. In the case of a planning which is “serving common interests”, remains the expropriation. Nevertheless, for this case the possibilities after which the expropriation itself can be embedded into a land division instrument that is a contents regulation were developed. With the help of the results from the examined land division procedures were developed, finally, a pattern for the choice of the suitable land division procedure as well as recommendations were made to the advancement of the legal bases.

The United States international land boundary is a volatile, security intense area. In 2010, the combined trade was $918 billion within North American nations, with 80% transported by commercial trucks. Over 50 million commercial vehicles cross the Texas/Mexico border every year, not including private vehicles and pedestrian traffic, between Brownsville and El Paso, Texas, through one of over 25 major border crossings called "ports of entry" (POE). Recently, securing our southwest border from terrorist interventions, undocumented immigrants, and the illegal flow of drugs and guns has dominated the need to efficiently and effectively process people, goods and traffic. Increasing security and inspection requirements are seriously affecting transit times. Each POE is configured as a multi-commodity, prioritized queueing network which rarely, if ever, operates in steady-state. Therefore, the problem is about finding a balance between a reduction of wait time and its variance, POE operation costs, and the sustainment of a security level. The contribution of the dissertation is three-fold. The first uses queueing theory on the border crossing process to develop a methodology that decreases border wait times without increasing costs or affecting security procedures. The outcome is the development of the Dynamic Reallocation Methodology (DRM). Currently at the POE, inspection stations are fixed and can only inspect one truck type, FAST or Non-FAST program participant. The methodology proposes moveable servers that once a threshold is met, can be switched to service the other type of truck. Particular emphasis is given to inspection (service) times under time-varying arrivals (demands). The second contribution is an analytical model of the POE, to analyze the effects of the DRM. First assuming a Markovian service time, DRM benefits are evaluated. However, field data and other research suggest a general distribution for service time. Therefore, a Coxian k-phased approximation is implemented. The DRM is analyzed under this new baseline using expected number in the system, and cycle times. A variance reduction procedure is also proposed and evaluated under DRM. Results show that queue length and wait time is reduced 10 to 33% depending on load, while increasing FAST wait time by less than three minutes.

Die höchstrichterliche Rechtsprechung von BGH und BVerwG und die darauf aufbauende Fachliteratur führen aus, daß eine Umlegung oder eine Flurbereinigung privatnützig seien und aus diesem Grund eine Inhaltsbestimmung darstellen würden; die Enteignung sei im Gegensatz dazu durch ihre Fremdnützigkeit gekennzeichnet. Dabei wird die Privatnützigkeit durch das „wohlverstandene Interesse der Eigentümer“ und den „wirtschaftlich vernünftig denkenden Eigentümer“ beschrieben. Diese Denkweise spielt nach wie vor die entscheidende Rolle, wenn ein Bodenordnungsinstrument für die Bewältigung einer Bodenordnungsaufgabe ausgewählt wird. Das BVerfG hat die Baulandumlegung ebenfalls als eine Inhalts- und Schrankenbestimmung eingeordnet. Das Gericht hat jedoch eine von der oben beschriebenen abweichende Argumentation gewählt und die Einordnung der Umlegung in Art. 14 GG anhand der aktuellen Eigentumsdogmatik vorgenommen. Demnach findet während der Umlegung wie bei der Enteignung ein Entzug von Eigentum statt. Beide Instrumente werden jedoch nicht über die Schwere des Eigentumseingriffs voneinander unterschieden, sondern anhand des Zwecks des Eigentumsentzugs. Ob die Umlegung jedoch privatnützig zu sein hat, spielt im Urteil des BVerfG keine Rolle, da dieses Kriterium eher materiellen Charakter hat. Dieser Umstand bildete den Ausgangspunkt für die vorgelegte Arbeit, nämlich ob der Aspekt der Privatnützigkeit trotzdem noch eine Rolle bei der Wahl des Bodenordnungsverfahrens spielt oder zu verwerfen ist. Dafür wurde zunächst die Eigentumsdogmatik des BVerfG im Vergleich zur Rechtsprechung des BGH und des BVerwG eingehend ausgewertet. Später fand auch noch eine Fokussierung auf die Rechtsprechung statt, die sich unmittelbar mit der Umlegung bzw. der Flurbereinigung befaßt. Diese, für eine ingenieurwissenschaftliche Arbeit ungewöhnlich tiefgründige, Auseinandersetzung mit der Eigentumsdogmatik war notwendig, da nur so eine Annäherung an die Thematik der Privatnützigkeit möglich war. Außerdem werden Bodenordnungsverfahren nach dem BauGB oder dem FlurbG in der Regel von Vermessungsingenieuren durchgeführt, und diese müssen ja auch das geeignete Bodenordnungsverfahren auswählen. Die Annäherung an das, sich gegenseitig ausschließende, Begriffspaar „privatnützig“ und „fremdnützig“ wurde in rechtsprechungsbezogener, in eigentumsbezogener, in philosophischer und in planungsbezogener Hinsicht durchgeführt. Im Ergebnis wurden dem Begriff „privatnützig“ insbesondere die Attribute der „eigenen Wertschöpfung“ und der „Umsetzbarkeit der Nutzung in eigener Person“ zugeordnet, und zwar aus Sicht des jeweiligen Grundstückseigentümers. Dies korrespondiert auch mit der Rechtsprechung des BVerfG zur Baulandumlegung, wo ein Bezug zur Baubefugnis aus Sicht des Betroffenen gezogen wird. Anhand der Kombination der Rechtsprechung und der Ausgestaltung des Begriffspaars „privatnützig“ und „fremdnützig“ wurde ein Untersuchungsschema aufgestellt, nach dem beispielhafte Verfahren der städtischen und agrarischen Bodenordnung analysiert wurden. Dieses Schema sieht eine Vorverlagerung der Untersuchung der Privat- und der Fremdnützigkeit von der Ebene der Bodenordnung in die Planungsebene vor. Dafür werden der Adressat der Planung, der Anteil und die Funktion öffentlicher Gemeinbedarfsflächen sowie die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Landzuteilung in einem künftigen Bodenordnungsverfahren analysiert. Daraus sind dann Schlüsse zu ziehen, wie die Bodenordnungsaufgabe zu lösen ist. Liegt eine insgesamt privatnützige Planung vor, ist die Bodenordnung in jedem Fall im Rahmen einer Inhaltsbestimmung des Eigentums lösbar. Dazu gehören insbesondere auch die Erschließungsflächen für die Umsetzung einer privatnützigen Planung. Im Fall einer fremdnützigen Planung verbleibt die Enteignung. Dafür wurden jedoch Möglichkeiten entwickelt, nach denen die Enteignung selbst in ein inhaltsbestimmendes Bodenordnungsinstrument eingebettet werden kann. Anhand der Schlüsse aus den untersuchten Bodenordnungsverfahren wurden schließlich ein Schema für die Wahl des geeigneten Bodenordnungsverfahrens entwickelt sowie Empfehlungen für die Weiterentwicklung der gesetzlichen Grundlagen getroffen. / The supreme courts administration of justice of BGH and BVerwG and the professional literature, building up on it, explain that a reallocation or a land consolidation are serving private interests and that because of this these instruments are contents and barriers regulations; the expropriation is by contrast marked by its common utility. Besides, the private utility is described by its “well-understood interest of the owner” and “the economically rationally thinking owner”. This way of thinking still plays the determining role if a land division instrument is selected for the coping of a land division job. The BVerfG has also arranged the reallocation as a contents and barriers regulation. Nevertheless, the court has chosen an argumentation which deviates from the described ones on top to classify the reallocation into art. 14 GG with the help of the topical proprietary dogmatics. Therefore, a denial of property takes place during the reallocation like with the expropriation. Nevertheless, both instruments are distinguished not about the gravity of the proprietary intervention of each other, but with the help of the purpose of the proprietary denial. Whether the reallocation has to be serving private interests, nevertheless, plays no role in the judgement of the BVerfG, because this criterion has rather material character. This fact formed the starting point for the presented work, namely whether the aspect of the private utility plays, nevertheless, one more role with a choice of the land division procedure or is to be rejected. For that the proprietary dogmatics of the BVerfG was evaluated first in comparison to the administration of BGH and the BVerwG thoroughly. Later a focusing took place on the administration of justice which deals immediately with the reallocation or the land consolidation. This, for an engineer-scientific work unusually profound, discussion with the proprietary dogmatics was necessary, because only that way an approach to the topic of the private utility was possible. Moreover, land division procedures according to the BauGB or the FlurbG are operated by measurement engineers, and these must select also the suitable land division procedure. The approach to this, mutually excluding, concept pair \"serving private interests\" and \"serving common interests\" was carried out in administration of justice-related, in property-related, in philosophical and in planning-related regard. In the result in particular the attributes “own added value” and “feasibility of the use in person” were assigned to the concept “serving private interests”, namely from the point of view of the respective property owner. This also corresponds with the administration of justice of the BVerfG to the reallocation where a relation is pulled to the construction competence from the point of view of the affected person. With the help of the combination of the administration of justice and the arrangement of the concept pair \"serving private interests\" and \"serving common interests\" an investigation pattern was put up to analyse exemplary procedures of urban and agrarian land divisions. This pattern intends a forward displacement of the investigation of the private and the common utility from the level of the land division into the planning level. Then from this conclusions are to be drawn as the land division job is to be solved. If a planning is given which is all together “serving private interests”, the land division is solvable, in any case, within the scope of a contents and barriers regulation. The development surfaces in particular also belong to it for the conversion of a planning which is “serving private interests”. In the case of a planning which is “serving common interests”, remains the expropriation. Nevertheless, for this case the possibilities after which the expropriation itself can be embedded into a land division instrument that is a contents regulation were developed. With the help of the results from the examined land division procedures were developed, finally, a pattern for the choice of the suitable land division procedure as well as recommendations were made to the advancement of the legal bases.

Marksamfälligheter är enligt 1 kap. 3 § fastighetsbildningslagen (1970:988) markområden som ägs av flera fastigheter. För samfälligheter generellt finns två förvaltningsformer, delägar- eller föreningsförvaltning. För föreningsförvaltade marksamfälligheter ställer lagen om förvaltning av samfälligheter (1973:1150) krav på att inkomster och utgifter ska särredovisas vid flera verksamhetsgrenar. Idag beaktas inte hur marksamfälligheter förvaltas av Lantmäteriet, det sker inte heller en utpräglad lämplighetsprövning vid omdisponering av andelar. Syftet med studien är att ta fram förslag till hur lantmäterimyndigheten bör hantera marksamfälligheter inom förrättningar. Kopplat till hanteringen utreds om en lämplighetsprövning enligt 3 kap. FBL ska införas i sin helhet samt om aktsamhet ska tas kring hur marksamfälligheten förvaltas vid hanteringen inom förrättningen. Studien genomförs genom tillämpning av rättsdogmatisk metod kombinerat med en kvantitativ och kvalitativ intervju- och enkätstudie med yrkesverksamma på Lantmäteriet och samfällighetsföreningar. Studien visar brister i konkreta riktlinjer hos Lantmäteriet om hur marksamfälligheter ska hanteras i förrättningar. Resultatet visar också på att små medel kan förbättra hanteringen av marksamfälligheter inom förrättningar genom att tydliggöra hur lämplighetsprövningen ska tillämpas och att i rimlig grad undersöka hur föreningen förvaltas. Ett nytt rättsfall om sakägarbegreppet från HD framförs. Lantmäteriet som myndighet behöver ta ställning till om en lämplighetsprövning enligt 3 kap. FBL ska genomföras i sin helhet enligt lag eller om omdisponering av andelar inom förrättningar ska avse ett undantag från lagen. Ett tydliggörande hade skapat enhetlig och korrekt handläggning nationellt som gynnar medarbetare och föreningar. / Joint property units are under the 1st chapter 3 § Real Property Formation Act (1970:988) land areas owned by several properties. These units can be managed through either co-owner or association administration. For association-managed units, the Joint Property Units Act (1973:1150) requires that income and expenses are reported separately for different branches of activity. Today the management of land property units is not considered by the Land Survey, and there is not a distinct suitability test when reallocating shares. The purpose of the study is producing a suggestion how the cadastral authorities should handle land joint property units in cadastral procedures. Regarding this there is an analysis if suitability test according to 3rd chapter FBL should be introduced and care taken on how the unit is managed when handling in the cadastral procedures. The study is performed by applying legal dogmatic method combined with a quantitative and qualitative interview and survey study with professionals on the Land Survey and joint property associations. The study show lack in concrete guidelines at the Land Survey on how joint property units should be handled in cadastral procedures. The result also shows that small funds can improve the management of joint property units in the cadastral procedures by instructing how to apply the suitability test and to a reasonable extent examine how the association is managed. A judgment of interested party from The Supreme Court is presented. The Land Survey as an authority needs to decide on if a suitability test according to 3rd chapter FBL must be implemented in its entirety as the law states or if redistribution of shares within cadastral procedures must refer to an exception from the law. A clarification would create a uniform and correct procedure throughout the country that benefits both employees and associations.

[pt] Esta tese é composta de três capítulos que analisam aspectos do mercado de trabalho. O primeiro capítulo estima o efeito da mudança na Lei do Aviso Prévio em 2011 no Brasil. A nova lei tornou as demissões sem justa causa mais caras para as firmas, e o aumento do custo se deu de maneira crescente no tempo de serviço do empregado. O aviso prévio é parte do arcabouço da legislação de proteção ao emprego, e tem intenção preservar vínculos que, embora não desejados no curto prazo, seriam viáveis no longo prazo. No entanto, os resultados apontam para o aumento das demissões nas firmas mais afetadas e um ambiente de maior rotatividade. Tais resultados são especialmente desfavoráveis considerando o ambiente já de elevada rotatividade no Brasil. Argumentamos com um modelo teórico que o desenho da nova lei é consistente com os resultados, na medida em que se elevou não apenas o custo de demissão, mas também o custo esperado da continuidade do vínculo empregatício. O segundo capítulo avalia os efeitos da expansão das usinas de etanol no Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), pela perspectiva de realocação do trabalho. Seguindo os trabalhadores ao longo dos períodos, encontramos mecanismos que permitiram o ajuste da mão de obra às novas demandas por trabalho geradas por este grande investimento. Exploramos as realocações entre setores, ocupações e regiões. O terceiro capítulo estima impactos da modernização da agricultura (a partir de inovações da década de 1970) no Brasil Central, considerando os efeitos na força de trabalho e nas decisões de investimento em educação. Mostramos que este evento afetou a demanda por trabalho na região, gerando ganhos para a população adulta como um todo. Dessa forma, os incentivos para os mais jovens nas escolhas entre trabalhar (com ganhos imediatos do emprego) e investir em capital humano (e esperar ganhos potencialmente mais altos no futuro) também mudaram. / [en] This thesis consists of three essays on labor markets. The first chapter estimates the effect of the change in the Advance Notice Law in 2011 in Brazil. The new law made unjustified (without cause) dismissals more expensive for firms, and the cost gradually increased with tenure. Advance notice is part of the framework of employment protection legislation and is intended to preserve job contracts that, although undesirable in the short term, would be viable in the long term. However, results point to an increase in layoffs in the most affected firms and a higher turnover environment. These results are especially unfavorable considering the already high turnover rate in Brazil. I argue with a theoretical model that the design of the new law is consistent with the results because it increased not only the cost of dismissal but also the expected cost of continuity of employment. The second chapter evaluates the effects of the expansion of the ethanol mills in Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), from labor reallocation perspective. Tracking workers over the years, the analysis indicated mechanisms that enabled labor adjustment to the new labor demands generated by this large investment. I explore the reallocation across sectors, occupations, and regions. The third chapter estimates the impact of the modernization of agriculture (from the innovations of the 1970s) in Central Brazil, considering the effects on the labor force and investment decisions in education. The analysis shows that this event affected labor demand in the region, generating gains for the adult population. In this way, incentives have also changed for young people to make choices between working, with immediate job gains, and investing in human capital, and thus expect potentially higher gains in the future.