The topic of this diploma thesis is Interaction between parent and child with autistic spectrum disorder. The theoretical part is about mental development neurotypical preschool child and child with ASD, focused on social skills, speech and play. Emphasis is placed on reciprocity in parent-child socio-communication interaction. Next chapter is devoted to the specifics of raising a child with ASD. Empirical part contains qualitative research to investigate individual variability in social-communication behaviour in dyadic interaction parent-child with ASD. Videos were taken from which the socio-reciprocal skills, frequency and quality of interactions and initiation of contact on the part of the child and its response to parental initiation were analysed. Special attention was paid to making eye contact. The output of the thesis is practical recommendations for mothers, detailed qualitative analyses of observed interactions and a more detailed description of the socio-communicative behaviour of children with PAS. Keywords: interaction parent-child with ASD, social skills, social reciprocity, reciprocity in social communication, reciprocal-social behavior, play of preschool child, preschool child with ASD

La création du GATT en 1947 par les pays occidentaux a consacré un nouvel ordre commercial international. Son but consistait à faciliter les échanges commerciaux et poursuivre le développement économique. Pour cela, la réglementation du GATT visait surtout à l'application d'une politique commerciale qui consiste à démanteler les obstacles aux échanges, proscrire toute discrimination commerciale entre les pays membres et entre les marchandises importées et les marchandises locales. En ce sens l'article 1er du GATT de 1947 (devenu OMC en 1995) pose le principe cardinal du traitement de la nation la plus favorisée, c'est-à-dire un traitement égal à tous les pays participant au GATT. Mais l'arrivée des nouveaux pays indépendants dans les années 1960 a changé la nature juridique du GATT parce qu'au point de vue économique il y avait trop de disparités entre les pays. Il y a eu donc la nécessité de tenir compte de la réalité économique de ces pays, de faire en sorte qu'ils puissent rattraper le retard dans le processus de développement, et de pouvoir aussi équilibrer les échanges commerciaux. L'adoption en 1964 de la Partie IV du GATT, intitulée commerce et développement, consacre la non réciprocité commerciale en faveur des pays en développement, et officialise par la même occasion une dualité des normes parce que les deux catégories de parties contractantes appliquent différemment les principes du Gatt. Il devient alors pertinent d'étudier cette asymétrie juridique qui devait compenser l'inégalité de développement des pays insuffisamment développés. Selon le credo des libéraux de l'époque, les PED peuvent se développer économiquement par des échanges commerciaux. Mais, en dépit des traitements préférentiels qui sont accordés aux pays en développement, ils n'arrivent pas à se développer, leur balance commerciale est déficitaire, leur productivité est faible. En faisant une étude globale sur la situation des pays en développement, nous traiterons en particulier le cas du Niger et du Bénin. Cette recherche sert: d'abord à voir les effets du libéralisme économique sur les pays économiquement faibles, ensuite susciter l'intérêt à étudier le développement économique des pays en dehors d'une dualité des normes qui n'apporte pas de résultats escomptés. / The creation of GATT in 1947 by western countries has set a new international order trade that would facilitate trade exchanges and moves forward economic development around the world. For that reasbn GATT regulations aimed above aIl at the application of a trade policy that consists of getting rid of the hindrances to the exchanges, and proscribe discriminatory trade exchanges between countries and imported and exported local merchandizes. Indeed article 1 in GATT regulations in 1947 (became WTO in 1995) poses the cardinal mIe of treatment of the nation which is more privileged, that is an equal treatment for aIl countries that are members of GATT. But the arrivaI of the new independent countries III 1960 has changed the juridical nature of GATT because economically the gap was too huge between the countries. So it is important to take into account the economic reality of the poor countries to set a strategic policy that will help them out. With that policy they will be able to catch up with the new era of development and trade exchanges around the world will be fair. The adoption in 1964 of the Part 4 of GATT regulations entitled trade and development favours the non-reciprocity trade to developing countriesand makes official at the same occasion a duality of norms because the two categories of members put into the application the mIes ofGATT differently. This research aims at studying this asymmetrical politic that would compensate the inequality of the development of poor countries, and would also provide them an economic development by the means of trade exchanges. ln spite of the preferential treatments given to the developing countries, theyare not yet making any progress because their trade balance is deficient, and their productivity is worthless. In doing a broader research on the situation of developing countries, we will focus particularly on the situations of Niger and Benin. This research would serve first to analyse the effects of the economic liberalism on the poor countries; secondly create the interest to study the economic development of the countries out of the asymmetrical politic that do not bring any attempted results. / "Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des Études supérieures En vue de l'obtention du grade de Maîtrise en droit des affaires (LL.M.)"

The present thesis paper deals - on theoretical level - with the importance and the gradual evolution of dialogicality of man within the context of criminal justice. In Western European cultural environment the image of man as dialogical being has been inspired by the Judeo-Christian tradition, approaching "the man in relationship" as an unlimited and transcendental form of being. In practical terms, a relationship has been perceived as the fundamental precondition in the process of restoration of a man and as an opportunity to re-approach the original absolute form of humanity, which is in harmony with God´s intention. The culturally accepted dialogical image of man has been reflected in shaping the specific form of systems and institutions created by man, including also the system of criminal law and justice, the main objective of which is enforcing justice. In the spirit of that cultural tradition, emphasis is currently laid on protection of and respect for dignity and individual rights and freedoms of man, and, thus, personal participation of the criminal conflict parties in the process of justice is required. Hence, in the persons of the offender and the victim, justice is rather becoming "the justice of dialogue and negotiation" within restorative justice, and it is so within the limits of law so as the participants´ individual needs and interests can be taken care of and obligations resulting from the conflict can be secured, to the maximum possible extent.

Text in Afrikaans / Summaries in English and Afrikaans / Key terms in English and Afrikaans / Die doel van die studie was om organisasietraagheid as stremmende fenomeen te konseptualiseer en die manifestasie daarvan te ondersoek binne 'n tipiese werkorganisasie. Aandag is gegee aan organisasietransformasie binne die raamwerk van 'n diagnostiese model vir organisasie- en individuele ontwikkeling. Die empiriese studie bevestig die manifestasie van organisasietraagheid ten opsigte van die teikenorganisasie. Resultate bevestig dat respondente ten gunste is van veranderingsinisiatiewe, maar ondergeskiktes toon 'n emstige behoefte aan leierskap. Dit blyk ook dat die organisasie nie die vermoe het om vinnig op omgewingsveranderings te reageer nie. Gesonde bestuurspraktyke word nie gevolg nie en kreatiwiteit word nie aangemoedig nie. By ondergeskiktes bestaan ook twyfel oor veranderingsagente se vermoe om verandering te fasiliteer. / The purpose of the study was to conceptualise organisation inertia as a retarding phenomenon and to investigate its manifestation within a typical work organisation. Attention was given to organisational and individual development within the framework of a diagnostic model. The empirical study focussed on the manifestation of organisational inertia within the target organisation. Results confirmed that respondents are in favour of change initiatives but that the stimulation thereof do not exist. Subordinates are not encouraged to show creativity. The organisation demonstrates an incapability to respond to environmental changes and reflects a non-existence of healthy management practices. Little trust exists in the capability of change agents to facilitate change. / Economics and Management Sciences / M.A. (Industrial Psychology)

This study is about seven women’s organizations in Belgrade, Serbia and their relations to domestic and international donors during the period 2003-2006. My main research questions focus on their choices of either domestic or international cooperation partners. How and why did the women organize themselves? What factors were essential when selecting donors? In what ways were the organizations influenced by donors? Through interviews, with organization representatives’ concepts such as gift and reciprocity, power and dependency, trust and mistrust and collective identity emerged.  These concepts were used as points of departure for developing deeper understanding of women organizations’ choice of cooperation partners. The women organizations’ basically had two alternatives for cooperation: cooperation with foreign donors which offered funds, organizational development and social networks. Alternately, cooperation with local donors, which offered the equivalent except for the organizational development. Cooperation with the foreign donor has resulted in more professional attitudes to the work that have been desired by other international donors. A result is that they can compete with other women’s organizations’ for international funding. Cooperation with local donors has led to fewer resources but more independent working practices. For these women organizations’ independence was important so they choose partners who, they felt more respected this allowing them to write articles or discuss gender in the media with little external influence. Regardless of the chosen donor the reciprocity is embedded in the relation between the donor and the receiver of aid, which in various ways is beneficial for both parties.

Il a été démontré en laboratoire que l’équilibre de Nash n’était pas toujours un bon indicateur du comportement humain. Différentes théories alternatives (aversion à l’inégalité, réciprocité et norme sociale) ont vu le jour pour combler les lacunes de la théorie classique, mais aucune d’elles ne permet d’expliquer la totalité des phénomènes observés en laboratoire. Après avoir identifié les lacunes de ces modèles, ce mémoire développe un modèle qui synthétise dans un tout cohérent les avancées de ceux-ci à l’aide de préférences hétérogènes. Afin d’augmenter la portée du modèle, une nouvelle notion d’équilibre, dite comportementale, est ajoutée au modèle. En appliquant le nouveau modèle à des jeux simples, nous pouvons voir comment il élargit le nombre de comportements pouvant être modélisé par la théorie des jeux. / It has been shown in laboratory experiments that the Nash equilibrium was not always a good indicator of human behavior. Various alternative theories (inequity aversion, reciprocity and social norms) have emerged to fill gaps in the classical theory, but none of them can explain all the phenomena observed in the laboratory. After identifying the shortcomings of these models, this thesis develops a model that summarizes advances made by those models into a coherent whole by using heterogeneous preferences. To increase the scope of the model, a new notion of equilibrium, a behavioral equilibrium, is added to the model. By applying the new model to simple games, we can see how it expands the number of behaviors that can be modeled by game theory.

Cooperative, altruistic and fairness-exhibiting behavior is an important topic in evolutionary and behavioral biology and the mechanisms leading to its evolution, ultimate as well as proximate precursors, are subject of much research in biological as well as social sciences, theoretical as well as experimental work. In light of the life history theory, I focused on the connection of one's health state and cooperative behavior in humans and tested the hypothesis that more healthy individuals would manifest more cooperative tendencies (as they would have more opportunities of future interactions and long-term benefits), and conversely. The data, obtained from a sample of university students engaged in experimental games (Dictator Game, Ultimatum Game, Expanded Ultimatum Game, Trust Game, and Reversed Dictator Game) and a health and personality-focused questionnaire, did not corroborate this hypothesis. My other hypotheses - that better memory and lower temporal discounting would be related to more cooperative behavior (stemming from the conditions for reciprocal cooperation) - were supported by the data, albeit only partially in the case of memory. I also used the data from the five experimental games to briefly describe the proportions of different types of behavior (self-regarding, altruistic,...

La profilométrie optique est une technique de métrologie de surface rapide et non destructive. Dans ce mémoire, nous avons abordé cette problématique par des méthodes inverses de diffraction électromagnétique et dans une configuration de type Microscopie Tomographique Optique par Diffraction (ODTM). La surface est sondée par un éclairement sous plusieurs angles d'incidences ; la mesure en amplitude et en phase du champ lointain diffracté constitue les données du problème. Des profils de surfaces ont été reconstruits en considérant différents modèles de diffraction, parmi lesquelles une méthode approchée fondée sur les approximations de diffusion simple et de paraxialité. La résolution latérale de cette méthode et des techniques classiques de profilométrie est limitée par le critère d'Abbe-Rayleigh, défini sur la base de l'ouverture numérique pour l'éclairement et la détection du champ. Afin de dépasser cette limite de résolution, nous avons développé une méthode itérative de Newton-Kantorovitch régularisée. L'opérateur de diffraction y est rigoureusement modélisé par une méthode des moments, résolution numérique des équations du formalisme intégral de frontière, et l'expression de la dérivée de Fréchet de cet opérateur est obtenue par la méthode des états adjoints, à partir du théorème de réciprocité. Pour les surfaces unidimensionnelles métalliques, notre technique permet d'inverser à partir de données synthétiques des surfaces très rugueuses avec une résolution au delà du critère d'Abbe-Rayleigh. / Optical profilometry is a nondestructive and fast noncontact surface metrology technique. In this thesis, we have tackled this issue with inverse scattering electromagnetic methods and in an Optical Digital Tomographic Microscopy (ODTM) configuration. The surface is probed with illuminations under several incidence angles; the measure of far scattered field amplitude and phase constitutes the problem data. Surface profiles have been reconstructed using different scattering models among which an approximate theory based on single scattering and paraxiality. The lateral resolution of this technique and classical profilometric approaches is limited by the so-called Abbe-Rayleigh's criterion defined out of the numerical aperture for illumination and field detection. In order to overpass this resolution limit, we have developed a regularized iterative Newton-Kantorovitch's method. The scattering operator is rigorously modelized with the method of moments, that is a numerical solution of boundary integral equations, and its Fréchet derivative adjoint states expression is deduced from the reciprocity theorem. For one-dimensional metallic surfaces, our method succeeds in inverting from synthetic data very rough surfaces with the resolutions beyond the Abbe-Rayleigh's criterion. The performance of this technique and inversion conditions clearly differ from one polarization to the other : in the TM case, interactions at longer distance than in the TE case improve yet the resolution. This work includes also an experimental validation of our inverse model on grooves in indium phosphure substrate at 633 nm.

Si pendant de nombreuses décennies, la créativité a été décrite comme une activité solitaire, en référence à des caractéristiques individuelles possédées par certains individus, il est aujourd’hui établi que les relations jouent un rôle critique dans la création de connaissances (Perry-Smith, 2006). Néanmoins, en dépit de leur importance, les échanges interpersonnels ont reçu relativement peu d’attention en comparaison d’autres ressources utiles au processus créatif. Ce travail doctoral est donc consacré à l’étude du rôle des interactions sociales dans la dynamique du processus créatif. Les cadres théoriques mobilisés sont la théorie de la complexité et la théorie de l’échange social. Notre recherche empirique a été réalisée auprès de chercheurs de l’industrie dont le cœur de la mission est de nature inventive. Cette thèse est composée de trois articles, qui répondent à la question de recherche suivante : Dans quelle mesure et de quelle manière les interactions sociales jouent-elles un rôle dans le processus créatif ? Notre contribution théorique consiste à (1) apporter une définition plurielle de la créativité ; (2) mettre en évidence les différentes ressources sociales mobilisées, qui façonnent un processus créatif dynamique en deux méta-étapes (émergence et amplification des idées) ; (3) décrire trois formes d’échange social, sous-tendues par différentes logiques de réciprocité, qui jouent un rôle important au cours du processus créatif. Cette thèse souligne le rôle des interactions sociales dans le processus créatif et toute l’importance des moments de socialisation dans la vie des organisations qui souhaitent développer la créativité de leurs salariés / Although for many decades creativity has been described as a solitary activity that refers to individual characteristics possessed by certain individuals, today it has been established that relationships play a crucial role in the creation of knowledge (Perry-Smith, 2006). Nevertheless, despite their importance, interpersonal exchanges have received relatively little attention compared to other resources useful to the creative process (Bouty, 2000). This doctoral study is therefore devoted to examining the role of social interactions in the creative process. The theoretical framework draws on literature in the fields of complexity theory and social exchange. The empirical research was carried out among industrial researchers whose main mission is creative in nature. The thesis is composed of three articles, each of which treats a dimension of the overall research question: To what extent and in which ways do social interactions influence the creative process?The research contributes to theory building by (1) providing a plural definition of creativity; (2) highlighting the different social resources that researchers draw on and building a dynamic creative process divided into two meta-stages (emergence of ideas and their amplification); and (3) describing three forms of social exchange, underpinned by different logics of reciprocity that play an important role during the creative process.Overall, this thesis points out the importance of social interactions in the creative process and the full importance of moments of socialization within organizations wishing to develop their employees’ creativity

L’objectif de ce travail de recherche est de démontrer qu’il existe de bonnes pratiques économiques et commerciales à adopter pour tout acteur souhaitant évoluer dans une relation entre la République populaire de Chine et les pays méditerranéens occidentaux. Afin de répondre aux attentes des parties-prenantes et de favoriser ainsi le développement économique territorial grâce au modèle proposé, ce travail de recherche met en avant, dans un premier temps, une analyse précise des échanges commerciaux et de la coopération économique entre la République populaire de Chine et les pays méditerranéens occidentaux désormais intégrés dans un contexte globalisé et mondialisé. Après cette étape d’observation, nous avons souhaité modéliser les processus liés au développement économique territorial à travers une grille de lecture issue de l’intégration transrégionale et centrée sur les relations entre la Chine et les pays méditerranéens occidentaux. C’est pourquoi notre question de recherche va tenter de démontrer quel est le modèle de développement économique territorial qui doit être mis en place entre la République populaire de Chine et les pays méditerranéens occidentaux dans une optique de posture de prospérité mutuelle « gagnante-gagnante »? Pour répondre à cette dernière, nous avons établi un modèle d’intégration transrégionale inspiré par la philosophie chinoise Yi Jing qui a pour avantage de prendre en compte tout autant le schéma de pensée occidental que la philosophie orientale dans ses approches. Cela permet de favoriser le développement économique territorial réciproque. / The objective of this research is to prove that good economical and commercial practices exist and that they can be adopted by any actor who aims to develop a relationship between the Popular Republic of China and the occidental mediterranean countries. In order to answer to the expectations of the stakeholders and thus to facilitate the economical and territorial development with the aid of the proposed model, this research work highlights, in a first step, a precise analysis of the commercial exchanges and the economical cooperation between the Popular Republic of China and the western mediterranean countries that are now integrated in a worldwide global context. After the observation step, we have wished to modelize the processes that are linked to the territorial economical development. We used a reading method which comes from the transregional integration and which is focused on the relations between China and the occidental mediterranean countries. This is the reason why our research question will try to prove which territorial and economical development model must be implemented between the Popular Republic of China and the occidental mediterranean countries in a vision of win-win mutual prosperity. In order to answer to this question, we have established a transregional integration model which is inspired by the Chinese philosophy Yi Jing. This philosophy has the advantage to take into account the western thinking scheme as well as the oriental philosophy. This allows the facilitation of the reciprocal territorial and economical development.