This study examines the socio-economic impact of fair trade on black emerging citrus fruit farmers in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. It is a comparative analysis of farmers involved in fair trade and those who are not. Farmers from Riverside Enterprise and Sundays River Citrus Cooperative were examined to evaluate the impact of fair trade. Such impact was analyzed through looking at access farmers have to foreign markets and their ability to receive high income returns from these markets. The study also discusses the influence fair trade has on the social and economic development of the farmers’ communities. The findings of the study indicate how most fair trade communities have benefited financially and through public infrastructure such as crèches, learning centers and access to computers for both farmers and workers. Such public developments are funded through the fair trade social dividend which is a premium farmers receive for selling their fruit under fair trade. However, the study findings also indicate the limitations of fair trade; farmers have to incur high costs to become fair trade accredited. The study also examines the commodity value chains (hereinafter referred to as CVC) for citrus fair trade farmers and non fair trade farmers. This analysis reveals the procedure of value chains, their benefits and constraints.

Com o objetivo de investigar as possibilidades interativas de bebês entre si, como constroem suas preferências, e quais meios de expressão utilizam para se comunicar, a presente pesquisa buscou identificar as possíveis relações/vinculações com a construção de significados compartilhados na interação entre pares. Os sujeitos da pesquisa foram bebês de 6 a 15 meses, numa Escola Municipal Infantil do Município de Porto Alegre. Através do estudo de tipo etnográfico foi possível observar, registrando em diário de campo e fitas gravadas o cotidiano do grupo de bebês de uma turma de Berçário. Isto ocorreu fazendo recortes de episódios interativos do processo de interação bebê-bebê nos primeiros anos de vida, Nas situações interativas observadas, com estes bebês, os contatos corporais se intensificaram nas brincadeiras, nas disputas, ou na movimentação espontânea permitindo trocas mais efetivas numa evidente intencionalidade de aproximação ao corpo do outro. Constatei também que a expressividade se fazia crescente à medida que pareciam mais ‘atentos’ uns aos outros, pois fazendo uso da comunicação mímicogestual, acompanhada de vocalizações, faziam-se entender. A comunicação pelo olhar acompanhado do sorriso como signo de socialização, o chamado “sorriso social”, gradativamente se convertem em instrumentos para atuar sobre seu meio. Foi significativo o papel da linguagem (fala) à medida que se constituía como mediador na interação neste contexto permitindo dar mais sentido nas relações entre crianças através da reciprocidade. Nesta trama se fazem presentes também a imitação com função social, o brinquedo, o espaço físico e psicológico, o educador como mediador das relações e do conhecimento, são aspectos facilitadores da construção da identidade de cada bebê e de uma realidade social compartilhada neste contexto > educativo. / The present research had as its main purpose to investigate babies’ interactive possibilities in an educational setting, to verify how they build their relations, their preferences and which means of expression they use to communicate. It also tried to identify the possible relations of meaning construction shared in the interaction among pairs. The research was done in a County School for Children’s Education in Porto Alegre City, and the subjects of the research were babies from 6 to 15 months. Through a study of ethnographic type it was possible to observe, recording on field diary and video, the daily life of the babies’ group from the Nursery class. The analysis was done through cutting outs of baby-baby’s interactive episodes. In the situations observed body contacts were made through games, competitions, or spontaneous movement, allowing more effective exchanges, and showing an evident intention of one another approaching. It was also noticed that expressiveness was growing up as the babies seemed to be more attentive to one another, and it was because the use of mime-gesture communication, together with vocalizations, helped them to make themselves understood. The communication through eye contact, together with smiling as a sign of socialization – social smile – was gradually converted into instruments that helped to build interactions. The role of language (speaking) was meaningful as it acted like a mediator in the interaction in this context, allowing more meaning to be present among children’s relations through reciprocity. In this plot aspects such as the miming with social function, the game, the social and psychological settings, and the educator as a mediator of relations and knowledge, were present as facilitators of each baby’s development, and also of a social reality shared in this learning context.

Text in Afrikaans / Summaries in English and Afrikaans / Key terms in English and Afrikaans / Die doel van die studie was om organisasietraagheid as stremmende fenomeen te konseptualiseer en die manifestasie daarvan te ondersoek binne 'n tipiese werkorganisasie. Aandag is gegee aan organisasietransformasie binne die raamwerk van 'n diagnostiese model vir organisasie- en individuele ontwikkeling. Die empiriese studie bevestig die manifestasie van organisasietraagheid ten opsigte van die teikenorganisasie. Resultate bevestig dat respondente ten gunste is van veranderingsinisiatiewe, maar ondergeskiktes toon 'n emstige behoefte aan leierskap. Dit blyk ook dat die organisasie nie die vermoe het om vinnig op omgewingsveranderings te reageer nie. Gesonde bestuurspraktyke word nie gevolg nie en kreatiwiteit word nie aangemoedig nie. By ondergeskiktes bestaan ook twyfel oor veranderingsagente se vermoe om verandering te fasiliteer. / The purpose of the study was to conceptualise organisation inertia as a retarding phenomenon and to investigate its manifestation within a typical work organisation. Attention was given to organisational and individual development within the framework of a diagnostic model. The empirical study focussed on the manifestation of organisational inertia within the target organisation. Results confirmed that respondents are in favour of change initiatives but that the stimulation thereof do not exist. Subordinates are not encouraged to show creativity. The organisation demonstrates an incapability to respond to environmental changes and reflects a non-existence of healthy management practices. Little trust exists in the capability of change agents to facilitate change. / Economics and Management Sciences / M.A. (Industrial Psychology)

Com o objetivo de investigar as possibilidades interativas de bebês entre si, como constroem suas preferências, e quais meios de expressão utilizam para se comunicar, a presente pesquisa buscou identificar as possíveis relações/vinculações com a construção de significados compartilhados na interação entre pares. Os sujeitos da pesquisa foram bebês de 6 a 15 meses, numa Escola Municipal Infantil do Município de Porto Alegre. Através do estudo de tipo etnográfico foi possível observar, registrando em diário de campo e fitas gravadas o cotidiano do grupo de bebês de uma turma de Berçário. Isto ocorreu fazendo recortes de episódios interativos do processo de interação bebê-bebê nos primeiros anos de vida, Nas situações interativas observadas, com estes bebês, os contatos corporais se intensificaram nas brincadeiras, nas disputas, ou na movimentação espontânea permitindo trocas mais efetivas numa evidente intencionalidade de aproximação ao corpo do outro. Constatei também que a expressividade se fazia crescente à medida que pareciam mais ‘atentos’ uns aos outros, pois fazendo uso da comunicação mímicogestual, acompanhada de vocalizações, faziam-se entender. A comunicação pelo olhar acompanhado do sorriso como signo de socialização, o chamado “sorriso social”, gradativamente se convertem em instrumentos para atuar sobre seu meio. Foi significativo o papel da linguagem (fala) à medida que se constituía como mediador na interação neste contexto permitindo dar mais sentido nas relações entre crianças através da reciprocidade. Nesta trama se fazem presentes também a imitação com função social, o brinquedo, o espaço físico e psicológico, o educador como mediador das relações e do conhecimento, são aspectos facilitadores da construção da identidade de cada bebê e de uma realidade social compartilhada neste contexto > educativo. / The present research had as its main purpose to investigate babies’ interactive possibilities in an educational setting, to verify how they build their relations, their preferences and which means of expression they use to communicate. It also tried to identify the possible relations of meaning construction shared in the interaction among pairs. The research was done in a County School for Children’s Education in Porto Alegre City, and the subjects of the research were babies from 6 to 15 months. Through a study of ethnographic type it was possible to observe, recording on field diary and video, the daily life of the babies’ group from the Nursery class. The analysis was done through cutting outs of baby-baby’s interactive episodes. In the situations observed body contacts were made through games, competitions, or spontaneous movement, allowing more effective exchanges, and showing an evident intention of one another approaching. It was also noticed that expressiveness was growing up as the babies seemed to be more attentive to one another, and it was because the use of mime-gesture communication, together with vocalizations, helped them to make themselves understood. The communication through eye contact, together with smiling as a sign of socialization – social smile – was gradually converted into instruments that helped to build interactions. The role of language (speaking) was meaningful as it acted like a mediator in the interaction in this context, allowing more meaning to be present among children’s relations through reciprocity. In this plot aspects such as the miming with social function, the game, the social and psychological settings, and the educator as a mediator of relations and knowledge, were present as facilitators of each baby’s development, and also of a social reality shared in this learning context.

Com o objetivo de investigar as possibilidades interativas de bebês entre si, como constroem suas preferências, e quais meios de expressão utilizam para se comunicar, a presente pesquisa buscou identificar as possíveis relações/vinculações com a construção de significados compartilhados na interação entre pares. Os sujeitos da pesquisa foram bebês de 6 a 15 meses, numa Escola Municipal Infantil do Município de Porto Alegre. Através do estudo de tipo etnográfico foi possível observar, registrando em diário de campo e fitas gravadas o cotidiano do grupo de bebês de uma turma de Berçário. Isto ocorreu fazendo recortes de episódios interativos do processo de interação bebê-bebê nos primeiros anos de vida, Nas situações interativas observadas, com estes bebês, os contatos corporais se intensificaram nas brincadeiras, nas disputas, ou na movimentação espontânea permitindo trocas mais efetivas numa evidente intencionalidade de aproximação ao corpo do outro. Constatei também que a expressividade se fazia crescente à medida que pareciam mais ‘atentos’ uns aos outros, pois fazendo uso da comunicação mímicogestual, acompanhada de vocalizações, faziam-se entender. A comunicação pelo olhar acompanhado do sorriso como signo de socialização, o chamado “sorriso social”, gradativamente se convertem em instrumentos para atuar sobre seu meio. Foi significativo o papel da linguagem (fala) à medida que se constituía como mediador na interação neste contexto permitindo dar mais sentido nas relações entre crianças através da reciprocidade. Nesta trama se fazem presentes também a imitação com função social, o brinquedo, o espaço físico e psicológico, o educador como mediador das relações e do conhecimento, são aspectos facilitadores da construção da identidade de cada bebê e de uma realidade social compartilhada neste contexto > educativo. / The present research had as its main purpose to investigate babies’ interactive possibilities in an educational setting, to verify how they build their relations, their preferences and which means of expression they use to communicate. It also tried to identify the possible relations of meaning construction shared in the interaction among pairs. The research was done in a County School for Children’s Education in Porto Alegre City, and the subjects of the research were babies from 6 to 15 months. Through a study of ethnographic type it was possible to observe, recording on field diary and video, the daily life of the babies’ group from the Nursery class. The analysis was done through cutting outs of baby-baby’s interactive episodes. In the situations observed body contacts were made through games, competitions, or spontaneous movement, allowing more effective exchanges, and showing an evident intention of one another approaching. It was also noticed that expressiveness was growing up as the babies seemed to be more attentive to one another, and it was because the use of mime-gesture communication, together with vocalizations, helped them to make themselves understood. The communication through eye contact, together with smiling as a sign of socialization – social smile – was gradually converted into instruments that helped to build interactions. The role of language (speaking) was meaningful as it acted like a mediator in the interaction in this context, allowing more meaning to be present among children’s relations through reciprocity. In this plot aspects such as the miming with social function, the game, the social and psychological settings, and the educator as a mediator of relations and knowledge, were present as facilitators of each baby’s development, and also of a social reality shared in this learning context.

La tesi presenta alcuni dei risultati di un esperimento longitudinale condotto in due carceri statunitensi tra settembre 2015 e giugno 2016. L’obiettivo dell’analisi è testare lo studio delle preferenze sociali nella cornice dell’Economia Comportamentale e della teoria dei giochi (osservazione diretta del comportamento dei soggetti chiamati a compiere delle scelte in alcune situazioni selezionate), piuttosto che attraverso risposte a questionari auto valutativi. Infatti vengono messe in relazione i comportamenti osservati nei giochi e le spiegazioni che i soggetti intervistati danno di essi. Attraverso analisi statistica si può arrivare a dire che i comportamenti osservati nei giochi non sono sempre sufficienti per evidenziare le preferenze sociali dei soggetti, così come, del resto, non lo sono le risposte narrative. La conclusione che viene tratta dall’elaborato è che osservazione diretta dei comportamenti e analisi delle narrative personali dei soggetti sono due elementi ugualmente importanti per la comprensione delle preferenze sociali e che, lungi dall’escludersi a vicenda, si completano. / The thesis presents some of the results of a longitudinal experiment conducted in two U.S. prisons between September 2015 and June 2016. The objective of the analysis is to test the efficacy of studying social preferences in the framework of behavioral Economics and game theory (direct observation of the behaviour of the subjects asked to make choices in real situations), rather than through self-evaluative questionnaires and surveys. In fact, the analysis links the behaviors observed in the games and the explanations given by the subjects. In general it can be said that the behaviors observed in the games are not always sufficient to highlight the social preferences of the subjects, as well as, moreover, are not the narrative answers. The conclusion that comes from the elaborate is that direct observation of the behaviors and analysis of the personal narratives of the subjects are two equally important tools in the study social preferences and that, far from being mutually exclusive, they complement each other.

The following thesis presents a computational framework that can capture inherently non-linear and emergent biocomplex phenomena. The main motivation behind the investigations undertaken was the absence of a suitable platform that can simulate, both the continuous features as well as the discrete, interaction-based dynamics of a given biological system, or in short, dynamic reciprocity. In order to determine the most powerful approach to achieve this, the efficacy of two modelling paradigms, transport phenomena as well as agent-based, was evaluated and eventually combined. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) was utilised to investigate optimal boundary conditions, in terms of meeting cellular glucose consumption requirements and exposure to physiologically relevant shear fields, that would support mesenchymal stem cell growth in a 3-dimensional culture maintained in a commercially available bioreactor. In addition to validating the default bioreactor configuration and operational parameter ranges as suitable towards sustaining stem cell growth, the investigation underscored the effectiveness of CFD as a design tool. However, due to the homogeneity assumption, an untenable assumption for most biological systems, CFD often encounters difficulties in simulating the interaction-reliant evolution of cellular systems. Therefore, the efficacy of the agent-based approach was evaluated by simulating a morphogenetic event: development of in vitro osteogenic nodule. The novel model replicated most aspects observed in vitro, which included: spatial arrangement of relevant players inside the nodule, interaction-based development of the osteogenic nodules, and the dependence of nodule growth on its size. The model was subsequently applied to interrogate the various competing hypotheses on this process and identify the one that best captures transformation of osteoblasts into osteocytes, a subject of great conjecture. The results from this investigation annulled one of the competing hypotheses, which purported the slow-down in the rate of matrix deposition by certain osteoblasts, and also suggested the acquisition of polarity to be a non-random event. The agent-based model, however, due to being inherently computationally expensive, cannot be recommended to model bulk phenomena. Therefore, the two approaches were integrated to create a modelling platform that was utilised to capture dynamic reciprocity in a bioreactor. As a part of this investigation, an amended definition of dynamic reciprocity and its computational analogue, dynamic assimilation, were proposed. The multi-paradigm platform was validated by conducting melanoma chemotaxis under foetal bovine serum gradient. Due to its CFD and agent-based modalities, the platform can be employed as both a design optimisation as well as hypothesis testing tool.

This thesis presents qualitative research conducted in summer 2017 at the Finger Lakes Free Clinic, which provides free medical and holistic care to people without insurance in upstate New York. The primary goal of this research was to strengthen the relationship between a free clinic and its donors by gathering donor concerns and perceptions regarding federal healthcare policy. Data from 32 interviews with donors, staff, board members, and volunteers, along with 100 hours of participant observation revealed that donors to this clinic were concerned about the potential impact of Congressional healthcare reform yet did not consider federal policy a strong influence on their donations. Rather, donors cited dedication to local giving and personal connections with the clinic as their primary motivations. These motivations suggest the value of viewing the clinic-donor relationship as a relationship of reciprocity. From this framework, the research identifies opportunities for the clinic to reciprocate donor generosity while expanding services in response to a growing need. Insights from the research will guide the clinic's response to federal policy changes and support the clinic's vision of becoming a national model for integrative care.

Ce mémoire cherche à porter au jour les présupposés normatifs substantiels de la théorie de la justice comme équité (TJÉ) de John Rawls. Plus précisément, il tente de déduire puis de définir ses présupposés éthiques, c’est-à-dire ce qu’elle tient implicitement pour être des biens constitutifs de la justice. En supposant l’existence d’éléments normatifs se rapportant à la question du bien en amont des normes du juste, cette proposition de recherche contredit en elle-même le trait essentiel du déontologisme procédural rawlsien, soit la primauté du juste (right) sur le bien. Nous suivons en cela Paul Ricœur et réitérons sa thèse du primat de l’éthique, entendue comme visées à propos du bien, sur la morale, comprise comme normes à visées universelles définissant des obligations. Selon cette thèse, toute norme morale s’ancre nécessairement dans un sens éthique qui la précède ou, pour le dire dans les mots de Rawls, dans un sens de la justice. Nous tentons en premier lieu de démontrer que deux présupposés éthiques, en tant qu’idéaux non thématisés, règlent pourtant de bout en bout toute la modélisation théorique de la TJÉ. On pourrait ainsi dire qu’ils sont les points fixes normatifs les plus élémentaires du sens de la justice opérant l’équilibre réfléchi. Il s’agit des présupposés de l’autodétermination des personnes et de la réciprocité symétrique. Ensuite, à l’aide de ce que Ricœur nommait sa « petite éthique », laquelle se trouve en dialogue explicite avec Rawls, nous nous efforçons de préciser les visées originaires à propos du bien donnant force de norme à chacun des deux présupposés éthiques. Une fois la particularité du sens de la justice à l’origine de la TJÉ ainsi exposée et précisée, il sera possible de prendre la mesure des impasses théoriques et pratiques auxquelles se bute forcément une théorie politique dont l’ambition de fonder la légitimité politique sur l’entente mutuelle s’autorise de la prétention à éviter les questions controversées à propos du bien. / This thesis seeks to bring to light the substantial normative presuppositions of the theory of justice as equity (TJE) of John Rawls. More precisely, it tries to deduce and define its ethical presuppositions, that is to say what it implicitly considers to be constitutive goods of justice. In assuming the existence of normative elements that pertain to the question of the good prior to the norms of justice, this research proposal in itself questions the essential feature of Rawlsian procedural deontologism, namely the primacy of the right over the good. In this regard we follow Paul Ricœur, as we reiterate his thesis on the primacy of ethics, understood as ends relatives to the good, on morality, understood as universal norms defining obligations. According to this thesis, any moral norm is necessarily anchored in an ethical aim that precedes it or, to put it in Rawls' words, in a sense of justice. We first attempt to demonstrate that two ethical presuppositions, as non-thematized ideals, nevertheless govern from end to end all the theoretical ordering of the TJE. We could thus say that they are the most elementary normative fixed points of the sense of justice operating the reflective equilibrium. These are the assumptions of self-determination of people and symmetrical reciprocity. Then, using what Ricœur called his "petite éthique", which is in explicit dialogue with Rawls, we attempt to specify the original aims of the good which give normative potency to each of the two ethical presuppositions. Once the particularity of the sense of justice at the origin of the TJE is thus exposed and clarified, it will be possible to recognize the theoretical and practical shortcomings that a political theory that claims to avoid controversial questions about the good in order to justify the possibility of reaching mutual understanding will inevitably encounter.

Die vorliegende Studie hat sich die Untersuchung von Reziprozitäts- und Fairnessmotiven bei der Durchsetzung von Normen der Kooperation zum Ziel gesetzt. Wenn eine Vorleistung honoriert wird, auch wenn dies nicht im unmittelbaren, eigennützigen Interesse liegt, spricht man von positiver Reziprozität. Im Fall negativer Reziprozität werden unkooperative Handlungen bestraft oder vergolten, auch wenn dies Kosten auslöst. In dieser Studie werden reziproke Handlungsorientierungen in einer spezifischen Feldsituation untersucht. Eine in neuerer Zeit des öfteren aufgegriffene und empfohlene Methode (Beck und Opp 2001) zur Messung sozialer Normen und komplexer Entscheidungssituationen ist der sog. faktorielle Survey (Vignetten-Methode). Die Vignetten-Methode ermöglicht es, Befragte mit Situationen zu konfrontieren, die komplexe Konstellationen von Merkmalen umfassen. Es lassen sich auf diese Weise die vielfältigen Bedingungen, unter denen eine Norm gilt, in Vignetten formulieren. Zwei Vignettensituationen beschreiben die Kooperationsbeziehungen zwischen Entwicklungshelfern und lokalen Partnern bzw. Rezipienten als Vertrauensbeziehungen, bei der typischerweise der Tausch einer finanziellen Leistung gegen eine materielle Leistung erfolgt. Es ergeben sich für derartige Kooperationsbeziehungen Probleme, die vergleichbar bei der Kooperation wirtschaftlicher Akteure auftreten. Aus der Perspektive des Entwicklungshelfers stellt sich die Frage unter welchen Bedingungen Vertrauen in den Rezipienten investiert wird und inwieweit er bereit ist diesen zu sanktionieren, auch wenn dies mit erheblichen (persönlichen) Kosten verbunden ist. Erste Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Vignettentechnik ein geeignetes Instrumentarium für derartige Entscheidungsfragen ist. In einer ersten Annäherung können insbesondere für die Vertrauensvorleistung bzw. positive Reziprozität mit Laborexperimenten vergleichbare Resultate aufgezeigt werden können.:Kurzbeschreibung; Einführung, Vertrauen und Sanktionen in Projekten der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit (EZ); Erhebung, Resultate, Fazit