The Maxwell equations of electromagnetism form the foundation of classical electromagnetism, and are of interest to mathematicians, physicists, and engineers alike. The first part of this thesis concerns boundary value problems for the anisotropic Maxwell equations in Lipschitz domains. In this case, the material parameters that arise in the Maxwell system are matrix valued functions. Using methods from functional analysis, global in time solutions to initial boundary value problems with general nonzero boundary data and nonzero current density are obtained, only assuming the material parameters are bounded and measurable. This problem is motivated by an electromagnetic inverse problem, similar to the classical Calder\'on inverse problem in Electrical Impedance Tomography. The second part of this thesis deals with materials having negative refractive index. Materials which possess a negative refractive index were postulated by Veselago in 1968, and since 2001 physicists were able to construct these materials in the laboratory. The research on the behavior of these materials, called metamaterials, has been extremely active in recent years. We study here refraction problems in the setting of Negative Refractive Index Materials (NIMs). In particular, it is shown how to obtain weak solutions (defined similarly to Brenier solutions for the Monge-Amp\`ere equation) to these problems, both in the near and the far field. The far field problem can be treated using Optimal Transport techniques; as such, a fully nonlinear PDE of Monge-Amp\`ere type arises here. / Mathematics

The structure of fault zones (FZs) plays an important role in understanding fault mechanics, earthquake rupture and seismic hazards. Fault zone seismic guided waves (GW) carry important information about internal structure of the low-velocity fault damage zone. Numerical modeling of observed FZGWs has been used to construct models of FZ structure. However, the depth extent of the waveguide and the uniqueness of deep structure in the models have been debated. Elastic finite-difference synthetic seismograms were generated for FZ models that include an increase in seismic velocity with depth both inside and outside the FZ. Strong GWs were created from sources both in and out of the waveguide, in contrast with previous homogenous-FZ studies that required an in-fault source to create GW. This is because the frequency-dependent trapping efficiency of the waveguide changes with depth. The near-surface fault structure efficiently guides waves at lower frequencies than the deeper fault. Fault structure at seismogenic depth requires the analysis of data at higher frequencies than the GWs that dominate at the surface. Adapting a two-station technique from surface wave studies, dispersive differential group arrival times between two earthquakes can be used to solve for FZ structures between the earthquakes. This method was tested with synthetic data and shallow events recorded in the SAFOD borehole in the San Andreas Fault. A pair of deep earthquakes recorded in the SAFOD borehole indicate a ~150 m wide San Andreas Fault waveguide with >20% velocity contrast at 10-12 km depth. With additional earthquakes, the full FZ structure at seismogenic depth could be imaged. Subsurface FZ structure can also be derived from a surface source and receiver array analogous to a body-wave refraction survey. Synthetic seismograms for such source-receiver geometry were generated and verified that FZGWs are refracted by the increase in velocity with depth. Synthetic data from a surface array were successfully inverted to derive FZ structure in the subsurface. The new methods presented in this dissertation extend the potential of FZGWs to image deeper FZ structure than has been uniquely constrained in the past. / Ph. D.

No / AIM: The aim of the study was to determine, objectively and non-invasively, whether changes in accommodative demand modify differentially the peripheral refraction in emmetropic and myopic human eyes. METHODS: Forty subjects (19 male, 21 female) aged 20-30 years (mean 22.7 (SD 2.8) years), 21 emmetropes (mean spherical equivalent refractive error (MSE) -0.13 (SD 0.29) D) and 19 myopes (MSE -2.95 (SD 1.76) D) participated in the study. Ametropia was corrected with soft contact lenses (etafilcon A, 58% water content). Subjects viewed monocularly a stationary, high contrast (85%) Maltese cross at 0.0, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 D of accommodative demand and at 0, 10, 20 and 30 degrees field angle (nasal and temporal) through a +3.0 D Badal optical system. Static recordings of the accommodation response were obtained for each accommodative level, at each field angle, with an objective, open-view, infrared optometer. RESULTS: Peripheral mean spherical equivalent (M) data showed that the emmetropic cohort exhibited relative myopic shifts into the periphery, while the myopic group showed hypermetropic shifts. Increasing accommodative demand did not alter the peripheral refractive profile in either the temporal (p = 0.25) or nasal (p = 0.07) periphery with no differential accommodative effect between refractive groups in either the temporal (p = 0.77) or nasal (p = 0.73) field. Significant shifts in the J(0) astigmatic component were seen in the temporal (p<0.0005) and nasal (p<0.0005) fields with increasing eccentricity. Interaction effects between eccentricity and accommodative demand illustrated that increasing accommodative demand significantly altered the peripheral refractive profile in the temporal J(0) astigmatic component (p<0.0005). The nasal periphery, however, failed to show such an effect (p = 0.65). CONCLUSIONS: Alterations in peripheral refraction augmented by changes in ocular accommodation are relatively unaffected by refractive error for young, healthy human eyes.

1-Microevaporation - Microfluidics is the branch of fluid mechanics dedicated to the study of flows in the channel withdimensions between 1 micron and 100 micron. The object of this chapter is to illustrate the basicprinciples and possible applications of microfluidic chip, called microevaporator. In the first part ofthe chapter, we present a detailed description of the physics of microevaporators using analyticalarguments, and describe some applications. In the second part of the chapter, we present theexperimental protocol of engineering of micro evaporator and different type of microfluidics device.2- On-chip microspectroscopy - The object of this chapter is to illustrate a method to measure absorption spectra during theprocess of growth of our materials in our microfluidic tools. The aim is to make an opticalcharacterization of our micro materials and to carry-out a spatio-temporal study of kineticproperties of our dispersion under study. This instrumental chapter presents the theoretical basis !of the method we used.3-Role of colloidal stability in the growth of micromaterials - We used combined microspectroscopy and videomicroscopy to follow the nucleation and growth ofmaterials made of core-shell Ag@SiO2 NPs in micro evaporators.!We evidence that the growth is actually not always possible, and instead precipitation may occurduring the concentration process. This event is governed by the concentration of dispersion in thereservoir and we assume that its origin come from ionic species that are concentrated all togetherwith the NPs and may alter the colloidal stability en route towards high concentration. 4-Microfluidic-induced growth and shape-up of three-dimensional extended arrays of denselypacked nano particles - In this chapter I present in details microfluidic evaporation experiments to engineer various denselypacked 3D arrays of NPs.5-Bulk metamaterials assembled by microfluidic evaporation - In this chapter I introduced the technique we used (microspot ellipsometry) in close collaborationswith V.Kravets and A.Grigorenko(University of Manchester) and with A.Aradian, P.Barois, A.Baron,K.Ehrhardt(CRPP, Pessac) to characterized the solids made of densely packed NPs. I describe theconstraints that emerge from the coupling between the small size of our materials and the opticalrequirements, the analysis and interpretation of the ellipsometry experiments show that for thematerial with high volume fraction of metal exists the strong electrical coupling between the NPsand the materials display an extremely high refraction index in the near infra-red regime.

Le but de ce mémoire est de valider la microscopie électro-optique Pockels comme méthode de mesure et de cartographie de champ électrique aux échelles micro et nanométriques. Une première partie est dédiée à la description de l’instrumentation d’imagerie mise en jeu. Nous développons ensuite son application en physique et biophysique. Une étude de couches minces monocristallines de 2-methyl-4-nitroaniline (MNA) a permis de sonder localement la variation de champ électrique appliqué, mais aussi d’étudier l’orientation des axes optiques de ce cristal dans l’espace. A l’échelle sub-longueur d’onde nous avons pu isoler la modulation électro-optique de la diffusion de lumière associée à une nanoparticule isolée de KTiOPO4 (KTP) d’une taille de 150nm. La dépendance polaire du signal Pockels sur la polarisation lumineuse incidente a permis de prédire l’orientation de la maille cristalline du KTP dans l’espace. De telles sondes de champs électriques nanométriques peuvent avoir de nombreuses applications en nano-photonique. Dans le cas d’entité biologiques comme des neurones, la propagation de l’information est assurée par celle d’un champ électrique dans les membranes plasmiques. Dans une première étape, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’étude de bicouches artificielles dopées par un colorant non-linéaire, le DI-8-ANEPPS. Un signal électro-optique Pockels y a été mesuré pour la première fois. La caractérisation de l’insertion du colorant dans la membrane a été aussi discutée. La grande sensibilité à la mesure d’un champ électrique assurée par l’interféromètre permet d’envisager des possibilités d’applications dans des cellules vivantes. Des expériences menées sur des cellules de type PC12 ont montré l’existence d’un signal optique qui est associé à la distribution spatiale du champ électrique. L’ensemble de ces travaux montrent que la microscopie électro-optique s’avère constituer un outil important pour la physique et biophysique. / The aim of this thesis is to validate the electro-optical Pockels microscopy as a powerful technique for electric field imaging at nano and micrometer scales. A first part of this manuscript is dedicated to the instrumental aspects of this new microscope modality. Then we discuss its application in physical and biophysical domains. We have investiguqted 2-methyl-4-nitroaniline(MNA) monocrystalline molecular thin films where the electric field distribution could be imaged, and crystal orientation retrieved. At sub-wavelength scale, we were able to isolate the electro-optical modulation of light scattered by isolated 150nm size KTiOP04 (KTP) nanoparticles. Using the angular dependency of the Pockels response to the polarization of light we could determine the a priori random, spatial orientation of the nanocrystal. Such electric-field nano-probe configuration could find its way in various applications. In the case of biological entities such as neurons, information is transmitted via an electric field signal, propagating through the plasmid membrane. We concentrated first on a model artificial membrane doped with the DI-8-ANEPPS nonlinear dye, evidencing for the first time a Pockels electro-optical response. A relatively high sensitivity to the electric field allows to envision interesting applications in living cells. Experiences performed with PC 12 cells have shown an optical response that reflects the electric field spatial distribution. This work demonstrates that the electro-optical microscopy is emerging as a new powerful tool for sub-wavelength investigation of electro-optical properties in physics and biology.

OBJETIVOS: Comparar a aniseiconia e a estereopsia em escolares anisometropes do primeiro ano do ensino fundamental corrigidos com lentes oftálmicas de estoque com curvas-base selecionadas para minimizar a diferença de tamanho interocular das imagens retínicas e com lentes iseicônicas sugeridas pelo software Aniseikonia Inspector 3 e verificar a preferência dos escolares por uma destas formas de correção. MÉTODOS: Dezenove escolares com anisometropia >= 1,5 D em meridianos correspondentes no uso de óculos com lentes oftálmicas de estoque e com lentes iseicônicas foram avaliados para aniseiconia (software niseikonia Inspector 3) e estereopsia (teste Stereo Fly test com símbolos LEA. A preferência por uma das formas de correção foi verificada após 40-50 dias de uso dos óculos. RESULTADOS: As médias e os desvios-padrão das aniseiconias vertical e horizontal no uso de óculos com lentes oftálmicas de estoque e com lentes iseicônicas foram, respectivamente, -1,05% ± 2,20% e -1,37% ± 2,36% (p=0,82739) e -0,895% ± 2,23% e -1,16% ± 2,03% (p=0,77018). Os optotipos que sugerem estereopsia < 100 segundos de arco foram identificados por por 31,6% dos escolares corrigidos com lentes iseicônicas e por 21,1% dos escolares corrigidos com lentes oftálmicas de estoque (p= 0,475). Em relação à preferência, 4/15 (26,7%) escolheram os óculos com lentes iseicônicas, 2/15 (13,3%) escolheram os óculos com lentes oftálmicas de estoque e para 9/15 (60%) a escolha foi indiferente. CONCLUSÃO: A aniseiconia induzida nos escolares anisometropes corrigidos com lentes iseicônicas sugeridas pelo software Aniseikonia Inspector 3 foi similar à obtida na correção com lentes oftálmicas de estoque com curvas-base selecionadas para minimizar a diferença de tamanho interocular das imagens retínicas / OBJECTIVES: To compare the aniseikonia and the stereopsis in children of the first-year of elementary school with anisometropia corrected with stock ophthalmic lenses with base curve selected to minimize the interocular size difference of retinal images and with size lenses suggested by the software Aniseikonia Inspector 3, and to check the preference of them for one of these forms of correction. METHODS: Nineteen school children with anisometropia >= 1.5 D in corresponding meridians, in the use of glasses with stock ophthalmic lenses and with size lenses were evaluated for aniseikonia (software Aniseikonia Inspector 3) and stereopsis (Stereo Fly test with LEA symbols). The preference for one of the forms of correction was verified after 40-50 days of wearing glasses. RESULTS: The mean and standard deviations of the vertical and horizontal aniseikonia in the use of glasses with stock ophthalmic lenses and with size lenses were, respectively,-1.05% ± 2.20% and -1.37% ± 2.36% (p = 0,82739) and -0.895% ± 2.23% and -1.16% ± 2.03% (p = 0,77018). 31.6% of the school children corrected with size lenses and 21.1% of the students corrected with stock ophthalmic lenses identified the optotypes that suggest stereopsis less than 100 seconds of arc (p = 0.475). Regarding the preference, 4/15 (26.7%) of the students chose the glasses with size lenses, 2/15 (13.3%) chose the glasses with stock ophthalmic lenses, and for 9/15 (60%) the choice was indifferent. CONCLUSION: The induced aniseikonia in school children with anisometropia corrected with size lenses suggested by the software Aniseikonia Inspector 3 was similar to that obtained in the correction with stock ophthalmic lenses with base curves selected to minimize the difference of interocular size of retinalimages

L'inscription laser directe est un domaine de recherche en croissance depuis ces deux dernières décennies, fournissant un moyen efficace et robuste pour inscrire directement des structures en trois dimensions (3D) dans des matériaux transparents tels que des verres en utilisant des impulsions laser femtosecondes. Cette technique présente de nombreux avantages par rapport à la technique de lithographie, qui se limite à la structuration en deux dimensions (2D) et implique de nombreuses étapes de fabrication. Cela rend la technique d’inscription laser direct bien adaptée aux nouveaux procédés de fabrication. Généralement, l’inscription laser dans les verres induit des changements physiques tels qu'un changement permanent de l'indice de réfraction localisé. Ces modifications ont été classés en trois types distincts : (Type I, Type II et Type III). Dans ce travail, nous présentons un nouveau type de changement d'indice de réfraction, appelé type A qui est basé sur la création d’agrégats d'argent photo-induit. En effet, dans des verres dans lesquels sont incorporés des ions argent Ag+, lors de leurs synthèses, l’inscription laser directe induit la création d’agrégats d’argent fluorescents Agmx+ au voisinage du voxel d’interaction. Ces agrégats modifient localement les propriétés optiques comme : la fluorescence, la non-linéarité et la réponse plasmonique du verre. Ainsi, différents guides d'ondes, un séparateur de faisceau 50-50, ainsi que des coupleurs optiques ont été inscrits en se basant sur ce nouveau Type A et complétement caractérisés. D'autre part, une étude comparative entre les deux types de guides d'ondes (type A et type I) est présentée, tout en montrant qu’en ajustant les paramètres laser, il est possible de déclencher soit le Type I soit le Type A. Enfin, en se basant sur des guides d’ondes de type A inscrits proche de la surface du verre, un capteur d'indice de réfraction hautement sensible a été inscrit dans une lame de verre de 1 cm de long. Ce capteur miniaturisé peut présenter deux fenêtres de détection d’indice, ce qui constitue une première mondiale. Les propriétés des guides d'ondes inscrits dans ces verres massifs ont été transposées à des fibres en forme de ruban, du même matériau contenant de l'argent. Les résultats obtenus dans ce travail de thèse ouvrent la voie à la fabrication de circuits intégrés en 3D et de capteurs à fibre basés sur des propriétés optiques originales inaccessibles avec des guides d’onde de Type I standard. / Direct Laser Writing (DLW) has been an exponentially growing research field during the last two decades, by providing an efficient and robust way to directly address three dimensional (3D) structures in transparent materials such as glasses using femtosecond laser pulses. It exhibits many advantages over lithography technique which is mostly limited to two dimensional (2D) structuring and involves many fabrication steps. This competitive aspect makes the DLW technique suitable for future technological transfer to advanced industrial manufacturing. Generally, DLW in glasses induces physical changes such as permanent local refractive index modifications that have been classified under three distinct types: (Type I, Type II & Type III). In silver containing glasses with embedded silver ions Ag+, DLW induces the creation of fluorescent silver clusters Agmx+ at the vicinity of the interaction voxel. In this work, we present a new type of refractive index change, called type A that is based on the creation of the photo-induced silver clusters allowing the creation of new linear and nonlinear optical waveguides in silver containing glasses. Various waveguides, a 50-50 Y beam splitter, as well as optical couplers, were written based on type A modification inside bulk glasses and further characterized. On the other hand, a comparison study between type A and type I waveguides is presented, showing that finely tuning the laser parameters allows the creation of either type A or type I modification inside silver containing glasses. Finally, based on type A near-surface waveguides, a highly sensitive refractive index sensor is created in a 1 cm glass chip, which could exhibit a pioneer demonstration of double sensing refractive ranges. The waveguiding properties observed and reported in the bulk of such silver containing glasses were transposed to ribbon shaped fibers of the same material. Those results pave the way towards the fabrication of 3D integrated circuits and fiber sensors with original fluorescent, nonlinear and plasmonic properties that are not accessible using the standard type I modification

Neste trabalho, foi desenvolvido um laser pulsado utilizando um chaveador-Q passivo em uma cavidade com a tecnologia de controle de modo por duplo-passo. Utilizando um cristal de Nd:LiYF4 com 0,8 mol% de dopagem, foi possível gerar um pulso com duração de 5,5 ns (FWHM), com 1,2 mJ de energia e potência pico de 220 kW para utilização na técnica Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy (CRDS). A técnica (CRDS), que pode ser traduzida por espectroscopia de cavidade ressonante, é utilizada para medida de espectros de absorção de gases, líquidos e sólidos. Com a técnica CRDS é possível medir perdas com altíssimo grau de precisão, ressaltando sua sensibilidade que é confirmada pela utilização de espelhos com alta refletividade. Foram avaliadas, com essa técnica, as perdas por reflexão e espalhamento de materiais transparentes. Após a calibração da cavidade ressonante, foi possível medir as perdas nas amostras com resolução de até 0,045%, sendo o valor máximo alcançado de 1,73%. Essa calibração foi possível, pois obteve se um tempo de decaimento de aproximadamente 20 &mu;s com a cavidade desobstruída. Também foi conseguido um método de determinação do índice de refração dos materiais transparentes com precisão de cinco casas decimais. / In this work, a pulsed and Q-switched laser resonator was developed using the double-beam mode-controlling technique. A Nd:LiYF4 crystal with 0,8mol% of doping concentration was used to generate a giant pulse with duration of 5,5 ns (FWHM), 1,2 mJ of energy and 220 kW peak power for the Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy (CRDS) technique. The CRDS technique is used to measure absorption spectra for gases, liquids and solids. With the CRDS technique it is possible to measure losses with high degree of accuracy, underscoring the sensitivity that is confirmed by the use of mirrors with high reflectivity. With this technique, the losses by reflection and scattering of transparent materials were evaluated. By calibrating the resonant cavity, it was possible to measure the losses in the samples with resolution of 0,045%, the maximum being reached by 1,73%. The calibration was possible because there was obtained to measure a decay time of approximately 20 &mu;s with the empty cavity. Besides was obtained a method for determining the refractive index of transparent materials with accuracy of five decimals.

In recent years a new class of materials, the metamaterials, has emerged in the scientific community. The use of these materials makes possible to achieve unique electromagnetic properties, such as the negative refractive index. Today there exist several applications that take advantage of these special properties, such as sensors, antennas and invisibility cloaks, aiming at improving their intrinsic characteristics. Based on these considerations, this project aims at developing metamaterials structures to control the radiation properties of antennas in the microwave range, such as gain and directivity. More specifically, it was also chosen chiral metamaterials, mainly due to the phenomenon of electromagnetic field rotation which opens the possibility to control efficiently the radiation properties of antennas. In addition, chiral metamaterials, which have proved to be a more attractive alternative to obtain negative or zero refractive index, enable a greater degree of freedom in the design of different structures. This work encompasses all different phases of the structure design, namely: project, computational modeling, fabrication, and characterization of the proposed structures. We show improvements for the gain that in some cases reaches more than the double of the conventional monopole antenna gain and for the return loss parameter, which reaches minimum values. We also could maintain good efficiency and improve the input impedance matching. Finally, it is worth mentioning that this new technology also has the great potential to be applied in the telecommunication devices, particularly to improve communications based on antennas. / Nos últimos anos uma nova classe de materiais, os metamateriais, emergiu na comunidade científica. O uso desses materiais torna possível alcançar propriedades eletromagnéticas singulares, como o índice de refração negativo. Hoje existem vastas aplicações que usufruem destas propriedades especiais, como os sensores, mantas de invisibilidade e antenas, onde se procura o aperfeiçoamento de suas características intrínsecas. Com base nestas considerações, este projeto buscou desenvolver estruturas metamateriais para controle das propriedades de radiação de antenas na faixa de micro-ondas, tais como diretividade e ganho. Mais especificamente, foram utilizados os metamateriais quirais, principalmente devido ao fenômeno de rotação do campo eletromagnético que abre a possibilidade de controle mais eficiente das propriedades de radiação de antenas. Além disso, os metamateriais quirais, por se mostrarem uma alternativa mais atraente para se obter meios com índice de refração zero ou negativo, possibilitam um maior grau de liberdade no projeto de diferentes estruturas. Este trabalho contempla, ainda, todas as etapas de projeto de tais estruturas, quais sejam: projeto, modelagem computacional, fabricação, e caracterização das estruturas. Mostramos melhorias para o ganho que, em alguns casos, chega a mais do que o dobro do ganho da antena monopolo convencional e para o parâmetro de perda de retorno, que atinge valores mínimos. Nós também mantivemos uma boa eficiência e melhoramos o casamento de impedância de entrada. Finalmente, vale salientar que essa nova tecnologia também apresenta grande potencial de ser aplicada em dispositivos de telecomunicações, com o intuito de aprimorar a comunicação baseada em antenas.

Orientador: Maria Palmira Daflon Gremião / Coorientador: Beatriz Stringhetti Ferreira Cury / Banca: Júlio Cesar Borges / Banca: Marlus Chorilli / Banca: Priscyla Daniely Marcato Gaspari / Banca: Marco Vinicius Chaud / Resumo: A administração oral de fármacos de origem proteica, como o bevacizumabe (BVZ) impõe grandes desafios, considerando sua instabilidade físico-química frente às condições variáveis de pH e conteúdo enzimático nos segmentos superiores do trato gastrointestinal (TGI). No presente trabalho, nanocarreadores orais baseados em goma gelana (GG) e amido retrogradado (AR) foram delineados como potencial estratégia tecnológica para a efetiva proteção do BVZ, bem como para a modulação de suas propriedades físico-químicas, de liberação e dos padrões de interação com a interface biológica, a fim de se alcançar a liberação cólon-específica fármaco de origem proteica. A retrogradação do amido foi explorada a fim de adequar suas propriedades, como solubilidade, intumescimento, propriedades reológicas, mucoadesividade, resistência enzimática, de acordo com o objetivo pretendido. Os sistemas nanoestruturados foram obtidos pela complexação polieletrolítica dos polímeros com o BVZ, e o efeito da reticulação iônica foi também avaliado. Os efeitos das concentrações da mistura polimérica (GG/AR), de BVZ e de cloreto de alumínio (AlCl3) no diâmetro médio, no índice de polidispersidade (PdI) e no potencial zeta (PZ) das nanopartículas foram avaliados empregando um planejamento fatorial (PF) completo 33. Nanopartículas com diâmetro médio entre 191,7 e 629, 87 nm, reduzido PdI (inferior 0,51) e PZ superior à -20 mV foram obtidas. O processo de reticulação levou ao aumento do diâmetro das partículas, as q... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Oral administration of protein nature drugs, such as bevacizumab (BVZ) enjoin great challenges, considering its physico-chemical instability against pH variable and enzymatic content in the upper segments of gastrointestinal (GIT). In the present work, oral nanocarriers based on gellan gum (GG) and retrograded starch (RS) were designed as a potential technological strategy for the effective protection of BVZ, as well as for the modulation of its physicochemical properties, of release and interaction with the biological interface, in order to achieve the colon-specific release of this protein origin drug. The starch retrogradation was exploited to suit its properties, such as solubility, swelling, rheological properties, mucoadhesiveness, enzyme resistance, according to the intended aim. The nanostructured systems were obtained by the polyelectrolytic complexation of the polymers with the BVZ, and the effect of the ionic cross-linking also was evaluated. The effects of the polymer blends (GG/AR), BVZ and aluminum chloride (AlCl3) concentration on the mean diameter, polydispersity index (PdI) and zeta potential (ZP) of the nanoparticles were evaluated using a factorial design (FD) 33. Nanoparticles with average diameter between 191.7 and 629, 87 nm, reduced PdI (lower 0.51) and PZ higher than -20 mV were obtained. The cross-linking process led to the increase in particles diameter, which presented spherical shape. The BVZ incorporation efficiency was high (56.16% and 100%) and the absorption spectra in the infrared (IR) region evidenced that the interactions between the polymers and BVZ should be predominantly supramolecular. The secondary and tertiary structures maintenance of protein after the incorporation in the nanocarreadores was evidenced by analyzes of absorption spectroscopy IR... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor