The thesis deals with utilisation of EU funds regarding tourism development in Vysočina region. Theoretical part is concerned with tourism and its relation to regional development. Tourism issues and tourism development is seen from both Czech Republic and European Union point of view. Authorities which deals with tourism management at above mentioned levels are introduced here. Economic and social politics by which tourism support from EU funds is implemented are mentioned also. Practical part of the thesis deals with possibilities of utilisation of the funds for tourism development in Vysočina region. In addition to the basic characterization of the region and his tourism supply, with the help of analyses of particular calls and through all realized projects the thesis summarizes the possibilities of utilisation of the funds for tourism development in Vysočina region.

In this study, the relationship between the tourism policies and economic development in China was analyzed from the three levels: nation, region and province. The analysis included the evolution of tourism policies, the survey of tourism market, the strength of tourism resources and the unique features of tourism development. At national level, the changes before and after the three period were studied, including the founding of PRC in 1949, open-door economic reform policy in 1978, and entering WTO in 2001. Concerning the regional level, the eastern and western were analyzed. In the aspects of province, only those showing distinguished developmenmt were chosen for analysis, including Jiangsu in the eastern coastal region, and Yunnan in the western inland region. From the viewpoint of national policies and market mechanism, the direction concerning the development of regional tourism policies was discussed. Based on the theory of regional economic development, the differences in tourism development were investigated. In terms of the theory of industrial competition advantage, the advantage of tourism resources was examined. Finally, the correlation between tourism and economic development was analyzed. The unique features of tourism in China from the three levels were also explored, respectively.

The aim of the thesis is a description and characterization of the most important impacts and effects which are associated with the renewal of monument. The renewal has a huge impact on the monument itself. It is a way how to preserve the existence of monument for the future. When the monument is integrated again into a contemporary community, it brings new economic benefits which give the monument a new sense of being and give it the chance to be conserved and protected for next generations. This new economic role of the monument has to be considered only with the respect to its historical and artistic value. The existence of monument affects also its surroundings in many ways. Monument has an obvious impact on landscape, the view of horizon and also influences the quality of life of people living in the vicinity. Monument can enrich leisure time of local people or turists. It can be also the key factor for developing of tourism, incoming investments and prosperity of this locality. Monument could not be considered in isolation of its surroundings because it creates together a complex which influences the monument, and on the other hand, which is influenced by the monument.

This thesis is a historical case study tracing the establishment and evolution of Regional Tourism Organisations (RTOs) in New Zealand. It describes their role, structure and functions and the political processes that have influenced how they have operated and changed from 1980 to 2005. RTOs are examined in the context of government policies, local and national politics and tourism private and public sector relationships. RTOs were central to many of the key recommendations of the New Zealand Tourism Strategy 2010 (NZTS 2010) released in 2001. The NZTS 2010 attempted to address a range of tourism policy gaps created by a policy vacuum in the 1990s whereby the public and private tourism sectors focused mainly on international marketing. This strategy shaped government policy during this decade. The research findings show that although public and private sector institutional arrangements impacting on RTOs have changed, there remains, as in the past, no uniformity in their role, structure, functions and their future financial and political viability remains insecure. The NZTS 2010 raised destination management and its alignment with destination marketing as a major policy issue that needed to be addressed in the decade leading up to 2010 with RTOs having a pivotal role. A generic regional destination management model is presented. Structures and processes incorporated into this model include: a national destination management tourism policy; support for tourism by local government at the national level; a well defined destination management team; community collaboration; and tourism being integrated into the wider planning processes of local government. The model identified requisite building blocks to support regional destination management such as: the provision of staff and financial resources for regional tourism; the building of a high tourism profile in the community; the availability of statistics and research data at the regional level; local government planners acknowledging the impacts of tourism; and the existence of a legal mandate for tourism at the regional and/or local government level. When applying this model to the New Zealand context, it was found that a number of the structures and processes required for effective regional destination management were lacking, such as regional statistics and research data, staffing and financial resources for both RTOs and local government, the ability of council planners to understand and integrate tourism into the wider planning processes and a legislative mandate for tourism. The thesis concluded that a vacuum remains in the alignment of destination marketing and management. The historical and political processes of RTO change were also examined in the context of chaos and complexity theory. Chaos and complexity theory provided a complementary and different means to view change. This thesis also presented the opportunity to reflect upon the research process which led to the adoption of a multi-paradigmatic and bricoleur research methodology. Further reflexivity and reflection towards the end of the research process articulated ontological and epistemological philosophical investigations that underlay the multi-paradigmatic approach. A model is presented emphasising that a multi-paradigmatic research approach rests on ultimate reality (metaphysics) which informs the ontology. The model then highlights that ontology precedes and directs epistemology and that both inform the multi-paradigmatic research framework.

Hållbar turism är ett högaktuellt ämne som berör alla involverade aktörer inom turism. Konceptet kan tillämpas på alla geografiska nivåer och det grundläggande syftet är att minimera turismens negativa effekter samt att maximera dess positiva effekter. Sedan ”Brundtlandrapporten” har begreppen hållbar utveckling och hållbar turism behandlats i en stor mängd litteratur samt varit föremål för många diskussioner och debatter. Trots detta är båda begreppen och många av dess definitioner komplexa, otydliga och svåra att operationalisera. Denna otydlighet är en bidragande faktor till att implementering av hållbar utveckling likväl som hållbar turism har varit långsam och långt ifrån framgångsrik. Det är viktigt att inte betrakta hållbar turism som en definierbar slutpunkt utan att arbetet bör ses som en process. Det är därför möjligt att göra insatser som syftar till en mer hållbar turismutveckling men det är omöjligt att exakt beskriva ett hållbart tillstånd. En av de främsta barriärerna för framåtskridande inom hållbar turism är det bristfälliga stödet från konsumenter. Många anser sig ha positiva attityder gentemot hållbar turism men endast ett fåtal omsätter dessa i praktiken. Det finns flera metoder för att påverka konsumenter att välja hållbara alternativ såsom uppförandekoder, miljömärkningar och marknadsföring. Utöver konsumenternas bristfälliga stöd finns även många andra barriärer för implementering av hållbar turism men det är viktigare att fokusera på och jobba utifrån goda exempel. Regionala turismorganisationer kan jobba utifrån en modell innehållande framgångsfaktorer för att uppnå en framgångsrik implementering av hållbar turism. Dessa faktorer innefattar bland annat samordning, medvetenhet, tydlighet och ekonomisk prioritet. För att sedan avgöra om de insatser som görs leder till att utvecklingen går i en hållbar riktning är mätning genom indikatorer ett användbart verktyg. Hållbar utveckling kan även kopplas till en diskussion om ansvar och etiska frågor, där vissa företag och organisationer börjar arbeta med hållbar turism endast för egen vinning medan andra även beaktar etiska aspekter. För att regionala turismorganisationer ska kunna avgöra på vilken nivå de ligger i sitt hållbarhetsarbete kan de använda sig av en hierarki bestående av fyra delar, alltifrån basnivå till avancerad nivå. Organisationerna kan i tillägg till detta även arbeta utifrån ett antal steg för att nå högre nivåer i sitt hållbarhetsarbete. Tillväxtverket och Innovasjon Norge arbetar med turism på nationell nivå i Sverige respektive Norge. Dessa samarbetar i sin tur med regionala turismorganisationer och företag. Region Dalarna, Swedish Lapland Tourism, Jämtland Härjedalen Turism och Fjord Norge AS är regionala turismorganisationer som ligger på olika nivåer i den tidigare nämnda hierarkin. Deras hållbarhetsarbete skiljer sig därmed åt vilket bland annat kan bero på när organisationerna bildades, deras organisationsform och vilka de huvudsakliga uppgifterna är i de olika organisationerna. I strävan mot en hållbar turismutveckling krävs insatser från aktörer på alla geografiska nivåer och det måste finnas ett målinriktat strategiskt samarbete mellan nivåerna. Alla aktörer har olika roller att spela i resan mot en hållbar turismutveckling och regionala turismorganisationer fungerar som en viktig länk mellan nationella aktörer och aktörer på destinations- och företagsnivå. / Sustainable tourism is a highly topical subject that concerns all actors involved in tourism. The concept can be applied to all geographical levels and its basic purpose is to minimize the negative impacts of tourism and to maximize its positive impacts. Since the report of the Brundtland Commission, the concepts of sustainable development and sustainable tourism have been treated in a large body of literature and the subject of many discussions and debates. Nevertheless, both concepts and many of its definitions are complex, unclear and difficult to operationalize. This ambiguity is a contributing factor to the fact that the implementation of sustainable development as well as sustainable tourism has been slow and far from successful. It is important not to consider sustainable tourism as a definable end point, efforts should instead be seen as a process. It is therefore possible to make efforts towards more sustainable tourism development but it’s impossible to accurately describe a sustainable condition. One of the main barriers to progress in sustainable tourism is the lack of support from consumers. Research has shown that many people have positive attitudes towards sustainable tourism but only a few sales of these in practice. There are several methods to influence consumers to choose sustainable alternatives such as codes of conducts, eco-labels and marketing. In addition to consumers' lack of support, there are many other barriers for the implementation of sustainable tourism but it is more important to focus on and work from good examples. Regional tourism organizations can work from key success factors in achieving a successful implementation of sustainable tourism. These factors include, among other things, coordination, awareness, clarity and economic priority. To then determine whether the efforts leading to the development is in a sustainable direction indicators are a useful tool. Sustainable development can be linked to a discussion of responsibility and ethical issues, where some companies and organizations are beginning to work on sustainable tourism only for their own benefit, while others also take into account ethical aspects. For regional tourism organizations will be able to determine at what level they are in their sustainability efforts, they can make use of a hierarchy of four elements, ranging from basic level to advanced level. Organizations can add to this work from a number of steps to reach higher levels in their sustainability efforts. Tillväxtverket and Innovasjon Norge are working with tourism at the national level in Sweden and Norway respectively. These organizations collaborate in turn with regional tourism organizations and companies. Region Dalarna, Swedish Lapland Tourism, Jämtland Härjedalen Turism and Fjord Norge AS are all regional tourism organizations and are at different levels in the previously mentioned hierarchy. Their efforts for sustainable tourism is therefore different to, inter alia, from when the organization was formed, their organizational form and the main tasks in the different organizations. The movement toward sustainable tourism development requires action from stakeholders at all geographical levels and there must be a targeted strategic cooperation between the levels. All parties have different tasks in the journey towards sustainable tourism development and regional tourism organizations serves as an important link between national operators and destination and enterprise level.

Magistro darbe analizuojama Mažeikių rajono turizmo situacija bei plėtros perspektyvos Lietuvos regioninės politikos kontekste. Darbe apibūdinamos pagrindinės Mažeikių rajono turizmo sritys – gamtinė, kultūrinė ir sporto turizmo aplinka, infrastruktūra, jų reikšmė vietinio ir atvykstamojo turizmo plėtrai, analizuojami teisiniai turizmo dokumentai. Keliami darbo uždaviniai - charakterizuoti esamus rajono turistinius išteklius ir įvertinti stiprybes, silpnybes, galimybes bei galimas grėsmes, pateikiant kiekvienos turizmo srities SSGG (angl. SWOT) analizes. Siekiant ištirti Mažeikių rajono turizmo sektoriaus valdymo problemas, buvo apklausti penkių pagrindinių rajono turizmo institucijų ekspertai. Tyrimo metu siekta išsiaiškinti ekspertų nuomonę apie turizmo valdymo situaciją, turizmo institucijų veiklos funkcijas, tų funkcijų praktinį pritaikymą, bendradarbiavimo tarp institucijų ir verslo partnerių aspektus. Baigiamojoje dalyje pateiktos išvados ir įvairios problemų sprendimo galimybės, ekspertinio tyrimo metodu įvertintos plėtros perspektyvos vietiniam ir atvykstamajam turizmui skatinti ekonomikos atsigavimo laikotarpiui. / This master’s work analysis the situation of tourism and prospects of expansion in Mažeikiai district in the context of regional policy of Lithuania. Firstly, the leading fields of tourism of Mažeikiai district such as natural, cultural and sport tourism environment, infrastructure, their importance to the expansion of local and coming tourism have been definable in this work as well as legal tourism documents have been analyzed. Objectives: to define the present tourist resources of the district and evaluate the strength, the weakness, opportunities and possible threats providing analysis of every sphere of tourism (SWOT). Secondly, for the attainment of exploring the problems of the management of tourism division of Mažeikiai district the experts of five leading tourism institutions of the district have been interviewed. Furthermore, during the survey the experts’ view on the situation of management of tourism, the functions of work of tourism institutions, and putting them into practice, and the aspects in collaboration with the tourism institutions and business, has been aspired. Finally, the conclusion and various potentialities of solution to problems are provided in the final part and using the method of expert research the prospects of expansion for local and coming tourism to stimulate during economical recovery period have been assessed.

Объектом исследования является влияние иностранных представительств на въездной туризм в регионе. Предметом исследования является деятельность Генерального Консульства Франции в Екатеринбурге на территории Свердловской области в сфере туризма и развития въездного потока. Целью работы является исследование влияния Генерального Консульства Франции на формирование въездного туристского потока в Свердловскую область. / This work considers the role and the impact of the foreign mission in the region on tourism. The main idea is the role of the Consulate General of France in the formation of the inbound tourist flows in Sverdlovsk region. The questionnaires and events were analyzed that have affect in tourist flows from France. The main directions of cooperation between France and Sverdlovsk region were revealed.

Dans un contexte de plus en plus concurrentiel, fortement influencé par les événements géopolitiques internationaux, et par l’évolution des goûts et des aspirations, le Mashrek occupe toujours une position touristique majeure aux niveaux régional et international. Ce projet facilite-t-il le dialogue entre les cultures? Il est bon de se pencher à nouveau sur le patrimoine commun du Bassin méditerranéen. Le 1er aspect important, c’est de redécouvrir ce patrimoine partagé afin que chacun puisse se réapproprier son propre patrimoine (un des objectifs de l’UPM « Union Pour la Méditerranée »). Il y a un grand lien entre le Mashrek et les besoins des Partenaires euro-méditerranéens dans le domaine touristique. Même si le tourisme, surtout dans contexte de coopération, permet aux gens de dialoguer et de surmonter la question des frontières, il ne faut pas occulter des blocages d’une autre nature. Cette question est très pertinente. Lors de la conception du projet, de manière à impliquer tous les acteurs et leurs besoins, c’est sans doute un avantage du programme, sur le plan de la conception du projet. Un renouveau touristique au Mashrek qui s’adapte continuellement à la réalité et introduit des modifications, ce qui permet de prendre en compte des études préalables afin de réorienter le projet en fonction des besoins, c’est une des clés de la réussite, dont la dimension régionale est une valeur ajoutée. L’aide de l’UE se révélera très précieuse à cet égard afin de huiler les synergies! Et les premiers signes concrets se manifestent: L’échange et l’ouverture d’esprit, c’est le fruit du commerce du tourisme. / In an increasingly competitive context, strongly influenced by the international geopolitical events, and the evolution of the tastes and the aspirations, Mashrek always occupies a major tourist position on the regional and international levels. Does this project facilitate the dialogue between the cultures? It is wise to lean again on the common inheritance of the Mediterranean basin. The 1st important aspect, it is to rediscover this shared inheritance so that each one can re-adapt his own inheritance (one of the objectives of the UFM “Union For the Mediterranean”). There is a great link between Mashrek and the needs of the Euro-Mediterranean Partners in the tourist field. Even if the tourism, especially in the context of co-operation, allows people to have a dialogue and to overcome the question of the borders, one should not occult obstacles of another nature. This question is very relevant! When designing this project, so as to imply all the actors and their needs, it is undoubtedly an advantage of the program, in the field of the design of the project. A tourist revival in Mashrek which adapts continuously to reality and introduces modifications, which makes possible to take into account preliminary studies in order to re-orient the project according to the needs, is one of the keys to success, whose regional dimension is an added value. The support of the EU will appear very invaluable in this respect in order to oiling synergies! And the first concrete signs appear: The exchange and the broadmindedness which are the commercial fruit of tourism.

服務產業已在近代成為了世界各個國家的重要產業，台灣尤其，因此推動服務經濟一直是政府主要的推展政策之一。政大服務科學研究中心（SSRC）及資管所AeSL實驗室將服務科學的知識運用在實務上的服務創新，為本國較弱勢的觀光產業中小型商家提升競爭力，進而發展了一個以旅遊意象為引擎的全新網路服務平台，uVoyage。 此平台的目的為幫助弱勢的中小型觀光商家將自己的產品及服務自行行銷，推廣到全國大眾。本經營計畫的最高宗旨為提供一個互動性平台，讓觀光業中小型商家與旅客一起共創價值，達到永續經營。專案在初始挑選了宜蘭縣枕頭山休閒農業區作為開發平台的實驗標的，並於去年就已經完成POC（Proof of Concept）。在持續開發平台的同時，本研究所著重的方向為研討uVoyage平台的實際經營模式，並將其營運計畫做完善的提案。此研究在進行的過程也定時與枕山村休閒農業區的商家辦說明會蒐集意見回饋，讓平台的功能更能夠符合商家的需求。 此論文延續平台的基礎，持續進行完整性的開發，同時將組織管理、財務、營運及獲利模式做完整個規劃。本研究最終目標為完成最後階段的POS（Proof of Service），並提出實際可行的經營計畫。促進台灣地方特色發展、幫助觀光中小企業為uVoyage的最高使命。

Ο σχεδιασμός και η εφαρμογή Περιφερειακών Δορυφόρων Λογαριασμών Τουρισμού (Π-ΔΛΤ) στον ελλαδικό χώρο αποτελεί ένα από τα κύρια ζητούμενα από πλευράς τουριστικής και γενικότερα οικονομικής πολιτικής σε επίπεδο περιφέρειας. Η παρούσα διατριβή προσεγγίζει το πλαίσιο των Δορυφόρων Λογαριασμών Τουρισμού (ΔΛΤ) και την μεθοδολογία προσαρμογής τους σε περιφερειακό επίπεδο. Παρεμβαίνει με τις απαραίτητες μεθοδολογικές αναδιατάξεις σε ένα συστηματοποιημένο πλαίσιο που προτείνει ο Παγκόσμιος Οργανισμός Τουρισμού (ΠΟΤ) για την αξιολογική προσέγγιση των στατιστικών πηγών και δεδομένων με αναλυτική αξία για την κατάρτιση ΔΛΤ. Οι αναδιατάξεις στο πλαίσιο συντελούνται σε δύο επίπεδα. Το πρώτο αφορά στην επέκταση των αναλυτικών του δυνατοτήτων σε περιφερειακό επίπεδο ανάλυσης. Σε δεύτερο επίπεδο οι τροποποιήσεις στο πλαίσιο ακολουθούν τις θεωρητικές και μεθοδολογικές αναθεωρήσεις που έχουν συντελεστεί στα προσφάτως αναθεωρημένα διεθνή πρότυπα για την τουριστική στατιστική, τους Δορυφόρους Λογαριασμούς Τουρισμού και τα μακροοικονομικά πλαίσια με τα οποία συνδέονται. Ως παράδειγμα εφαρμογής του αναβαθμισμένου πλέον πλαισίου έχει επιλεγεί η περίπτωση της Ελλάδος. Η μεθοδολογική και αξιολογική προσέγγιση της διατριβής επιφέρει βελτιώσεις στο πλαίσιο καταγραφής και αξιολόγησης του ΠΟΤ και χαρτογραφεί το στατιστικό σύστημα της χώρας κατά τρόπο συστηματοποιημένο ως προς τις αναλυτικές ανάγκες των Π-ΔΛΤ, συνιστώντας ένα από τα πρώτα θεμελιώδη βήματα προς την μακρά και απαιτητική πορεία για την κατάρτισή τους στην χώρα μας. / Designing and implementing Regional Tourism Satellite Accounts (R-TSA) in Greece is one of the key objectives in terms of tourism and general economic policy at regional level. This thesis approaches the Tourism Satellite Account (TSA) framework and its methodological adaptation to regional level. It proposes the necessary methodological adjustments in a systematic framework recommended by the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) for documenting tourism statistics for TSA compilation. Framework adjustments take place at a twofold level: a) expanding the analytical capability at regional level and b) adapting the structure according to the theoretical and methodological revisions that have taken place in recently revised international standards for tourism statistics, Tourism Satellite Accounts and the macroeconomic frameworks with which they are linked. Greece has been chosen as a case study for applying the adjusted framework at regional level. The followed methodological and evaluative approach has improved the UNWTO framework for documenting tourism statistics and has led to a systemised mapping of the Greek statistical system in relation to the analytical needs projected for the compilation of R-TSAs, constituting one of the first fundamental steps towards a long and demanding process.