To the present-day reader texts are widely available. However, to the early modern reader this access was limited. While book ownership increased in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, it was not universal – even libraries were both limited in their collections and exclusive to the communities they served. Libraries were to be found all over Early Modern England, from city libraries to town subscription libraries. One could gain access to books but these collections were often rather limited in the variety and number of books they offered. Undoubtedly many libraries purchased books for their collections, but frequently books were also given to them by benefactors. One fine example of a community library which reflects its readers and members is the library of St Peter’s Cathedral, York Minster. York Minister library owes its existence to traceable benefactors and donations. One could study the collection to give an insight into reading practices and interests of the Early Modern Period. But in doing so we fall foul of becoming static and failing to develop the historiography of Book History. Instead, we can re-evaluate this collection by drawing from the old focus of genres but shifting this focus and approach the collection from a different path: a material path. These books resonate value. Not solely due to their genres and subject matter, but their value is also generated in how the books became accessible, through generosity and donation. As donations from benefactors these books should not be considered solely as works of literature, but as gifts from one agent to another. Gifts given with both intention and purpose.

Mgr François-Gaspard de Jouffroy-Gonsans appartient au corps épiscopal français engagé dans cette époque de transition que constitue la seconde moitié du XVIIIème siècle. Cette thèse vise à appréhender l’individualité de ce prélat à partir de sa pratique épiscopale, mais aussi sous l’angle de son engagement social, politique et religieux, et de sa personnalité tantôt vantée, tantôt décriée. Le parcours ecclésiastique atypique de ce cadet de noblesse provinciale est retracé en étudiant les réseaux qui ont porté sa carrière. Nommé en 1774 sur le siège de Gap puis transféré sur le siège plus prestigieux du Mans dès 1778, Mgr de Jouffroy-Gonsans apparaît comme un laboureur et un administrateur de diocèse. Soucieux de l’amélioration de la pratique des fidèles et de la réforme du clergé dont il a la charge, il demeure très attaché à l’unité décisionnelle et gallicane du corps épiscopal français. Son action diocésaine se révèle être le fruit d’une adaptation de l’ecclésiologie tridentine aux idées des Lumières. Elu aux Etats généraux de 1789, et député siégeant à la droite de l’Assemblée constituante, il s’engage dans une première contre-révolution se limitant au domaine religieux. En exil à partir de 1792, il poursuit son administration diocésaine et organise un système missionnaire permettant de poursuivre une réforme du clergé et de maintenir dans le Maine le culte catholique durant la période révolutionnaire. / François-Gaspard de Jouffroy-Gonsans belongs to the French episcopal body involved in the second half of the eighteenth century, a time of transition. The objective of this thesis is to understand the individuality of this prelate from the angle of his Episcopal practice, but also of his social, political and religious commitment, and the way his personality was sometimes praised, sometimes criticized. The atypical ecclesiastical career of this young provincial nobleman is traced when studying the networks which supported his career. After being appointed in 1774 to the seat of Gap and then transferred to the more prestigious seat of Le Mans in 1778, Bishop Jouffroy-Gonsans appears as a farmer and a director of the diocese. As he is anxious to improve the practice of the faithful and the reformation of the clergy which he is responsible of, he is still very attached to the intelligence unit and Gallican French episcopate. His diocesan action proves to be the result of an adaptation of the Tridentine ecclesiology ideas of the Enlightenment. After being elected to the General Estates in 1789, and as a deputy member sitting on the right-side of the Constituent Assembly, he gets involved in a first counter-revolution against the religious field. Exiled in 1792, he carries on his mission in the diocesan administration and organizes a missionary system to keep on reforming the clergy and maintaining Catholic worship in Maine during the revolutionary period.

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This thesis aims to capture the life and activities of the Congregation of the Sisters of St. Cyril and Methodius from its foundation until present time. Utilising both the archives of the congregation and secondary literature this thesis attempts to chart the complete history of the congregation. Current state of the congregation is described primarily by using the method of oral history, this method being the most suitable for this purpose. The aim of this thesis is also to highlight the pastoral and social workings of the Congregation, which has been its foundation since the beginning of the Congregation and continues to this day. KEYWORDS: Congregation - Sisters of St. Cyril and Methodius - Religious history - Spirituality - Social activities - Pastoral activities

[pt] A partir de 1810 teve início a entrada de protestantes no Brasil, o que ocasionou considerável presença desse grupo no país. Contudo, somente na segunda metade do século foi estabelecido o primeiro trabalho protestante voltado para o público nacional a subsistir. Tal fato ocorreu em 1858, com a organização da Igreja Evangélica, na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, pelo Reverendo Robert Reid Kalley. Em 1917, já com uma presença protestante consolidada no país, Carlos de Laet ao criticar a forma da propaganda religiosa deste grupo registra a utilização do termo evangélico empregada por eles. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho analisa alguns documentos produzidos nas disputas pelo campo religioso brasileiro entre a segunda metade do século XIX e o início do XX com o objetivo de averiguar o processo que deu origem ao conceito de Evangélico tal como é compreendido hoje. A investigação do conceito parte das apropriações e dos sentidos atribuídos ao termo evangélico e a outros nas disputas pelo campo religioso brasileiro. Este trabalho se identifica como uma história social do conceito, que busca enfatizar justamente as inter-relações entre a abordagem da história social e a da história dos conceitos. Nesse sentido, tomando o conceito evangélico como ponto central da pesquisa, por ser compreendido como índice e fator social, procuro identificar e analisar quando e como, em um país predominantemente católico romano, um termo típico da teologia foi apropriado por grupos protestantes. E por fim, tomando de empréstimo expressão de Reinhart Koselleck, como substantivou-se. / [en] From 1810 began the entrance of Protestants in Brazil, which caused considerable presence of this group in the country. However, it was only in the second half of the century that the first Protestant work was set up for the national public to subsist. This happened in 1858, with the organization of the Igreja Evangélica, in the city of Rio de Janeiro, by Reverend Robert Reid Kalley. In 1917, already with a consolidated Protestant presence in the country, Carlos de Laet in criticizing the form of the religious propaganda of this group registers the use of the evangelical term used by them. In this context, the present work analyzes some documents produced in the disputes over the Brazilian religious field between the second half of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth, in order to ascertain the process that gave rise to the concept of the Gospel as it is understood today. The investigation of the concept stems from the appropriations and meanings attributed to the term evangelical and to others in disputes over the Brazilian religious field. This work identifies itself as a social history of the concept, which seeks to emphasize precisely the interrelations between the approach of social history and that of the history of concepts. In this sense, taking the gospel concept as the central point of the research, because it is understood as an index and a social factor, I try to identify and analyze when and how, in a predominantly Roman Catholic country, a typical term of theology was appropriated by Protestant groups. And finally, borrowing expression from Reinhart Koselleck, as he became nouns.

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