This study examines the role of the Austin Friars in pre-Reformation English society, as distinct both from the Austin Friars of Europe and from other English mendicant orders. By examining how the Austins formulated their origins story in a distinctly English context, this thesis argues that the hagiographical writings of the Austin Friars regarding Augustine of Hippo, whom they claimed as their putative founder, had profound consequences for their religious platform. As their definition of Augustine's religious life was less restrictive than that of the European Austin Friars and did not look to a recent, charismatic leader, such as Dominic or Francis, the English Austin Friars developed a religious adaptability visible in their pastoral, theological, and secular activity. This flexibility contributed to their durability by allowing them to adapt to religious needs as they arose rather than being constrained to what had been validated by their heritage. The behaviour of these friars can be characterised foremost by their ceaseless advancement of the interests of their own order through their creation of a network of influence and the manoeuvring of their confrères into socially and economically expedient positions. Given the propensity of the Austin Friars towards reform, this study seeks to understand its place within and interaction with English society, both religious and secular, in an effort to reconstruct the religious culture of this order. It therefore investigates their interaction with the laity and patronage, with heresy and reform, and with secular powers. It emphasises, above all, the distinctiveness of the English Austin Friars both from other mendicant orders and from the European Austin Friars, whose rigid interpretations of the religious example of Augustine led them to a strict demarcation of the Augustinian life as eremitical in nature and to hostile relations with the Augustinian Canons. Ultimately, this thesis interrogates the significance of being an Austin Friar in fifteenth- or sixteenth-century England and their role in the religious landscape, exploring the exceptional variability to their behaviour and their ability to take on accepted forms of behaviour.

Le Congrès Eucharistique International est l’un des événements de masse les plus significatifs du catholicisme contemporain. À mi-chemin entre la modernité et la tradition, il s’agit d’un phénomène de mobilisation des fidèles comparable à des événements de masse laïcs, tels que l´Exposition Universelle, les congrès scientifiques et politiques, et même les Jeux Olympiques. Notre travail fait une étude comparative de deux des trois Congrès Internationaux qui ont eu lieu en Espagne (Madrid 1911 et Barcelone 1952). Ces assemblées catholiques sont un vaste et riche champ pour la recherche du point de vue des études transdisciplinaires, et en particulier de la perspective de l’histoire culturelle, car chaque célébration implique une convergence particulière d’intérêts multiples (religieux, politiques, économiques, spatiaux, symboliques, etc.). Tandis que pour la première partie de la thèse nous avons fait une contextualisation historique approfondie de chaque congrès (locale, nationale et internationale), pour la deuxième partie, nous avons opté pour une perspective comparative et diachronique autour de deux thématiques essentielles pour l´étude des faits religieux contemporains : catholicisme espagnol et modernité (chapitre 5), et catholicisme espagnol et espace urbain (chapitre 6). La perspective spatiale de notre sixième chapitre est très importante, car, dans le cadre espagnol, il n’existe à ce jour que très peu d’études approfondies sur la religion comme un facteur de transformation de la ville, et inversement, de la ville comme un élément de modernisation du catholicisme contemporain. / The International Eucharistic Congress is one of the most striking mega events organized by the Catholic Church in late modernity. Its hybrid nature (both traditional and modern, secular and spiritual), the fact that it has been celebrated since the end of the XIXth century in all five continents, and the imposing multitudes it gathers, make it an extraordinary object of study for the field of Religion and History. Despite its being mainly conservative in nature, its celebration has also allowed for restricted, but fundamental, religious innovation, gradually allowing the Church to creatively face the challenges of an increasingly less observant modern society. Spain has celebrated the IEC on three occasions: Madrid 1911, Barcelona 1952 and Seville 1993. Our work wishes to establish a rich comparison between the first two. We will first situate the 1911 and 1952 celebrations in their local, national and international historical contexts. Then, in the second part of our work, we will study both celebrations from a diachronic and thematic perspective, namely, the relation of Spanish Catholicism both to Modernity (to the emergence of mass culture and society) and to Urban Space. Taking a postsecular point of view, we will emphasize the fact that the place, role, meaning, and identity of religion in Spain have changed in tandem with modernity’s social, economic, political and cultural transformations. Ultimately, inspired by both by S. Juliá´s revision of the historical metanarrative that considered Spain as Modernity´s failure/“anomaly”, and by F. Montero´s call to develop a Cultural History of Spanish Catholicism, our study wishes to critically reevaluate the role that History has traditionally ascribed to Catholicism in Contemporary Spain.

xiv, 934 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / The dissertation focuses on Protestants in the Soviet Ukraine from the end of the Second World War to the collapse of the USSR. It has two major aims. The first is to elucidate the evolution of Soviet policy toward Protestant denominations, using archival evidence that was not available to previous students of this subject. The second is to reconstruct the internal life of Protestant congregations as marginalized social groups. The dissertation is thus a case study both of religious persecution under state-sponsored atheism and of the efforts of individual believers and their communities to survive without compromising their religious principles. The opportunity to function legally came at a cost to Protestant communities in Ukraine and elsewhere in the USSR. In the 1940s-1980s, Protestant communities lived within a tight encirclement of numerous governmental restrictions designed to contain and, ultimately, reduce all manifestations of religiosity in the republic both quantitatively and qualitatively. The Soviet state specifically focused on interrupting the generational continuity of religious tradition by driving a wedge between believing parents and their children. Aware of these technologies of containment and their purpose, Protestants devised a variety of survival strategies that allowed them, when possible, to circumvent the stifling effects of containment and ensure the preservation and transmission of religious traditions to the next generation. The dissertation investigates how the Soviet government exploited the state institutions and ecclesiastic structures in its effort to transform communities of believers into malleable societies of timid and nominal Christians and how the diverse Protestant communities responded to this challenge. Faced with serious ethical choices--to collaborate with the government or resist its persistent interference in the internal affairs of their communities-- many Ukrainian Evangelicals joined the vocal opposition movement that contributed to an increased international pressure on the Soviet government and subsequent evolution of the Soviet policy from confrontation to co-existence with religion. The dissertation examines both theoretical and practical aspects of the Soviet secularization project and advances a number of arguments that help account for religion's survival in the Soviet Union during the 1940-1980s. / Committee in charge: Julie Hessler, Chairperson, History; R Alan Kimball, Member, History; Jack Maddex, Member, History; William Husband, Member, Not from U of O Caleb Southworth, Outside Member, Sociology

L’abstinence de viande doit-elle être appréhendée comme un rejet de la norme, laquelle est définie par la participation des citoyens au sacrifice sanglant animal et à la consommation des chairs qui s’ensuit, actes civico-religieux fondamentaux ? L’historiographie actuelle considère que si la vie civique se structure et se reconnaît autour de la mise à mort de l’animal et de sa consommation, alors la place des citoyens refusant la consommation de viande ne peut être que marginale. En s’appuyant sur l’ensemble des sources littéraires de la période antique (VIe siècle av. J.-C.-Ve ap. J.-C.), cette thèse, loin de confirmer cette analyse, révèle une situation plus complexe. L’abstinence de viande s’affirme en effet comme un marqueur identitaire qui laisse apparaître clairement la pluralité normative de la pratique, modulable en fonction des acteurs impliqués et/ou exclus. Ainsi, comme toute pratique alimentaire, les normes ne sont pas excluantes, et une même personne peut s’y conformer suivant le contexte dans lequel elles prennent forme. Le végétarisme ne vient donc pas entraver les devoirs du citoyen et n’entraîne pas la marginalité dans la cité / Must the abstinence of meat be conceived as a rejection of the norm, which is defined by the participation of the citizens to the blood sacrifice and to the following consumption of the flesh, two fundamental civico-religious acts ? The current historiography considers that if civic life structures and recognizes itself through the killing of the animal and its consumption, then the place of the citizens refusing meat consumption can only be marginal. Using all of the literary sources from antiquity (VIth cent. B.C.-Vth cent. A.D.), this dissertation, far from confirming this analysis, reveals a much more complex situation. The abstinence of meat affirms itself as a marker of identity, clearly showing the normative plurality of the practice, flexible depending on the parties involved and/or excluded. In fact, as all dietary practices, norms are not excluding, and one can conform oneself to it depending on the context in which they are shaped. Thus, vegetarianism does not hinder the duties of the citizens, and does not entail marginality within the city

L’établissement de la Cour à Madrid en 1561 et l’obtention de son nouveau statut de capitale des Espagnes transforment la configuration du système politique, économique et social sur lequel cette ville était jusqu’alors fondée. Le pouvoir royal se joint désormais aux instances municipales et ecclésiastiques dans l’organisation des fêtes religieuses accompagnées de processions de plus en plus somptueuses. Ces dernières deviennent très rapidement un objet de tensions entre les trois autorités madrilènes qui se reflètent au sein de l’espace public. L’examen d’un panorama global des processions madrilènes et de leur relation à l’espace rend compte à la fois des évolutions des dévotions religieuses et de celles de la ville elle-même, c’est-à-dire, de leur dynamique inscrite dans un tissu urbain en mouvement. Cette étude considère les aspects anthropologiques, économiques, sociaux et politiques des processions dont les enjeux sont susceptibles de modifier les équilibres institutionnels du Madrid des Habsbourg, de Philippe II à Charles II. / In 1561, the establishment of the Court in Madrid, as the city gains the status of new capital of the Spains, alters the configuration of the political, economic and social system on which the city was built until then. The royal power now joins the municipal and church authorities to organize religious feasts along with ever more magnificent processions. The latter will soon become a bone of contention between the three ruling bodies in Madrid, reflected in the public space as well. The global overview of the Madrid processions and their relationship to space depicted in this study reveals both the evolution of religious devotions and the changes affecting the dynamic of the city itself within a moving urban fabric. This piece of research also takes into account the anthropological, economic, social and political aspects of the processions whose stakes are likely to modify the institutional equilibria within the Madrid of the Habsburgs, from Philip II to Charles II.

Dire qu’il n’est pas possible de séparer la religion de la politique avant le XVIIIe siècle, c’est énoncer un lieu commun. Mais comment étudier l’influence des représentations religieuses sur la politique ? Si depuis Marc Bloch et Ernst Kantorowicz de nombreuses études ont été publiées sur la légitimation religieuse du pouvoir temporel, les autres dimensions de la politique, c’est à dire le développement et la réalisation de politiques, ont souvent été négligées. Ainsi, l’historiographie sur la Guerre de Trente Ans et la politique étrangère française sous Louis XIII distingue d’un côté des acteurs motivés religieusement et de l’autre des acteurs motivés politiquement et, de ce fait, ne peut appréhender de manière satisfaisante les débats politiques du XVIIe siècle.En examinant l’impact de la Réforme catholique sur le calcul politique, cette thèse de doctorat propose une démarche qui rassemble la religion et la politique dans toutes ses dimensions. Ce faisant, elle tente de développer de nouveaux récits de l’histoire politique. Les questions du parti dévot, de la Fronde, du caractère de la Guerre de Trente Ans et de l’échec de la monarchie polonaise sont reconsidérées. En outre, elle cherche à donner une vue d’ensemble de la Réforme catholique et de ses conséquences politiques. Une grande attention est accordée à l’émergence de nouveaux cultes politico-religieux favorisant la construction étatique, et en particulier au patronage marial étatique. / Common wisdom says that it is not possible to dissociate religion from politics before the 18th century. But how is it possible to study the influence of religious patterns on political action? Since Marc Bloch and Ernst Kantorowicz, a great deal of scholarly work has been written on religious legitimization of political power, yet the other dimensions of politics - the development of policies and the struggles around it - have been somewhat neglected. Historiography about the Thirty Years’ War or French foreign policy under Louis XIII still postulates a dichotomy between religiously and politically motivated actors and, because of this, fails to analyse properly the political debates of the 17th century. Examining the influence of Catholic reform on political calculation in the first half of 17th century, the doctoral thesis proposes a way bridging religion and politics in all its dimensions, and in so doing develops new narratives of political history. The questions of the resistance to war in France, of the Fronde, of the character of the Thirty Years’ War, and of the failure of the Polish monarchy are re-considered. Furthermore, this work provides a general view of Catholic reform and of its impact on political life. It pays particular attention to the new religious-political cults propelling state construction, and especially to the State Marian patronage.

O objetivo deste trabalho é refletir sobre a natureza da Ação Católica Brasileira (ACB) e a conformação dos seus arquivos. A ACB desenvolveu-se entre os anos 1935 e 1966, calcada no projeto de conversão católica da sociedade. Baseada no método indutivo e no cotejo das fontes, a pesquisa debruçou-se sobre as obras religiosas e jurídicas que circularam entre os militantes e sacerdotes, além dos próprios documentos da Ação Católica Brasileira e das diferentes instituições envolvidas na custódia dos arquivos do movimento. Como resultados, a tese apresenta as particularidades da natureza e da institucionalidade da associação e nuances das relações estabelecidas entre leigos e sacerdotes ao longo de sua história. Igualmente desvela como o projeto fundante da ACB e as transformações pelas quais passou impactaram na produção e acumulação documental da associação. Por fim, pondera a respeito dos preceitos religiosos e das circunstâncias históricas que reverberaram no destino final e na apropriação do espólio documental por parte de diferentes custodiadores vinculados à Igreja Católica. / This study aims to reflect upon the nature of the Catholic Action in Brazil (ACB) and the configuration of its archives. The Catholic Action in Brazil was developed between 1935 and 1966, grounded in the project for society catholic conversion. Based on the inductive method and the comparison of sources, the research focused on the religious and legal works that circulated among militants and priests as well as on the Catholic Actions own documents and documents from different institutions involved in the custody of the movement´s archives. The thesis presents the peculiarities of the association nature and institutionality as well as the nuances in the relations established between laypeople and priests throughout history. It also reveals how the Catholic Action founding project and the transformations it has been through have impacted on the production and documental accumulation of the association. Finally, it ponders over the religious precepts and the historical circumstances that reverberated through the final destination and in the ownership of the documental legacy on the part of the different custodians attached to the Catholic Church.

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