Text in English / In this study, an attempt was made to examine the impact that the multiracial identity is having on the institutional Church and in its attempts to address the problem of racism in the United States. An effort will be made to explore the emergence of anti-racist paradigms that both- move outside the social construction of race and an ideology of racial hatred and which empower people of all hues, ethnic an linguistic groups. Particular emphasis will be placed on those approaches which de-emphasize majoritianism and a need to assert one's superior, moral, historic and pragmatic claims. A strong challenge is given to the Church to re-orientate its imagination away from the chimera of achieving a physically integrated institution in a color blind society and towards a clearer vision of empowerment in a fair and just society, incorporating pluralism in a shared framework. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / M. Th. (Practical Theology)

Esta dissertação tem como Objetivo Geral identificar e analisar os mecanismos psicossociais e religiosos que levam adolescentes e jovens a mudarem de Igreja. Visa-se verificar, com os Objetivos Específicos, a identidade religiosa desses adolescentes e jovens, detectando a inquietude adolescente e juvenil na busca e mudança de Igreja ou comunidade de fé. Pretendeu-se, também, a partir do entendimento das suas experiências religiosas do sagrado, descobrir a real vivência religiosa e familiar dos membros da amostra. Identificando e analisando o fenômeno religioso da mudança de Igreja, reflete-se sobre os mecanismos psicossociais e religiosos que os levaram ao trânsito religioso. A metodologia consta de uma Pesquisa de Campo com a aplicação de um Questionário Misto de 30 questões a uma amostra (aleatoriamente) escolhida de 46 sujeitos, sendo 26 adolescentes e 20 jovens do Liceu de Artes e Ofícios/Unicap, na faixa etária de 14 a 25 anos, que já foram católicos e hoje, pelo trânsito religioso para outros credos, assumem Igrejas diferentes que não mais aquelas de sua tradição familiar. Com os dados em mãos, foi feita a análise quantitativa, empregando a porcentagem e outros instrumentos estatísticos necessários, e a análise qualitativa das vivências e representações, confrontando-as com as teorias embasadoras, numa confiabilidade de 95% e 5% de possibilidade de erro. Percebe-se, nos resultados, a necessidade de uma maior introspecção dos adolescentes e jovens entrevistados para um maior entendimento e aprofundamento dos diferentes valores psicossociais e religiosos, justificando-se a pesquisa que os levaram a mudar de Igreja. Reconhece-se que a flexibilidade e instabilidade da fase do desenvolvimento adolescente e juvenil são alguns dos fatores provocadores da mudança de Igreja, ou comunidade de fé. Com a análise sobre os dados, possíveis estratégias podem ser detectadas, contribuindo para uma melhor atuação com adolescentes e jovens nas Instituições católicas (comunidades e grupos de vivência cristã) com informações pertinentes sobre a religiosidade entre adolescentes e jovens e o transitar religioso dessa clientela que experiência um visível pluralismo religioso. Conclui-se que, sendo o assunto mudança de Igreja entre adolescentes e jovens pouco pesquisado, a identificação e análise dos mecanismos psicossociais e religiosos podem levar a sugestões de estratégias educacionais (familiares e escolares) e pastorais, de um modo mais realista e crítico, ante as ofertas religiosas e atuais desafios da Modernidade, mostrando aos adolescentes e jovens o que é positivo na sua antiga ou nova Igreja, e enfocando a necessidade de uma pertença religiosa mais consciente, estável e integradora de sua personalidade de adolescente e de jovem. / This dissertation has as a general purpose to identify and analyze which psychological, social and religious factors lead the young adult and teenagers to change their religion. The purpose is to identify through specific objectives, the young adult and teenagers religious identity, detecting their restlessness to find and change their religion or faith. Also, the real religious and familiar experiences of the sample selected was researched through the understanding of their holy religious experiences. It is possible to reflect over the psychological,social and religious factors that lead to the religion change through the identification and analyze of the religious phenomenon regarding the change of religion. The methodology consists of field research with the application of a 30 mix questions questionnaire applied to a randomly selected sample of 46 persons, from which 26 teenagers and 20 young adults of the Liceu de Artes e Ofícios / Unicap (Lyceum of Artes and Crafts of the Catholic University of Pernambuco). The sample selected comprehended youths with average age from 14 to 25 years, who were catholic and nowadays moved to a different religion, despite the family tradition. Based on the data collected, a quantitative analyze was performed using the percentage and other statistic instruments needed. The qualitative analyze of the life experience and representations was also performed, checking the theoretical basis and expecting a reliance of 95% and a 5% error possibility. It is noted in the results the need of a deeper teenager and young adult introspection in order to obtain a better understanding of their different religious and psychosocial values, which justify the research of the factors that lead them to change the religion. It is recognized that the teenager and young adult flexibility and instability phase are some of the reasons that cause the religion change of faith. Possible strategies aiming a better interaction with teenagers and young adults in the Catholic institutions (Christian communities and groups), who are facing a visible religious pluralism, can be detected through the analyze of the data collected. It was concluded that since the subject change of religions between teenagers and young adults is not deeply researched, the identification and analyze of the psychosocial and religious mechanisms may identify educational and pastoral strategies (familiar and scholar), in a realistic and critic way, facing the religions offer and actual modernity challenges, that will show to teenagers and young adults what is positive in the new and old religions, focusing the need of a more conscious and stable religious presence in their personality.

O objetivo dessa pesquisa consiste em analisar aspectos peculiares aos distúrbios mentais psicológicos e emocionais das mulheres diagnosticadas como histéricas na década de 1950, no Hospital de Alienados, na cidade do Recife. A partir daí, entender os discursos produzidos pelos intelectuais das instituições sociais responsáveis pelo destino dessas mulheres, dentro da sociedade. Esse estudo considerou como relevante para essa análise os acontecimentos de um Brasil que absorvia novas ideias oriundas do modelo americano, e vivia em plena efervescência econômica, política e cultural, os chamados Anos Dourados. Nele, o conceito de religiosidade, adotava uma nova configuração. Novas propostas religiosas e também práticas espíritas se multiplicavam e se afirmavam especialmente nas periferias das grandes cidades, para minimizar os conflitos existenciais que atingiam a sociedade, em especial, as mulheres pobres. Embasada nesses aspectos, a pesquisa aponta as mulheres nervosas e confinadas como alvo constante de um sistema político-social discriminatório e repressor que atuava silenciosamente dentro da sociedade. Tais afirmações são demonstradas através dos comoventes relatos transcritos nas suas histórias de vida, Neles, os problemas afetivos econômicos e sociais dessas mulheres se sobressaíam, e as tornavam extremamente vulneráveis aos surtos histéricos. Ressaltamos, também, a importância e o significado das amizades construídas na vizinhança dessas mulheres, que, por sofrerem com a exclusão social e o desamparo das políticas públicas, se identificavam e se apoiavam nas dificuldades surgidas no dia a dia, tendo, na maioria dos casos, a miséria como pano de fundo / This research aims al analyzing the peculiar aspects regarding to women‟s mental psychological and emotional disturbs diagnosed as hysterics in 1950 decade, in the Hospital de Alienados- Hospital for lunatics- in Recife city. Hence fonhards, one must understand the discourses made- produced by the social institutions intellectuals responsible for these women‟s fate- destination- withein society. This study- work-has considered has viewed as relevant for this analysis events concerning a certain Brazil- a Brasil‟s type. That was absorbing new ideas arisen from the American way of life and was living in full economical political and cultural effervescence: the so-called the golden years In that model. The concept concerning religiosity was used to adapt a new configuration. New religions proposils as well on spirit practices reproduced- multiplied themselves and adquired their affirmationaffirmed. Themselves specially in the great cities peripheries, in order to minimize the existential problems that affected society, mainly poor women. Based on in these aspects, this research points out the nervous women and the confirmed ones as a constant target for a discriminatory and repressing political-social system that actuated silently within society these affirmations statement are shown up through touching reports transcribed in their life stories. In these reports, their-women affective economical and social problems jut out and made them vulnerable, to hysterical outbreaks. One must emphasize, as well, also the friendships importance and meaning constructed, build up in these poor women‟s neighborhood who as they suffer a lot on account of their social exclusion and public policies abandonment, they identify them selves and give support each other in their difficulties arisen in their day by day lives, having in the majority of their cases misery as a background

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:12:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maristela_confrontada.pdf: 1272464 bytes, checksum: 7f793beeb0424a7935cadebee813be98 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-07-13 / This dissertation has as a general purpose to identify and analyze which psychological, social and religious factors lead the young adult and teenagers to change their religion. The purpose is to identify through specific objectives, the young adult and teenager s religious identity, detecting their restlessness to find and change their religion or faith. Also, the real religious and familiar experiences of the sample selected was researched through the understanding of their holy religious experiences. It is possible to reflect over the psychological,social and religious factors that lead to the religion change through the identification and analyze of the religious phenomenon regarding the change of religion. The methodology consists of field research with the application of a 30 mix questions questionnaire applied to a randomly selected sample of 46 persons, from which 26 teenagers and 20 young adults of the Liceu de Artes e Ofícios / Unicap (Lyceum of Artes and Crafts of the Catholic University of Pernambuco). The sample selected comprehended youths with average age from 14 to 25 years, who were catholic and nowadays moved to a different religion, despite the family tradition. Based on the data collected, a quantitative analyze was performed using the percentage and other statistic instruments needed. The qualitative analyze of the life experience and representations was also performed, checking the theoretical basis and expecting a reliance of 95% and a 5% error possibility. It is noted in the results the need of a deeper teenager and young adult introspection in order to obtain a better understanding of their different religious and psychosocial values, which justify the research of the factors that lead them to change the religion. It is recognized that the teenager and young adult flexibility and instability phase are some of the reasons that cause the religion change of faith. Possible strategies aiming a better interaction with teenagers and young adults in the Catholic institutions (Christian communities and groups), who are facing a visible religious pluralism, can be detected through the analyze of the data collected. It was concluded that since the subject change of religions between teenagers and young adults is not deeply researched, the identification and analyze of the psychosocial and religious mechanisms may identify educational and pastoral strategies (familiar and scholar), in a realistic and critic way, facing the religions offer and actual modernity challenges, that will show to teenagers and young adults what is positive in the new and old religions, focusing the need of a more conscious and stable religious presence in their personality. / Esta dissertação tem como Objetivo Geral identificar e analisar os mecanismos psicossociais e religiosos que levam adolescentes e jovens a mudarem de Igreja. Visa-se verificar, com os Objetivos Específicos, a identidade religiosa desses adolescentes e jovens, detectando a inquietude adolescente e juvenil na busca e mudança de Igreja ou comunidade de fé. Pretendeu-se, também, a partir do entendimento das suas experiências religiosas do sagrado, descobrir a real vivência religiosa e familiar dos membros da amostra. Identificando e analisando o fenômeno religioso da mudança de Igreja, reflete-se sobre os mecanismos psicossociais e religiosos que os levaram ao trânsito religioso. A metodologia consta de uma Pesquisa de Campo com a aplicação de um Questionário Misto de 30 questões a uma amostra (aleatoriamente) escolhida de 46 sujeitos, sendo 26 adolescentes e 20 jovens do Liceu de Artes e Ofícios/Unicap, na faixa etária de 14 a 25 anos, que já foram católicos e hoje, pelo trânsito religioso para outros credos, assumem Igrejas diferentes que não mais aquelas de sua tradição familiar. Com os dados em mãos, foi feita a análise quantitativa, empregando a porcentagem e outros instrumentos estatísticos necessários, e a análise qualitativa das vivências e representações, confrontando-as com as teorias embasadoras, numa confiabilidade de 95% e 5% de possibilidade de erro. Percebe-se, nos resultados, a necessidade de uma maior introspecção dos adolescentes e jovens entrevistados para um maior entendimento e aprofundamento dos diferentes valores psicossociais e religiosos, justificando-se a pesquisa que os levaram a mudar de Igreja. Reconhece-se que a flexibilidade e instabilidade da fase do desenvolvimento adolescente e juvenil são alguns dos fatores provocadores da mudança de Igreja, ou comunidade de fé. Com a análise sobre os dados, possíveis estratégias podem ser detectadas, contribuindo para uma melhor atuação com adolescentes e jovens nas Instituições católicas (comunidades e grupos de vivência cristã) com informações pertinentes sobre a religiosidade entre adolescentes e jovens e o transitar religioso dessa clientela que experiência um visível pluralismo religioso. Conclui-se que, sendo o assunto mudança de Igreja entre adolescentes e jovens pouco pesquisado, a identificação e análise dos mecanismos psicossociais e religiosos podem levar a sugestões de estratégias educacionais (familiares e escolares) e pastorais, de um modo mais realista e crítico, ante as ofertas religiosas e atuais desafios da Modernidade, mostrando aos adolescentes e jovens o que é positivo na sua antiga ou nova Igreja, e enfocando a necessidade de uma pertença religiosa mais consciente, estável e integradora de sua personalidade de adolescente e de jovem.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:12:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Janice.PDF: 1466550 bytes, checksum: 2e948cb45b1c773d6dc7dad5899db295 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-28 / The principal objective of this dissertation is to detect and analyse the construction of a new psicological, social and ethical religious identity of the female catholic university student in Recife. By means of her life style and conceptual representations, she evidences a confrontation between the Catholic Church´s magistery and the challenges she faces in today´s world. This academic work proposes to indicate the Catholic Church´s principal orientations about women elaborated since Vatican Council II, to identify problemas faced by women referring to corporality, sexuality and reproductive health and to confront the Church´s teachings with the living spirituality of the women as they face challenges in the modern world. Gender hermeneutics is used as the interpretative instrument of analysis of the Church´s magistery and the results of the reseach. A characterization of the two Institutions of Superior Education, the Catholic University of Pernambuco (CATÒLICA) and the Frassinetti College of Recife (FAFIRE), where the survey was conducted, has been elaborated, as well as the verification of the catholic female students´ construction of their new psychological, social and ethical-religious identity, and the day by day living of their feminine spirituality. The methodology of the research involves a field survey of 178 catholic women, from the two educational institutions, by means of a questionnaire with 31 closed questions. The conclusions are a result of quantitative and qualitative analyses, which will later be socialized with the educational institutions and other institutions and councils interested in this theme. The results of the research are the identification of the psycological, social, ethical, religious and cultural elements constituting the new identity of the female catholic university student in Recife as she faces contemporary challenges in her relation with the Catholic Church magistery. It is hoped that these results will contribute to a reflection about possible integrative educational and pastoral strategies to help catholic women live their new identity in this complex world. / A presente dissertação tem como objetivo geral detectar e analisar a construção de uma nova identidade psicossocial e ético-religiosa feminina, através da vivência e das representações que a universitária católica recifense faz sobre as orientações do magistério da Igreja Católica concernentes à mulher diante os desafios do mundo contemporâneo. O trabalho visa resgatar as principais orientações da Igreja sobre mulher depois do Concílio Vaticano II, levantar dados sobre a realidade da mulher brasileira nos campos de corporeidade, sexualidade e saúde reprodutiva e confrontar o magistério da Igreja com a espiritualidade vivenciada pela mulher ante os desafios que enfrenta hoje. A hermenêutica de gênero é usada como instrumento de interpretação na análise do magistério da Igreja e dos resultados da pesquisa. As duas instituições de ensino superior (IES) de orientação religiosa católica, a Universidade Católica de Pernambuco (CATÒLICA) e a Faculdade Frassinetti de Recife (FAFIRE), participantes da pesquisa de campo, colaboraram na verificação, junto às suas alunas católicas, da construção da sua identidade psicossocial e ético-religiosa e da vivência da sua espiritualidade feminina. Como parte da metodologia, foi realizada uma pesquisa de campo com a aplicação de um questionário fechado de 31 questões a uma amostra aleatória de um total de 178 universitárias, das duas IES. Houve análises quantitativa e qualitativa de dados, com a proposta de posterior transferência de resultados às IES e outras instituições/conselhos interessados no tema. Os resultados demonstram os elementos constitutivos da nova identidade da universitária católica recifense nos aspectos psicológico, social, ético-religioso e cultural no enfrentamento de desafios contemporâneos diante do Magistério da Igreja Católica podem contribuir para estimular a reflexão sobre possíveis estratégias integradoras da vivência da nova identidade psicossocial e ético-religiosa feminina na mesma.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:12:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_lucia_mascena.pdf: 1539343 bytes, checksum: 97affa054bfa0a3e71aa97904911c40b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-11 / This research aims al analyzing the peculiar aspects regarding to women‟s mental psychological and emotional disturbs diagnosed as hysterics in 1950 decade, in the Hospital de Alienados - Hospital for lunatics- in Recife city. Hence fonhards, one must understand the discourses made- produced by the social institutions intellectuals responsible for these women‟s fate- destination- withein society. This study- work-has considered has viewed as relevant for this analysis events concerning a certain Brazil- a Brasil‟s type. That was absorbing new ideas arisen from the American way of life and was living in full economical political and cultural effervescence: the so-called the golden years In that model. The concept concerning religiosity was used to adapt a new configuration. New religions proposils as well on spirit practices reproduced- multiplied themselves and adquired their affirmationaffirmed. Themselves specially in the great cities peripheries, in order to minimize the existential problems that affected society, mainly poor women. Based on in these aspects, this research points out the nervous women and the confirmed ones as a constant target for a discriminatory and repressing political-social system that actuated silently within society these affirmations statement are shown up through touching reports transcribed in their life stories. In these reports, their-women affective economical and social problems jut out and made them vulnerable, to hysterical outbreaks. One must emphasize, as well, also the friendships importance and meaning constructed, build up in these poor women‟s neighborhood who as they suffer a lot on account of their social exclusion and public policies abandonment, they identify them selves and give support each other in their difficulties arisen in their day by day lives, having in the majority of their cases misery as a background / O objetivo dessa pesquisa consiste em analisar aspectos peculiares aos distúrbios mentais psicológicos e emocionais das mulheres diagnosticadas como histéricas na década de 1950, no Hospital de Alienados, na cidade do Recife. A partir daí, entender os discursos produzidos pelos intelectuais das instituições sociais responsáveis pelo destino dessas mulheres, dentro da sociedade. Esse estudo considerou como relevante para essa análise os acontecimentos de um Brasil que absorvia novas ideias oriundas do modelo americano, e vivia em plena efervescência econômica, política e cultural, os chamados Anos Dourados . Nele, o conceito de religiosidade, adotava uma nova configuração. Novas propostas religiosas e também práticas espíritas se multiplicavam e se afirmavam especialmente nas periferias das grandes cidades, para minimizar os conflitos existenciais que atingiam a sociedade, em especial, as mulheres pobres. Embasada nesses aspectos, a pesquisa aponta as mulheres nervosas e confinadas como alvo constante de um sistema político-social discriminatório e repressor que atuava silenciosamente dentro da sociedade. Tais afirmações são demonstradas através dos comoventes relatos transcritos nas suas histórias de vida, Neles, os problemas afetivos econômicos e sociais dessas mulheres se sobressaíam, e as tornavam extremamente vulneráveis aos surtos histéricos. Ressaltamos, também, a importância e o significado das amizades construídas na vizinhança dessas mulheres, que, por sofrerem com a exclusão social e o desamparo das políticas públicas, se identificavam e se apoiavam nas dificuldades surgidas no dia a dia, tendo, na maioria dos casos, a miséria como pano de fundo

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:18:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_joao_alfredo.pdf: 846823 bytes, checksum: 9fcdde5a914fb9fec8cfe00783f12005 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-24 / This research aims to demonstrate and discuss the relevance of religion as a cultural element which is based on a pluralistic post-modern western society, and hence the right, in counterpoint to recent anti-democratic tendencies which advocate the withdrawal of the religion of the public arena, because of an alleged breakdown of its worldview as a constituent element of this society. It is highlighted the influence of the religion in the emergence of modern democracy as a source of political elements of the pre-constitutional state, it is also punctuated the dialogue between faith and reason and the possibility of relationship between religion and law mediated by the language of human rights. The author argues that the religious vision of the world can contribute to the interpretation of normative statements that express constitutional values, so religious denominations appear as vehicles of religious discourse in public space and pluralistic. The author chooses the procedure for judicial review as an abstract singular moment when the religious discourse can legitimately get into the democratic constitutional interpretation and implementation activity. The figure of the amicus curiae is quickly investigated, pointing to their characteristics and performance before the Supreme Court, pointing to the procedural aspects of the performance of religious faiths for the betterment of democracy / A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo demonstrar e discutir a relevância da religião como um elemento cultural no qual está fundamentada a sociedade pluralista ocidental e pós-moderna e, consequentemente, o direito, em contraponto a recentes tendências antidemocráticas que propugnam uma retirada da religião da arena pública, em razão de uma suposta superação de sua cosmovisão como elemento constitutivo e orientador dessa mesma sociedade. É destacada a influência da religião no surgimento da democracia moderna, como fonte de elementos prépolíticos do Estado constitucional, como também é pontuado o diálogo entre fé e razão e a possibilidade de relação entre religião e direito mediada pela linguagem dos direitos humanos. Defende o autor que a visão religiosa de mundo pode contribuir para a interpretação de enunciados normativos constitucionais que expressam valores, e as confissões religiosas aparecem como veículos do discurso religioso no espaço público e pluralista. O autor elege o procedimento de controle de constitucionalidade abstrato como singular momento em que o discurso religioso pode ingressar legitimamente na atividade democrática de interpretação e concretização constitucional. A figura do amicus curiae é rapidamente estudada, apontando-se suas características e modo de atuação perante o Supremo Tribunal Federal, ressaltando-se o aspecto procedimental da atuação das confissões religiosas para o aprimoramento da democracia

This work is comprised of an Introduction and two Parts. Part One treats, by way of historical review and evaluation, the disestablishment of the Christian worldview in a postmodern age. Part Two proposes the means by whichthe Christian worldview might be reestablished. The reestablishment includes the use of some of the benefits of postmodernism by Christians as well as a return to the responsible reading of texts, especially the biblical text. Part One, The Disestablishment of the Christian Worldview, is composed ofthree chapters. Chapter 1chronicles the change that has occurred in Western culture because of the ascendency of postmodernism. It isbest described as a change in authorityfrom the logocentric metanarrative which has characterized Christianity to the deconstructionist rejection of worldviews by postmodern literary critics. Chapter 2 reviews the paradigm shifts that have occurred in belief systemsthat have occurred in the West as a result of this change,and Chapter 3 shows the effects of all this in the culture's principal institutions. Part Two, The Reestablishment of the Christian Worldview, is also composed of three chapters. Chapter 4 shows the impact that postmodernity has had on the efforts now being made on behalf of reestablishing the Christian worldview as a viable intellectual position in Western culture. Chapter 5 is occupied with the negative and positive responses of certain Christian scholars to the challenge of postmodernism, and Chapter 6 closes the study with an extended treatment of the factors that must be in play for a reestablishment of the Christian worldview to occur in Western civilization. / Philosophy, Practical & Systematic Theology / D. Th. (Theology)

Le mal de ventre chez les enfants est un lieu de métissage et de créolisation traversé par des dimensions sociales et culturelles. Il est construit collectivement au sein des familles nucléaires avec leurs parcours migratoires et leurs souffrances. Par le biais d’entretiens menés auprès de familles haïtiennes vivant à Montréal, nous documentons les trajectoires de ces douleurs, dans lesquelles les perceptions, les explications et les moyens mis en œuvre pour les soulager interagissent d’une manière dynamique. En général, les enfants perçoivent leurs maux de ventre comme une expérience insaisissable, diffuse et ayant un impact sur leur vie sociale, tout en étant tolérés par les enfants et par les mères. Ces familles n’ont pas reçu de diagnostic médical et elles attribuent à ces maux des explications provisoires en constante recomposition. En général, elles ont recours à différentes méthodes de prise en charge des maux de ventre. L’espace familial, les activités réalisées au sein des églises et la médecine officielle sont des espaces thérapeutiques privilégiés. / Belly-stomachaches in children are a space of hybridity and creolization, affected by social and cultural dimensions. These aches are collectively constructed within nuclear families, with their migratory histories and their sufferings. Having interviewed Haitian families living in Montreal, we documented the illness trajectories, the perceptions, explanations and means of relieving the aches, which all interact in a dynamic mode. Generally speaking, the children perceive their belly-stomachaches as an irregular experience that has an impact on their social life, although tolerated by the children and theirs mothers. Families have not received a medical diagnosis and give temporary, changing explanations to the aches, in a constant reformulation. In general, families will use different methods to deal with belly and stomach aches. The family space, church activities, and official medicine are privileged therapeutic spaces.

La liberté religieuse est une liberté fondamentale reconnue dans les démocraties. Elle est invoquée devant la Cour européenne par des religions mais aussi par des individus. Les nouveaux cultes et leurs adeptes acquièrent des droits collectifs et individuels plus étendus. En France, des principes fondamentaux conduisent le législateur et le juge à consacrer et garantir le pluralisme religieux : toutes les croyances ont la même valeur. Chacun est libre de pratiquer sa religion en public ou en privé, notamment dans sa famille. Le juge garantit le respect de la conscience de l’individu lorsqu’il est saisi. Mais la libre pratique religieuse des membres de la famille connait certaines limites qui sont purement objectives et non fonction du type d’appartenance religieuse. Pourtant, la perception du phénomène religieux par les autorités n’est pas toujours égalitaire. Le traitement politique, social et judiciaire des religions minoritaires notamment, remet parfois en cause le pluralisme. Si l’appréciation in concreto des situations par le juge est le principe, le manque d’homogénéité de la jurisprudence, qui met en exergue certains préjugés, ajouté aux réticences des juges du droit à contrôler plus avant les motivations des juges du fonds, entament la garantie du pluralisme. Les condamnations de la Cour européenne le montrent. Les difficultés concernent notamment les questions de l’appréciation de la faute, cause de divorce, ou de l’intérêt de l’enfant. La référence à un standard, étalon d’une bonne pratique religieuse, est parfois latente. En la matière, l’analyse souveraine des juges du fond est souvent sacralisée, ce qui peut poser des difficultés, tout comme le manque d’ouverture de certains experts qui rendent des avis qui peuvent, in fine, avoir un impact fort sur le juge. L’absence de pré-majorité religieuse et l’application stricte du principe de laïcité à l’école posent aussi certains problèmes. Les solutions étrangères sont intéressantes sur ces questions. / Religious freedom is a fundamental freedom recognised by democracies. Not only religious groups, but also individuals, bring it up before the European Court. New religious groups and their members are granted more collective and individual rights. In France, fundamental principles bring legislators and judges to define and guarantee religious pluralism: all beliefs are equal. Everyone is free to practice his or her religion in public or in private, especially within the family. Judges referred to guarantee that the individual conscience will be respected. Nevertheless, the free religious practice of family members has objective limits, regardless of the religion one belongs to. Still, the way the authorities view the religious practice is not always the same. The political, social and legal treatment of minority religions in particular puts sometimes religious pluralism in question. Even if usually the judge appreciates situations in concreto, pluralism sometimes fails to be guaranteed due to a lack of homogeneity in the jurisprudence, tainted with prejudice, as well as the reticences of the ordinary judges to check more in depth the motivations of the trial judges. The condemnations of the European Courts are proof to this. The difficulties concern for the most part the appreciation of the fault, cause for divorce, or of the interest of the child. The reference to a standard of good religious practice is sometimes latent. In this matter, the expertise of the trial judges is often considered as sacred, and this can lead to some difficulties, as well as the lack of open-mindness of some experts who give opinions that can, in fine, influence the judge. The absence of religious age pre-majority and the strict application of the principle of secularism at school also pose some problems. Foreign solutions on this matter are interesting.