Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:13:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2007-William Santos de Assis.pdf: 2180560 bytes, checksum: fadc8fef7b7cbcb13e4221231aae5c1c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-27 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This study has thought to investigate what sense the collective actions from the family farmers and theirs representative entities have assumed in the southeast of Par? in recent years. Therefore we took as the research universe the complex process of the struggle for the social and political recognition of the family farmers and theirs representative entities. Moving through the different processes that transformed the region social, economical and environmental way, we can confirm that the landholders and the family farmers on the southeast of Par? had imposed themselves as an important social actor for the regional development through an intense struggle for rights and a hard political activity of their representants. The permanent mobilisation of these actors and a variable repertoire of collective actions have made their position stronger in the regional social space and have influenced the political ways of the state, especially those directioned to the creation of the settlements. / Esta tese procurou compreender o sentido que as a??es coletivas dos agricultores familiares e de suas entidades representativas t?m assumido no sudeste paraense nos ?ltimos anos. Para tanto, tomamos como universo da pesquisa o complexo processo de luta pelo reconhecimento social e pol?tico dos agricultores familiares e suas entidades de representa??o. Percorrendo os diferentes processos que transformaram econ?mica, ambiental e socialmente a regi?o, podemos afirmar que os posseiros e os agricultores familiares do sudeste paraense se afirmaram como ator social de import?ncia para o desenvolvimento regional por meio de uma intensa luta por direitos e uma ?rdua atividade pol?tica de seus representantes. A mobiliza??o permanente desses atores e um variado repert?rio de a??o coletiva t?m fortalecido sua posi??o no espa?o social regional e influenciado os rumos da pol?tica do Estado, principalmente as direcionadas a cria??o de assentamentos.

Submitted by Kelson Anthony de Menezes (kelson@ucb.br) on 2016-10-18T16:39:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MarcelStanleiMonteiroDissertacao2014.pdf: 1251084 bytes, checksum: afa38f20436a6e1254867ae41af7763c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-18T16:39:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarcelStanleiMonteiroDissertacao2014.pdf: 1251084 bytes, checksum: afa38f20436a6e1254867ae41af7763c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-13 / This research investigated the existence of representative agents ' consumption habit of the Brazilian economy, using for this purpose, the model of Dubey, Geanakoplos and Shubik (2005), which received the incorporation of a term that represents the penalty applied to agents who take credit and subsequently missing with their financial commitments. It was used the model known as the Consumption-Based Capital Asset Pricing Model-CCAPM, to assign to the model of Dubey, Geanakoplos and Shubik (2005) generalization of infinite periods, instead of just two periods. Thus, to meet the objectives of this research, it has been estimated, through two utility functions, using the Generalized Method of Moments GMM, the inter-temporal discount factor consumption, also known as the impatience of the agents, the coefficient of relative risk aversion and the parameter that governs the separability of the time consumption. In addition, the penalty rate was calculated and, also, the scroll rate of these agents, debt relating to these calculations and estimates, information on the Brazilian economy, since 2000, making it possible to conclude that, for the period under examination, existed the habit in the consumption of representative agents, all of whom were penalized whenever preferred not to pay their obligations, which occasioned in the scrolling your debt. In addition, it was concluded that these agents are impatient and risk-averse and, also, that the important role played credit to contribute to growth and economic development. / Esta disserta????o investigou a exist??ncia do h??bito no consumo dos agentes representativos da economia brasileira, utilizando, para tanto, o modelo de Dubey, Geanakoplos e Shubik (2005), que recebeu a incorpora????o de um termo que representa a penalidade aplicada aos agentes que tomam cr??dito e, posteriormente, faltam com seus compromissos financeiros assumidos. Utilizou-se, ainda, o modelo conhecido como Consumption-Based Capital Asset Pricing Model CCAPM, para que fosse poss??vel atribuir ao modelo de Dubey, Geanakoplos e Shubik (2005) a generaliza????o de infinitos per??odos, ao inv??s de apenas dois per??odos. Assim, para atender aos objetivos desta pesquisa, estimou-se, atrav??s de duas fun????es de utilidade, pelo M??todo dos Momentos Generalizados GMM, o fator de desconto intertemporal do consumo, tamb??m conhecido como a impaci??ncia dos agentes, o coeficiente de avers??o relativa ao risco e o par??metro que rege a separabilidade do consumo no tempo. Al??m disso, foi calculada a taxa penalidade e, tamb??m, a taxa da rolagem da d??vida desses agentes, relacionando a esses c??lculos e estima????es, informa????es sobre a economia brasileira, desde 2000, o que possibilitou concluir que, para o per??odo analisado, existiu o h??bito no consumo dos agentes representativos, os quais foram penalizados sempre que preferiram n??o pagar seus compromissos assumidos, o que ocasionou na rolagem de sua d??vida. Al??m disso, chegou-se ?? conclus??o de que esses agentes s??o impacientes e avessos ao risco e, tamb??m, que o cr??dito desempenhou o importante papel de contribuir para o crescimento e o desenvolvimento econ??mico.

Né en le 1er février 1848 et mort le 20 juillet 1913, Adhémar Esmein fut l’un des juristes français les plus célèbres de la « Belle Époque ». Nommé à la Faculté de droit de Paris en 1879, le juriste enseignera dans les plus grands établissements d’enseignements français telles l’École pratique des hautes études ou l’École libre des sciences politiques.Historien du droit reconnu, Esmein produira au cours de sa carrière de nombreux travaux en droit romain, en droit canonique et publiera deux éminents ouvrages d’histoire du droit français tous deux destinés principalement aux étudiants.Toutefois, par sa formation, Esmein fut aussi l’un des plus grands constitutionnalistes de son temps. Chargé du cours de droit constitutionnel à la Faculté de droit dès 1890, il s’intéressera à cette discipline nouvelle tout au long de sa vie. Outre d’importants articles, il publiera en 1896 les Éléments de droit constitutionnel qui resteront l’un des « monuments » du droit constitutionnel français. L’ouvrage, réédité à sept reprises jusque dans les années 1920, est généralement présenté comme le premier ouvrage de droit constitutionnel républicain. Son auteur paraît ainsi aux yeux des juristes contemporains comme le promoteur infatigable du régime politique de la IIIe République.Mais à la lecture de l’ensemble de son œuvre constitutionnelle, il apparaît que la pensée de l’auteur se fonde essentiellement sur l’idéologie libérale française la plus typique de la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle. Ainsi, on peut affirmer que le républicanisme d’Adhémar Esmein s’explique largement par son libéralisme.Cette étude se propose donc d’étudier la pensée constitutionnelle de l’auteur sous l’angle de la liberté et de montrer que l’ensemble de sa théorie juridique a pour seul objet la protection de la liberté de l’individu. / Born on February 1st, 1848, Adhémar Esmein died on July 20th, 1913. He was recognised as one of the most important French lawyers from the ‘Belle Epoque’. Appointed by the University of Law in Paris in 1879, he taught at the most prestigious French educational institutions such as the École des Hautes Études and the École Libre des Sciences Politiques.Esmein was, above all, a Legal historian, but throughout his career, he also published numerous studies on Roman Law, Canon law and he wrote two prominent books on French legal history.During his academic career, Esmein was also regarded as one of the most important constitutional experts of his epoch. He taught Constitutional Law in Paris from as early as 1890 and was involved in constitutional science throughout his life. In 1896 he published ‘Elements de Droit Constitutionnel’ which is still considered as a fundamental text in the field of French Constitutional Law. The book was re-edited seven times until the 1920s, is generally seen as the first published work on republican constitutional law and gained its author a reputation as a tireless instigator of the Third Republic political regime.An analysis of the full body of his constitutional work leads the reader to the conclusion that it seems that Esmein’s philosophy is mainly based on the French liberal ideology which was dominant in the second half of the 19th century: it can be argued that his republicanism can be exclusively explained by his liberalism.This research project intends to study the constitutional thought of the author in terms of liberty and to show that the sole purpose of his legal theories was the protection of the freedom of the individual.

For many years, considerable time and effort was devoted by teachers in Australian schools to the organisation of sporting activities for students. As a result, School Sports Associations were formed in most Australian States early this century. These Associations provided intra state and inter state competition on a limited scale. It was not until the early 1970's that any co-ordinated effort was made to bring together all the States' and Territories' activities. Regular meetings of Association Secretaries led to the formation of the Australian State Secondary Schools Sports Council in 1973. This was the beginning of a new era in secondary school representative sport in Australia. The creation of a forum for States to discuss matters of mutual interest resulted in a greater awareness within school communities of the benefits provided by sporting activities. This generation of interest eventually led to the formation of the Australian Secondary Schools Sports Federation in 1977. This body, representing all States and Territories became identified as the controlling body of secondary school sport in Australia and has continued to develop this role over the years. Since the formation of the Australian Secondary Schools Sports Federation, there has been significant growth in representative sporting activities, greater liaison and improved relations with community groups and systematic generation of relevant policies aimed at the betterment of school sport. After several years of operation, the role of the Federation was supplemented by the establishment of the Australian Schools Sports Council. This body represents both Primary School and Secondary School Sports Associations throughout Australia. After considerable effort, the Council was successful in obtaining Commonwealth Government funding for the employment of a National Executive Director to work full-time on the promotion of school sport. The years 1977-1983 saw dramatic growth in school sporting activities in Australia. Many problems were encountered some of which were ultimately solved. Other problems continue to occupy those who work within the organisation and their solution would appear to be the main task for the future.

<p>The primary purpose of this thesis is to study how political agents construct and give meaning to the concepts of democracy, representative democracy and referendums. The starting point of the thesis is the pressing issue whether or not Sweden should hold a referendum on the new EU constitution. To analyze this question my choice of method is critical discourse analysis and the topical theories revolve around democracy and responsibility.</p><p>My study shows that there are three different discourses in this debate: “the democratic process”, “the representative democracy” and “the concept of democracy”. However, the meaning of the concepts in these discourses varies depending on which side the political agents are on. It is obvious that the concepts are not fixated and that they are used as catchphrases to define ideological motives. In addition, the concepts are used differently to enhance certain values in a democracy.</p><p>The result of this study shows the paradox and conflicting values that are associated with the concepts. This means that the notion of democracy changes depending on what the agents want to perceive. The political agents who do not support a referendum often refer to what a representative democracy symbolizes. Agents who support a referendum consider the democratic process as an incentive for a democratic ideal. In this context, the discourse of democracy does not arise from a primary level but rather a secondary. This implies that the criteria for a liberal democracy are fulfilled and the debate revolves around abstract values.</p>

<p>Abstract</p><p>In the beginning of 2007 the Swedish municipality Örebro decided to have a democratic</p><p>experiment, which ought to go under the name, “Dialouge for the citizens”. The</p><p>representative elected politicians in Örebro tried to find ways to involve the people in the</p><p>process of ruling. Why they choose to try this experiment on this very delicate matter, the</p><p>closure of several schools in the municipal, is one of the questions this essay is trying to</p><p>answer.</p><p>The purpose of this essay is to find out whether the process was an attempt for the politicians</p><p>of the representative democracy to implement deliberative democracy in the structure of the</p><p>local governance.</p><p>The result of this study is that the politicians didn’t manage to reach to the citizens the way</p><p>they formerly had planned.</p>

<p>This dissertations aims to examine the EU Foreign Policy, and more precisely map the High Representative (HR) and his impact on the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) in the EU. Using two theoretical frameworks, leadership theory and institutional theory, the study tests the explanatory power of these theories to explain the HR and his impact on the CFSP. The study is limited to a period of time, from November 2002 until December 2003, when several different events took place within the framework of the CFSP. The conclusion indicates that both leadership theory and institutional theory can help explain the development and outcomes of the CFSP.</p><p>Keywords: EU foreign policy, Common Foreign and Security Policy, High Representative of the CFSP, European Security and Defence Policy, Iraq war, European Security Strategy</p>

This dissertations aims to examine the EU Foreign Policy, and more precisely map the High Representative (HR) and his impact on the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) in the EU. Using two theoretical frameworks, leadership theory and institutional theory, the study tests the explanatory power of these theories to explain the HR and his impact on the CFSP. The study is limited to a period of time, from November 2002 until December 2003, when several different events took place within the framework of the CFSP. The conclusion indicates that both leadership theory and institutional theory can help explain the development and outcomes of the CFSP. Keywords: EU foreign policy, Common Foreign and Security Policy, High Representative of the CFSP, European Security and Defence Policy, Iraq war, European Security Strategy

In recent years, the advance of information and communication technologies has allowed the storage and transfer of massive amounts of data. The availability of this overwhelming amount of data stimulates a growing need to develop fast and accurate algorithms to discover useful information hidden in the data. This need is even more acute for unsupervised data, which lacks information about the categories of different instances. This dissertation addresses a crucial problem in unsupervised data analysis, which is the selection of representative instances and/or features from the data. This problem can be generally defined as the selection of the most representative columns of a data matrix, which is formally known as the Column Subset Selection (CSS) problem. Algorithms for column subset selection can be directly used for data analysis or as a pre-processing step to enhance other data mining algorithms, such as clustering. The contributions of this dissertation can be summarized as outlined below. First, a fast and accurate algorithm is proposed to greedily select a subset of columns of a data matrix such that the reconstruction error of the matrix based on the subset of selected columns is minimized. The algorithm is based on a novel recursive formula for calculating the reconstruction error, which allows the development of time and memory-efficient algorithms for greedy column subset selection. Experiments on real data sets demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed algorithms in comparison to the state-of-the-art methods for column subset selection. Second, a kernel-based algorithm is presented for column subset selection. The algorithm greedily selects representative columns using information about their pairwise similarities. The algorithm can also calculate a Nyström approximation for a large kernel matrix based on the subset of selected columns. In comparison to different Nyström methods, the greedy Nyström method has been empirically shown to achieve significant improvements in approximating kernel matrices, with minimum overhead in run time. Third, two algorithms are proposed for fast approximate k-means and spectral clustering. These algorithms employ the greedy column subset selection method to embed all data points in the subspace of a few representative points, where the clustering is performed. The approximate algorithms run much faster than their exact counterparts while achieving comparable clustering performance. Fourth, a fast and accurate greedy algorithm for unsupervised feature selection is proposed. The algorithm is an application of the greedy column subset selection method presented in this dissertation. Similarly, the features are greedily selected such that the reconstruction error of the data matrix is minimized. Experiments on benchmark data sets show that the greedy algorithm outperforms state-of-the-art methods for unsupervised feature selection in the clustering task. Finally, the dissertation studies the connection between the column subset selection problem and other related problems in statistical data analysis, and it presents a unified framework which allows the use of the greedy algorithms presented in this dissertation to solve different related problems.

The primary aim of this essay and qualitative case study is to identify different explanations of why the European External Action Service (EEAS) was organised and why it resulted in today’s organisation. Existing research not entirely updated highlighted the need for new information. Furthermore, since existing research mostly focuses on other aspects, such as the character of EU foreign policy or the role of the EU internationally, this motivated an alternative approach. Three main branches of New Institutionalism (rational choice, historical and sociological) constitute a theoretical framework, aimed at identifying explanations perhaps not earlier contemplated. Findings suggest for example that a major reason for the organisation of this service is due to self-interest maximising, increasing the EUs political and economic influence by acting more coherent. The need to attain legitimacy and resemble other established actors by adopting institutionalised practices and structures in the homogeneous diplomatic field is another explanation. The Service is partially organised the way it is because of the successes of major EU institutions and the member states in ‘locking-in’ their preferences. Organisational characteristics can also be explained as results of several historical, institutional upgrades in relation to earlier treaties and debates on the future of Europe.