在比較利益法則下的國際分工與國際貿易的蓬勃發展，使得企業全球化已是一不可避免的趨勢。企業從事海外活動時，對企業在當地營運有最直接影響者，首推「政治風險」。事實上，政治風險的重要性，正隨著國際事件的不斷發生與企業走向國際化而日形重要。台灣的政治地位非常敏感，我國廠商有部份的海外投資活動因而受到影響，然國內對政治風險議題之研究尚不多見，因此本研究透過個案研究之方式，將廠商面臨政治風險時之管理及因應策略作一較深入之探討，以期能針對政治風險管理提出「通用型」及「專用型策略」，供企業從事海外投資活動時之參考。 　　本研究之發現如下： 　　（一）企業界對「政治風險」的觀念，多數似乎仍侷限於與政治及政策變動有關之議題，而未將社會情勢及國際關係包含進去。 　　（二）企業對「政治風險」的看法，仍以負面影響為主，未考慮到其對企業可能帶來之正面效益。 　　（三）「價值鏈的切割」、「設立隔絕機制來阻絕風險」等之細部作法，以往的文獻尚未提及，但此舉卻可有效地管理政治風險。此外尚有一些細部作法，均可提供有意從事海外投資活動之廠商作參考。 　　（四）企業會在可承受之範圍內，以降低其他可控制之風險（如經濟性風險、管理風險等），來增加其因應政治風險之餘裕能力，並藉此降低總風險。 　　（五）本研究亦發現，國際關係對投資目標國的選擇有重大影響，且不僅止於母公司所在之母國、子公司所在之地主國的國際關係，事實上，銷售目標國與生產國之關係亦有顯著的影響。 　　（六）在個案訪談過程中，可發現業界對政治風險課題的關注程度，顯然仍較其他功能性政策（如行銷、生產、財務等）為低。一方面固然由於政治風險屬新興的研究課題，另一方面也可能是由於台灣企業國際化程度尚不深，而缺乏處理政治風險之經驗所致。 　　（七）政治風險之因應策略，若依廠商進入投資前與進入投資後來區分．可分為以下兩大類：(1)進入前策略：包括「慎選投資地點」、「投保政治險」、「調整進入策略」等；(2)進入後策略：包括「收集資訊」、「遵循當地法令」、「塑造企業形象」、「建立網路關係」、「保持政治中立」、「聘請當地人參與董事會」及「不斷引進新技術／新產品」等。 　　（八）若將政治風險的因應策略按「通用型」及「專用型」區分，則可區分如下：(1)通用型策略：包括「階段性投資」、「分散投資地點」、「慎選投資地區」、「降低其他風險」、「抵定應變計劃」、「本土化」，及「投保政治險」；(2)專用型策略：包括「建立網路關係」、「租賃廠房」、「建立隔絕機制」、「以夷制夷」、「與當地企業／政府合資」、「慎選外派員工」、「預設備用產能」、「價值鏈的切割」，及「增強企業本身議價力」等。

Il campionamento a valanga è considerato un tipo di campionamento non probabilistico, la cui rappresentatività può essere valutata solo sulla base di considerazioni soggettive. D’altro canto esso risulta spesso il solo praticamente utilizzabile nel caso di popolazioni senza lista di campionamento. La tesi si divide in due parti. La prima, teorica, descrive alcuni tentativi proposti in letteratura di ricondurre le forme di campionamento a valanga nell’alveo dei campionamenti probabilistici; tra questi è degno di nota il Respondent Driven Sampling, un disegno campionario che dovrebbe combinare il campionamento a valanga con un modello matematico che pesa le unità estratte in modo da compensare la non casualità dell’estrazione e permettere così l’inferenza statistica. La seconda, empirica, indaga le prestazioni del RDS sia attraverso simulazioni sia con una web-survey su una comunità virtuale in Internet, di cui si conoscono la struttura delle relazioni e alcune caratteristiche demografiche per ogni individuo. Le stime RDS, calcolate a partire dai dati delle simulazioni e della web-survey, sono confrontate con i valori veri della popolazione e le potenziali fonti di distorsione (in particolare quelle relative all’assunzione di reclutamento casuale) sono analizzate. / Populations without sampling frame are inherently hard to sample by conventional sampling designs. Often the only practical methods of obtaining the sample involve following social links from some initially identified respondents to add more research participants to the sample. These kinds of link-tracing designs make the sample liable to various forms of bias and make extremely difficult to generalize the results to the population studied. This thesis is divided into two parts. The first part of the thesis describes some attempts to build a statistical theory of link-tracing designs and illustrates, deeply, the Respondent-Driven Sampling, a link-tracing sampling design that should allow researchers to make, in populations without sampling frame, asymptotically unbiased estimates under certain conditions. The second part of the thesis investigates the performance of RDS by simulating sampling from a virtual community on the Internet, which are available in both the network structure of the population and demographic traits for each individual. In addition to simulations, this thesis tests the RDS by making a web-survey of the same population. RDS estimates from simulations and web-survey are compared to true population values and potential sources of bias (in particular those related to the random recruitment assumption) are discussed.

Magistro baigiamajame darbe analizuojami esminiai ir probleminiai Europos Sąjungos prisijungimo prie Žmogaus teisių ir laisvių apsaugos konvencijos teisiniai aspektai bei klausimai. Prisijungimo klausimas net 30 metų buvo diskusijų objektu ir buvo vertinamas nevienareikšmiškai, tačiau Po Lisabonos sutarties, kuri įpareigojo ES prisijungti prie Konvencijos ir Keturioliktojo protokolo įsigaliojimo diskusijos dėl prisijungimo poreikio pasiekė kritinį tašką. Be to 2013 metų balandžio mėnesį buvo patvirtintas galutinis Europos Sąjungos prisijungimo prie Žmogaus teisių konvencijos sutarties projektas, kuris numatė visas prisijungimui reikalingas sąlygas ir procedūras. Darbe keliama hipotezė, kad Europos Sąjungos prisijungimas prie Konvencijos sąlygos efektyvesnę žmogaus teisių apsaugą ES. Darbą sudaro 5 dalys. Pirmoje dalyje analizuojama žmogaus teisių apsaugos raida Europos Sąjungoje, Konvencijos statuso pokyčiai ES teisinėje sistemoje nuo Bendrijų įkūrimo iki Lisabonos sutarties įsigaliojimo. Be to yra apžvelgiamas kelias link Prisijungimo sutarties projekto patvirtinimo. Prieinama prie išvados, kad nors šiai dienai Konvencija yra tik neįpareigojantis įkvėpimo šaltinis, EŽTK svarba ir jos ypatingumas yra pripažinti ES Sutartyse, be to Konvencijoje įtvirtintos teisės ir laisvės yra pripažįstamos pagrindiniais ES teisės principais. Būtina paminėta ir dviejų teismų išvystytą ekvivalentinės apsaugos doktriną, kuri gali būti traktuojama, kaip bendradarbiavimo dviejų teisinių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The Master’s thesis analyses the legal aspects and major issues in the accession of the European Union to the European Convention on Human Rights. This issue is of great relevance and has been deliberated on for 30 years. Since the treaty of Lisbon entered into force in 2009 the accession to the ECHR is an obligation to the Union. Furthermore, the final version of the draft accession agreement was concluded in April 2013. This agreement provided all the conditions and procedures required for the accession. The thesis raises a hypothesis that the European Union's accession to the Convention shall result in more effective protection of human rights in the EU. The master thesis consists of 5 parts. The first part analysis the evolution of human rights protection in the European Union and the changes in the status of the Convention within the EU legal system from the establishment of the European Communities until the Lisbon Treaty entered into force. The way towards the acceptance of Draft Agreement on the Accession is also being discussed in this part. A conclusion is made that for now the Convention is only a legally non-binding inspiration for the protection of human rights, however, the importance and specificities of ECHR are established in the EU Treaties. Moreover, rights and freedoms established in the Convention are considered to be one of the main principles of EU law. Another thing that needs to be noted is the doctrine of equivalent protection developed by the two... [to full text]

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-20T12:32:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 183.pdf: 6340906 bytes, checksum: 2c02c828416d1300652253066f8898e4 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães. Recife, PE, Brasil / Introdução: Os usuários de drogas têm sido desproporcionalmente afetados pelo HIV, desempenhando papel relevante na epidemia de aids no Brasil. Objetivos: Analisar o perfil e indicadores de vulnerabilidade, prevalência e fatores associados à infecção pelo HIV em usuários de drogas do Recife recrutados pelo método respondent-driven sampling (RDS). Materiais e métodos: Estudo sociocomportamental e de soroprevalência, com base no critério da Organização Pan-americana de Saúde para definição de usuários de drogas de alto risco de adquirir/transmitir HIV. Foram feitas entrevista com auxílio de computador com áudio, e realizados testes rápidos para HIV e sífilis, além de VDRL. Bairros de moradia e de uso de drogas foram georreferenciados, os dados ponderados pelo estimador RDS II e os fatores associados avaliados pela odds ratio. Resultados: Foram recrutados 400 usuários de drogas, residentes em 48 por cento dos bairros do Recife, distribuídos nas suas seis regiões político administrativas, e que faziam uso de drogas em 71 por cento dos bairros. A maioria homens (71 por cento), jovens, solteiros, com filhos e baixa condição socioeconômica, 22 por cento em situação de rua. População estigmatizada e criminalizada, com frequente vivência de violência física e sexual. Usavam crack 96 por cento dos usuários, pelo menos quatro dias por semana e consumiam múltiplas drogas. Metade iniciou há mais de seis anos o uso de drogas ilícitas, exceto maconha, antes dos 18 anos de idade, e não faz uso em locais públicos. Referiram trocar sexo por dinheiro ou drogas 27,5 por cento dos homens e 58,6 por cento das mulheres. Metade dos que foram a serviços de saúde, em decorrência de sintomas de DST, não receberam orientação quanto a medidas de prevenção. A cobertura de testagem para HIV foi de 39 por cento, abaixo da verificada para os homens que fazem sexo com outros homens e mulheres profissionais do sexo / A prevalência de sífilis foi de 22,4 por cento (IC95 por cento: 16,2 30,3) e a de HIV de 5,4 por cento (IC95 por cento: 2,9 9,7), associada na análise univariada ao sexo feminino, estar casado, ter parceiro fixo, primeira relação sexual antes dos 15 anos, deixar de usar preservativo por conta do uso de álcool/outra droga, ter pelo menos um sintoma de DST, não ter curado o último episódio de DST e ser sífilis positivo. Considerações Finais: O método RDS mostrou-se apropriado para recrutamento de usuários de drogas no Recife. Foram verificadas elevadas taxas de sífilis e HIV, num contexto socialmente marginalizado e com desigualdades de gênero, desafios sociais e programáticos para a política de atenção aos usuários de drogas e de controle da epidemia de aids

This thesis processes a database of technical monuments in the city of Týn nad Vltavou and its surroundings. There was made a survey and controlled interviews with local businessmen and on its basis two plans of tourist routes and one cycle route were created. These plans of technical monuments include also its financing and project of new bike rentals.

The present study is divided into theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part deals with anatomy of thehip andknee joint, in the next part there is definition of endoprosthesis as well as historical development of endoprosthesis. Subsequently, different types of endoprosthesis, surgery equipment and possible complications after surgery are described. It is followed by nursing care and rehabilitation including spa treatment. The theoretic part is concluded with revision of the joint. The practical part of the master thesis has been elaborated from the qualitative survey. The survey was conducted with the respondents who underwent endoprosthesisof the knee or hip joint and with the nurses working at regular orthopaedic department or orthopaedic intensive care unit (ICU). The interviews were afterwards transcribed and elaborated by means of the technique of open coding with the method "pencil and paper". 16 categories and 48 subcategories emerged from the data processed in this manner.

Research on operant learning principles suggests that discriminative stimuli, and negative and positive reinforcement play a role in the maintenance of smoking behavior. Smoking research from a respondent learning paradigm focuses on the role of environmental stimuli that function as elicitors of physiological responses related to smoking. Basic research suggests that compensatory responses may play a role in drug tolerance and relapse. In one preliminary study assessing the role of compensatory responses to smoking stimuli (Machado, 2011), drops in carbon monoxide (CO) were observed only when smokers viewed smoking related stimuli. However, it is possible that these patterns were influenced by CO monitor sensitivity to differing exhalation durations in which exhalation duration may have been under stimulus control of the smoking stimuli. The purpose of the current study was twofold: Study 1 controlled for exhalation duration by holding exhalation duration constant using a within subject design and Study 2 precisely measured but did not control total exhalation duration in an attempt to replicate the results from Machado (2011). Results from Study 1 did not support the presence of compensatory responses in smokers; results from Study 2 did not support the presence of operantly maintained exhalation durations. Study limitations, implications and future directions are discussed.

The purpose of this study is to explore the popular computer game Europa Universalis IV and how the use of history looks inside the game and its potential use during lessons.There is also a second purpose to this study and it is to shine some light on how students between the ages of thirteen and fifteen think about history-based videogames and their use in a classroom situation. In order to get the some answers from the students I created a survey that was sent out to two schools in Sweden. The survey contained, among other things, questions about the students’ own experiences with history-based games and if they had learned anything by playing them. Another thing the surveyasked about was their opinion on games being used during class and what advantages and disadvantages they bring forth. The result of both studies was really interesting in their own way. For the first part EU4 is a complicated game which uses history to a great extent, somtimes in a good and educational way, but also in a way to make money. Secondly, the survey that was sent out to the schools gave some inspired answers. They showed that our studnets today are aware of the different ways history can be used, as well as what the games can teach us. Finally, this survey also showed that our young students have wise thoughts about the pros and cons with computer games during class.

Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-04T12:36:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009 / Diversos fatores podem dificultar a caracterização acurada do perfil de umapopulação por amostragem. Se a característica que define a população é de difícil observação seja porque exige testes caros para detecção ou porque é uma característica de comportamento ilegal ou estigmatizado que dificulta a identificação, torna-se praticamente impossível aplicar os métodos clássicos de amostragem, pois não se pode definir uma base de amostragem (sampling frame). Populações desse tipo são conhecidas como populações ocultas, ou escondidas, e alguns exemplos comumente estudados são homens que fazem sexo com homens, trabalhadores do sexo e usuários de drogas. Essa dissertação discute a técnica de amostragem conhecida como Respondent-Driven Sampling (RDS), originalmente proposta por Heckathorn (1997), e que vem sendo amplamente utilizada na estimação de prevalências de doenças transmissíveis em populações ocultas. Esse método pertence à família de amostragens por bola-de-neve, na qual os elementos seguintes da amostra são recrutados a partir da rede de conhecidos dos elementos já presentes na amostra, formando as cadeias de referência. Com este método, além das informações individuais, é possível estudar também as relações entre os indivíduos. O recrutamento por bola de neve não gera uma amostra aleatória, e está sujeito às propriedades das redes sociais das populações em estudo, que deve mudar de lugar para lugar e potencialmente influenciar as medidas de prevalência geradas. As redes sociais são estruturas complexas, e compreender como que a amostragem RDS é influenciada por estas estruturas é um dos objetivos dessa dissertação. Além disso, se o interesse de um estudo epidemiológico é estimar a prevalência de uma doença transmissível, há de se considerar que muitas vezes a própria rede social pode estar correlacionada com as redes de transmissão, gerando potenciais dependências entre o processo de amostragem e a distribuição da variável desfecho. Essa dissertação teve por objetivo avaliar estimativas de prevalência geradas a partir de amostras obtidas com a utilização da metodologia RDS, considerando estruturas populacionais complexas, ou seja, populações com estruturas distintas de ligação entre os indivíduos e de disseminação de doenças. Para isso, foram realizados experimentos de simulação combinando quatro modelos geradores de redes sociais e quatro modelos de distribuição de casos infectados na população. Para cada uma, foram obtidas amostras utilizando RDS e as respectivas prevalências foram estimadas.Com os resultados encontrados, foi possível realizar uma avaliação tanto do RDS como forma de recrutamento, como o modelo proposto por Heckathorn (2002) para a ponderação e estimação de prevalências. Basicamente, três aspectos foram considerados nessa avaliação: 1. o tempo necessário para concluir a amostragem, 2. a precisão das estimativas obtidas, independente da ponderação, e 3. o método deponderação. De forma geral, o método apresentou bons resultados sob esses três aspectos, refletindo a possibilidade de sua utilização, ainda que exigindo cautela. Os achados apresentam-se limitados, pois são escassos os trabalhos que abordem essa metodologia e que permitam estabelecer comparações. Espera-se, no entanto,despertar o interesse para que outros trabalhos nessa linha sejam desenvolvidos. / Several factors may hamper the accurate characterization of a population. If the defining feature of the population is difficult to apply - either because it requires expensive tests for detection or because it is a stigmatized or illegal behavior that hinders the identification, it is virtually impossible to apply traditional methods for sampling, because sampling frame cannot be define. The latter are called “hidden populations”, and some examples are men who have sex with men, sexual workers and drug users. This dissertation focus on Respondent-Driven Sampling (RDS), a sampling method originally proposed by Heckathorn (1997), which has been widely used to estimate the prevalence of infectious diseases in hidden populations. RDS is a snowball sampling method, in which new elements for the sample are recruited from the network of the elements already present in the sample, forming reference chains. With this method, besides individual informations, it is also possible to study the relationships between individuals. Snowball sampling does not generate random samples, and its properties are likely to depend on the properties of the social networks underlying the recruitment process, which may change from place to place and potentially influence the measures of prevalence generated. Social networks are complex structures, and understanding how the different implementations of RDS sampling is influenced by these structures is one of the objectives of this dissertation. Moreover, if the interest of an epidemiological study is to estimate the prevalence of a disease, it is should be considered that very often, social network may be correlated with the transmission networks, generating potential dependencies between the process of sampling and distribution of outcome variable. The aim of this dissertation was to assess the behavior of prevalence estimators using RDS data in scenarios of populations organized in complex structures, i.e. Combinations of social networks structures and spreading patterns. To achieve that, theoretical experiments were performed using simulation models combining four generators of social networks and four models of distribution of infected cases in the population. For each one, samples were obtained using RDS and prevalence, estimated. Findings were used to evaluate RDS as a recruiting process itself, as well as Heckathorn’s (2002) model to estimate prevalences. Three aspects were considered in such analyses: 1. the time elapsed before obtaining the sample; 2. the accuracy of the estimates without taking in consideration the weighting strategies; and 3. the weighting strategy. Overall, RDS performed well in these three areas, showing it is a valid method to assess hidden populations, despite the fact its use should be made with the necessary caution. The interpretation of our findings was constrained by the scarcity of studies using the same methodology, what compromised the comparability of our findings. We hope, however, that our findings may foster the development of additional studies in this field.

La demande reconventionnelle est une conclusion du défendeur qui poursuit des avantages autres que le simple rejet de la prétention du demandeur. Elle peut être introduite dans toutes les juridictions, mais devant la Cour Internationale de Justice elle présente des caractéristiques particulières que notre recherche a souhaité mettre en lumière. Celles-ci apparaissent tant dans les éléments constitutifs de cette demande que dans ses conditions de recevabilité. En ce qui concerne les éléments de sa définition, il ressort de la jurisprudence de la Cour qu’elle est une demande autonome et indépendante, qu’elle est un moyen de défense, qu’elle est formée par le défendeur et qu’elle est une demande incidente. Toutefois, s’il ne fait aucun doute qu’elle constitue une demande autonome, il n’en demeure pas moins que la pertinence de son influence sur le sort de la demande de la partie adverse, l’identification de la partie habilitée à l’introduire en cas de saisine de la Cour par compromis, et sa distinction d’autres demandes réciproques, restent à déterminer. S’agissant des conditions de sa recevabilité, une distinction délicate doit être établie entre la « connexité » requise par l’article 80 du Règlement et la « jonction » de la demande à l’instance en cours. A ce titre une question centrale se pose, celle de savoir si le juge peut refuser une demande reconventionnelle pourtant connexe à l’objet du litige, et inversement, l’accepter quand la connexité fait défaut. Alors que la jurisprudence de la Cour paraît incertaine et la doctrine reste partagée, notre thèse avance des arguments pour une réponse favorable. / The counterclaim is the submission of respondent that pursuing objectives other than the mere dismissal of the claim of the applicant in the main proceedings. The counterclaim which the International Court of Justice may entertain by virtue of article 80 of the rules, although similar to those that can be introduced in other jurisdictions, has unique characteristics. This appears in both components of this claim and in its conditions of admissibility. Regarding its definition, if one should not doubt that it constitutes a legal claim, the fact remains that its influence on the fate of the claim of the other party, the identification of the party entitled to present such a claim when the case is brought before the Court by ad hoc compromise, and its distinction from other cross-claims, are to be determined. As regards the conditions of admissibility, after explaining that it must comes within the jurisdiction of the Court and maintain a direct connection with the subject-matter of the claim of the other party, this research emphasizes the distinction between its admissibility under rule 80 and its junction with the current proceeding. The goal is to demonstrate that an claim brought by the defendant may not be attached to the pending proceeding even though the conditions imposed by the rules are met.