Ce travail présente une étude cinétique de la corrosion d’un réfractaire d’alumine par un laitier liquide Al₂O₃-CaO puis Al₂O₃-CaO-SiO₂. Les objectifs sont : d’adapter une méthodologie originale de caractérisation en diffraction des rayons X associée à une quantification des phases par affinement de profil Rietveld en température ; de déterminer les cinétiques réactionnelles ; d’établir un mécanisme et de modéliser les réactions via des simulations numériques. Deux types d’essais ont été menés : ex situ pour des temps de quelques heures (jusqu’à 24 h) ; in situ pour acquérir les informations dès les premières secondes. Les essais de corrosion ex situ entre 1500 °C et 1650 °C montrent que les cinétiques de dissolution/précipitation sont très rapides et que les cinétiques de diffusion sont lentes. Le suivi in situ à haute température a permis d’établir les cinétiques de corrosion. Ainsi, la méthodologie in situ en géométrie asymétrique avec un détecteur courbe en collaboration avec la société Inel montre que les phases précipitent en un temps inférieur à 5 minutes. Un mécanisme combiné de dissolution/précipitation/diffusion a été proposé où le grain d’alumine est enrobé par les aluminates de calcium selon l’ordre : Al₂O₃ – CA₆ – CA₂ – laitier. Les données in situ intégrées aux simulations numériques ont montré que le modèle Valensi-Carter est le plus adapté. Pour les résultats in situ, un modèle théorique a été testé en associant une croissance multicouche (modèle Buscaglia) à une dissolution de grain sphérique (modèle de Rice). / This work presents a kinetic study of the alumina refractory corrosion by a liquid slag Al₂O₃-CaO then Al₂O₃-CaO-SiO₂. The objectives are: to adapt an original method of characterization by X-ray diffraction at high temperature combined at a Rietveld quantification; to determine reactional kinetics; to describe a mechanism and to model reactions by numerical simulations. Two different tests were performed: ex situ experiments to obtain expanded time treatment (up to 24 hours); and in situ experiments to acquire firsts moments of the interaction. The ex situ corrosion tests between 1500 °C and 1600 °C show some very fast dissolution/precipitation kinetics and slower diffusion kinetics. The in situ experiment at high temperature is adapted to obtain kinetics curves of alumina corrosion. In association with Inel society, the in situ method in asymmetric geometry associated to a curved detector sensitive show a fast precipitation in 5 minutes or less. A combined dissolution/precipitation/diffusion mechanism was proposed where the alumina grain is coated by some calcium aluminates according to Al₂O₃ – CA₆ – CA₂ – slag order. The data were integrated at some numerical simulations and showed that the Valensi-Carter equation is suitable to results. To fit the in situ results, a theoretical model was tested by association of n-binary growth equation (Buscaglia model) with spherical grain dissolution (Rice model).

Le marché des accumulateurs lithium-ion est en expansion. Cette croissance repose partiellement sur la multiplication des niches d’utilisation et l’amélioration constante de leurs performances. En raison de leur durabilité exceptionnelle, de leur faible coût, de leur haute densité de puissance et de leur fiabilité, les anodes basées sur les titanates de lithium, et plus particulièrement le spinelle Li4Ti5O12, présentent une alternative d’intérêt aux matériaux classiques d’anodes en carbone pour de multiples applications. Leur utilisation sous forme de nanomatériaux permet d’augmenter significativement la puissance disponible par unité de poids. Ces nanomatériaux ne sont typiquement pas contraints dans une direction particulière (nanofils, nanoplaquettes), car ces formes impliquent une tension de surface plus importante et requièrent donc généralement un mécanisme de synthèse dédié. Or, ces nanostructures permettent des réductions supplémentaires dans les dimensions caractéristiques de diffusion et de conduction, maximisant ainsi la puissance disponible, tout en affectant les propriétés habituellement intrinsèques des matériaux. Par ailleurs, les réacteurs continus reposant sur la technologie du plasma thermique inductif constituent une voie de synthèse démontrée afin de générer des volumes importants de matériaux nanostructurés. Il s’avère donc pertinent d’évaluer leur potentiel dans la production de titanates de lithium nanostructurés. La pureté des titanates de lithium est difficile à jauger. Les techniques de quantification habituelles reposent sur la fluorescence ou la diffraction en rayons X, auxquelles le lithium élémentaire se prête peu ou pas. Afin de quantifier les nombreuses phases (Li4Ti5O12, Li2Ti3O7, Li2TiO3, TiO2, Li2CO3) identifiées dans les échantillons produits par plasma, un raffinement de Rietveld fut développé et validé. La présence de γ-Li2TiO3 fut identifiée, et la calorimétrie en balayage différentiel fut explorée comme outil permettant d’identifier et de quantifier la présence de β-Li2TiO3. Différentes proportions entre les phases produites et différents types de morphologies furent observés en fonction des conditions d’opération du plasma. Ainsi, des conditions de trempe réductrice et d’ensemencement en Li4Ti5O12 nanométrique semblent favoriser l’émergence de nanomorphologies en nanofils (associés à Li4Ti5O12) et en nanoplaquette (associées à Li2TiO3). De plus, l’ensemencement et les recuits augmentèrent significativement le rendement en la phase spinelle Li4Ti5O12 recherchée. Les recuits sur les poudres synthétisées par plasma indiquèrent que la décomposition du Li2Ti3O7 produit du Li4Ti5O12, du Li2TiO3 et du TiO2 (rutile). Afin d’approfondir l’investigation de ces réactions de décomposition, les paramètres cristallins du Li2Ti3O7 et du γ-Li2TiO3 furent définis à haute température. Des mesures continues en diffraction en rayon X à haute température furent réalisées lors de recuits de poudres synthétisées par plasma, ainsi que sur des mélanges de TiO2 anatase et de Li2CO3. Celles-ci indiquent la production d’un intermédiaire Li2Ti3O7 à partir de l’anatase et du carbonate, sa décomposition en Li4Ti5O12 et TiO2 (rutile) sur toute la plage de température étudiée, et en Li2TiO3 et TiO2 (rutile) à des températures inférieures à 700°C.

Alkali (A) and alkaline earth (AE) metals can form carbides and intercalated graphites with carbon. The carbides mostly represent acetylides which are salt-like compounds composed of C22− dumbbell anions and metal cations. Both the acetylide carbides and intercalated graphites are technologically important. Superconductivity has been observed in several intercalated graphites such as KC8 and CaC6. Li intercalated graphites are a major ingredient in Li ion batteries. CaC2 is an important commodity for producing acetylene and the fertilizer CaCN2. In spite of the extensive research on A–C and AE–C compounds, phase diagrams are largely unknown. The thermodynamic and kinetic properties of both carbides and intercalalated graphites are discussed controversially. Recent computational studies indicated that well-known carbides, like CaC2 and BaC2, are thermodynamically unstable. Additionally, computational studies predicted that acetylide carbides will generally form novel polymeric carbides (polycarbides) at high pressures. This thesis is intended to check the validity of theoretical predictions and to shed light on the complicated phase diagrams of the Li–C and the Ca–C systems. The Li–C and the Ca–C systems were investigated using well-controllable metal hydride–graphite reactions. Concerning the Li–C system, relative stabilities of the metastable lithium graphite intercalation compounds (Li-GICs) of stages I, IIa, IIb, III, IV and Id were studied close to the competing formation of the thermodynamically stable Li2C2. The stage IIa showed distinguished thermal stability. The phase Id showed thermodynamic stability and hence, was included in the Li–C phase diagram. In the Ca–C system, results from CaH2–graphite reactions indicate compositional variations between polymorphs I, II and III. The formation of CaC2  I was favored  only  at  1100  ◦C or  higher  temperature  and  with  excess calcium, which speculates phase I as carbon deficient CaC2−δ . To explore the potential existence of polycarbides, the acetylide carbides Li2C2 and CaC2 were investigated under various pressure and temperature conditions, employing diamond anvil cells for in situ studies and multi anvil techniques for large volume synthesis. The products were characterized by a combination of diffraction and spectroscopy techniques. For both Li2C2 and CaC2, a pressure induced structural transformation was observed at relatively low pressures (10–15 GPa), which was followed by an irreversible amorphization at higher pressures (25–30 GPa). For Li2C2 the structure of the high pressure phase prior to amorphization could be elucidated. The ground state with an antifluorite Immm structure (coordination number (CN) for C22− dumbbells = 8) transforms to a phase with an anticotunnite Pnma structure (CN for C22− dumbbells = 9). Polycarbides, as predicted from theory, could not be obtained. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript.</p>

Dans le cadre de la recherche de matériaux fluorescents et/ou phosphorescents à émission blanche, une nouvelle famille d'aluminosilicate de baryum/strontium dopée à l'europium (Ba/Sr)13-xAl22+2xSi10+2xO66:Eu a été étudiée. La première partie de ce mémoire rappelle les mécanismes d'émissions de fluorescence de l'ion Eu2+ et les processus de thermoluminescence (TL). La seconde partie est quant-à-elle consacrée aux conditions de synthèse des matériaux étudiés, à leur caractérisation structurale et leurs propriétés optiques. Typiquement, sous illumination UV, un matériau de la famille sus-mentionnée présente deux bandes de fluorescence (respectivement centrées dans le bleu et le vert du spectre du visible) dues à la présence de Eu2+ dans des sites cristallographiques distincts. Le cation Eu2+ occupe préférentiellement l'un des sites comme nous avons pu le vérifier par calculs ab-initio de type DFT. Les deux bandes d'émissions recouvrant la totalité du spectre du visible donnent lieu à une émission blanche pour l'oeil humain. La variation du taux d'europium et de la proportion Ba/Sr permettent de modifier le rendu colorimétrique de l'émission. Après arrêt de l'excitation UV, le composé présente une phosphorescence blanche visible une dizaine de minutes. Des mesures de déclins d'émission conjointement à des expériences de TL ont permis d'identifier et caractériser les pièges responsables de la phosphorescence. Enfin, l'analyse spectrale de la TL a pu mettre en avant une dépendance des spectres de TL avec la température à laquelle le matériau est excité. Ce phénomène surprenant a fait l'objet d'une analyse détaillée.

Dans le cadre de la recherche de matériaux fluorescents et/ou phosphorescents à émission blanche, une nouvelle famille d'aluminosilicate de baryum/strontium dopée à l'europium (Ba/Sr)13-xAl22+2xSi10+2xO66:Eu a été étudiée. La première partie de ce mémoire rappelle les mécanismes d'émissions de fluorescence de l'ion Eu2+ et les processus de thermoluminescence (TL). La seconde partie est quant-à-elle consacrée aux conditions de synthèse des matériaux étudiés, à leur caractérisation structurale et leurs propriétés optiques. Typiquement, sous illumination UV, un matériau de la famille sus-mentionnée présente deux bandes de fluorescence (respectivement centrées dans le bleu et le vert du spectre du visible) dues à la présence de Eu2+ dans des sites cristallographiques distincts. Le cation Eu2+ occupe préférentiellement l'un des sites comme nous avons pu le vérifier par calculs ab-initio de type DFT. Les deux bandes d'émissions recouvrant la totalité du spectre du visible donnent lieu à une émission blanche pour l'oeil humain. La variation du taux d'europium et de la proportion Ba/Sr permettent de modifier le rendu colorimétrique de l'émission. Après arrêt de l'excitation UV, le composé présente une phosphorescence blanche visible une dizaine de minutes. Des mesures de déclins d'émission conjointement à des expériences de TL ont permis d'identifier et caractériser les pièges responsables de la phosphorescence. Enfin, l'analyse spectrale de la TL a pu mettre en avant une dépendance des spectres de TL avec la température à laquelle le matériau est excité. Ce phénomène surprenant a fait l'objet d'une analyse détaillée.

This PhD thesis presents investigations of hydrogen incorporation in Zintl phases and transition metal oxides. Hydrogenous Zintl phases can serve as important model systems for fundamental studies of hydrogen-metal interactions, while at the same time hydrogen-induced chemical structure and physical property changes provide exciting prospects for materials science. Hydrogen incorporation in transition metal oxides leads to oxyhydride systems in which O and H together form an anionic substructure. The H species in transition metal oxides may be highly mobile, making these materials interesting precursors toward other mixed anion systems.  Zintl phases consist of an active metal, M (alkali, alkaline earth or rare earth) and a more electronegative p-block metal or semimetal component, E (Al, Ga, Si, Ge, etc.). When Zintl phases react with hydrogen, they can either form polyanionic hydrides or interstitial hydrides, undergo full hydrogenations to complex hydrides, or oxidative decomposition to more E-rich Zintl phases. The Zintl phases investigated here comprised the CaSi2, Eu3Si4, ASi (A= K, Rb) and GdGa systems which were hydrogenated at various temperature, H2 pressure, and dwelling time conditions. For CaSi2, a regular phase transition from the conventional 6R to the rare 3R took place and no hydride formation was observed. In contrast, GdGa and Eu3Si4 were very susceptible to hydrogen uptake. Already at temperatures below 100 ºC the formation of hydrides GdGaH2-x and Eu3Si4H2+x was observed. The magnetic properties of the hydrides (antiferromagnetic) differ radically from that of the Zintl phase precursor (ferromagnetic). Upon hydrogenating ASi at temperatures around 100 oC, silanides ASiH3 formed which contain discrete complex ion units SiH3-. The much complicated β – α order-disorder phase transition in ASiH3 was evaluated with neutron powder diffraction (NPD), 2H NMR and heat capacity measurements.  A systematic study of the hydride reduction of BaTiO3 leading to perovskite oxyhydrides BaTiO3-xHx was done. A broad range of reducing agents including NaH, MgH2, CaH2, LiAlH4 and NaBH4 was employed and temperature and dwelling conditions for hydride reduction examined. Samples were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), thermal gravimetric analysis and 1H NMR. The concentration of H that can be incorporated in BaTiO3-xHx was found to be very low, which is in contrast with earlier reports. Instead hydride reduction leads to a high concentration of O vacancies in the reduced BaTiO3. The highly O-deficient, disordered, phases - BaTiO3-xHy□(x-y) with x up to 0.6 and y in a range 0.05 – 0.2 and (x-y) &gt; y – are cubic and may represent interesting materials with respect to electron and ion transport as well as catalysis. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 5: Manuscript.</p>

Orientador: Alexandre Zirpoli Simões / Coorientador: Marcelino Pereira do Nascimento / Banca: César Renato Foschini / Banca: Maurício Antonio Algatti / Resumo: Neste trabalho é apresentado um estudo sobre a produção e caracterização físico-química e morfológica de filmes finos de óxido de nióbio (Nb2O5), obtidos pela técnica de spin-coating, buscando propriedades eletroquímicas e anticorrosivas superiores aos materiais existentes no mercado. Também foram realizados estudos quantitativos e qualitativos quanto a tais propriedades, com o intuito de simular aplicações no campo de prospecção de petróleo e gás offshore. A primeira etapa do estudo foi realizar a produção de tais filmes pelo método dos precursores poliméricos, utilizando uma solução precursora de citrato de nióbio aplicada pela técnica de spin-coating, seguido de tratamento térmico a 300 °C por 1 hora e 650 °C por 2 horas. Para a caracterização do filme fino e constatação da presença de óxido de nióbio, foram empregadas técnicas de microscopia eletrônica de varredura com avaliação de composição química na superfície pela técnica de energia dispersiva por raios X (EDX), difração de raios X (DRX), espectroscopia de fotoelétrons X (XPS) e análise de rugosidade por meio de microscopia óptica em modo confocal. A análise eletroquímica consistiu em ensaios de polarização cíclica (CP) e, posteriormente, espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica (EIS), comparando diferentes condições do revestimento de filmes finos. Os filmes foram depositados inicialmente em substratos de aço ABNT 4130 e, posteriormente, num aço API 5L X80. Levando-se em conta que os substratos de aço 4130 apresentavam mudança de coloração na superfície após tratamento térmico, alta taxa de corrosão atmosférica e ausência de repetibilidade nos ensaios de polarização cíclica para avaliação das propriedades eletroquímicas, optou-se pela deposição em substratos de aço API 5L X80 para minimizar tais efeitos. Verifico ... (Resumo Completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In this work is presented a study on the production and physical and chemical characterization and morphology of niobium oxide (Nb2O5) thin films, obtained by the spin-coating technique, seeking electrochemical and corrosion properties superior in comparison with the materials currently existing. Also, quantitative and qualitative studies were realized to evaluate such properties, simulating the application in the offshore oil & gas industry. The first step in this study was to realize the fabrication of such films using the polymeric precursor method, using a niobium citrate precursor solution applied by the spin-coating technique, followed by a heat treatment of 300 °C for 1 hour and 650 °C for 2 hours. To characterize the thin film and to confirm the presence of niobium oxide, were used the techniques of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with chemical composition evaluation by X-ray dispersive energy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-photoelectrons spectroscopy (XPS) and roughness analysis by using optical microscpy in confocal mode. The electrochemical analysis consisted in cyclic polarization tests and, later, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), comparing different conditions of the thin film coating. The thin films were deposited initially in ABNT 4130 steel substrates and posteriorly in an API 5L X80 substrate. Taking into account that the 4130 substrates presented change of color on the surface after annealing, high atmospheric corrosion rate and lack of repeatability in the cyclic polarization tests to evaluate electrochemical properties, it was decided to deposit the films in API 5L X80 steel substrates to minimize such effects. It was verified that with the change of substrate, the effect of color change was reduced as well as the atmospheric corrosion rate, although the electrochemical teste continued with low repeatability ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

The effect of processing temperature on the crystal structure properties of the Fe-substituted Hydroxyapatite (Fe-HAp) was studied by using the Rietveld refinement method of powder x-ray (XRD) and neutron diffraction (NPD) patterns. Superconducting QUantum Interference Device (SQUID) magnetometry, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) were used to study the magnetic properties, particle morphology and chemical composition of the prepared samples. Two sets of samples of chemical formula Ca5-xFex(PO4)3OH were prepared with x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 by using processing temperatures of 37°C and 80°C, following a two-step co-precipitation method. A single phase HAp was identified in samples with x = 0 and 0.05. Processing temperature affects the type and percentage of secondary phases: hematite was detected in samples prepared at 37°C with x ≥ 0.1, hematite and maghemite were detected in samples prepared at 80°C with x = 0.2 and 0.3. Rietveld refinements of NPD and XRD patterns showed that the a lattice constants are greater in Fe-substituted samples prepared at 37°C, whereas the c lattice constants are greater in the 80°C samples for x ≥ 0.05. Fe preferentially substitutes at the Ca2 site in the 80°C samples, whereas Ca1 is the preferred substitution site in the 37°C samples. Fe substitution results to a decrease of the lattice constants at both preparation temperatures. The ratios Fe/(Fe + Ca) of the refined atomic fractions of the samples prepared at 80°C are greater than those of the 37°C samples. Further, more secondary phases form in samples prepared at 37°C compared to 80°C samples. The magnetic measurements reveal that pure HAp is diamagnetic, whereas samples with x = 0.05 and 0.1 are paramagnetic. Samples with x = 0.3 showed superparamagnetic behavior based on ZFC and FC measurements. Similar hysteresis loops in samples x = 0.2 and 0.3 indicate that the samples with x = 0.2 may show superparamagnetic properties. For x = 0.2 and 0.3, the samples prepared at 80°C showed higher magnetization compared to the 37°C samples, because of the maghemite secondary phase. Based on the TEM images, Fe substituted HAp nanoparticles prepared at 37°C are mainly spherically shaped, and the 80°C particles are mainly elongated. Increase of the Fe concentration favors formation of elongated particles and larger spherical particles. The XRF measurements confirm the Fe for Ca substitution in the HAp structure based on the decrease of the Ca/P and the increase of the Fe/(Fe + Ca) atomic ratios with the Fe concentration. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2015. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Orientador: Carlos de Oliveira Paiva Santos / Coorientador: Marcelo Ornaghi Orlandi / Banca: Selma Gutierrez Antonio / Banca: Humberto Gomes Ferraz / O Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais, PosMat, tem caráter institucional e integra as atividades de pesquisa em materiais de diversos campi da Unesp / Resumo: Polimorfismo é a propriedade de moléculas cristalizarem em mais de uma forma cristalina, o que pode afetar suas propriedades físico-químicas. Esse fenômeno está presente também em fármacos, e a avaliação de matérias-primas para manter o controle do polimorfo presente em comprimidos comercializados tem um papel importante na indústria farmacêutica. A identificação e o controle de formas polimórficas podem ser realizadas utilizando diversas técnicas, dentre as quais: Análise térmica, espectroscopia na região do infra-vermelho, espectroscopia Raman e a difração de raios X por policristais (DRXP). Esta última é uma técnica que permite a caracterização de fases cristalinas, quantificação de amorfo utilizando padrões internos, e por meio do método de Rietveld o refinamento de estrutura cristalina e a quantificação das fases presentes na amostra. No entanto, alguns fatores limitam a identificação e quantificação das fases em misturas em análises por DRXP, e estão relacionados a parâmetros estruturais da amostra como a baixa simetria e grande volume da cela unitária, á características físicas como forma e tamanho dos cristalinos, e resolução dos difratômetros que são definidas pela geometria, fendas, monocromatização do feixe e sistema de detecção / Abstract: Polymorphism is the property of molecules to crystallize in more than one crystal form, which may affect physicochemical properties. This phenomenon is also present in pharmaceuticals, and evaluation of raw materials to maintain the control of the polymorph present in tables plays an important role in the pharmaceutical industry. The identification and control of polymorphic forms can be performed using various techniques, among which Thermal analysis, infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction. The latter is a technique that allows among things characterization of crystalline phases, quantification of amorphous using internal standards and, by means of Rietveld method, refinement of the crystal structure and quantification of phases present in the sample. However, several factors limit the identification and quantification of the phases in mixtures, and are related to structure parameters of the sample, such as low symmetry and large unit cell volume, the physical characteristics such as crystallite size and shape, and the resolution of diffractometers which are defined by the geometry, slits, beam monochromatization and detection system / Mestre

Orientador: Fabio Furlan Ferreira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nanociências e Materiais Avançados, 2012.