Six out of every ten children in South Africa are living in poverty. This situation is aggravated by the AlDS pandemic. The pandemic is also the cause of a generation of AlDS orphans and as a consequence a lot of pressure is put on society's resources. Although the fundamental rights of children are entrenched in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, the current legal and administrative framework is not being implemented effectively in order to realise these rights. The Constitutional Court has adjudicated upon several matters regarding the realisation of socio-economic rights, thereby confirming that socio-economic rights are indeed justiciable. This research is specifically concerned with the realisation of children's right to have access to health care as entrenched in sections 27 and 28(l)(c) of the Constitution. Read with section 7(2) of the Constitution, this right places negative as well as positive obligations on the state to respect, protect, promote and fulfil children's right to have access to health care. Children's right to health care are however dependent on the internal limitations contained in section 27(2) of the Constitution which states that the state must take reasonable legislative and other measures, within its available resources, to achieve the progressive realisation of these rights. Having ratified the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), the state is further bound to recognize the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health and to facilities for the treatment of illness and rehabilitation of health. Parties to the CRC shall also strive to ensure that no child is deprived of his or her right of access to such health care services. Good health is dependent on more than a mere right to have access to health care. In order to ensure the highest attainable standard of health for all children, it is necessary that the available services are affordable and accessible on an equitable basis. Access to health care should be seen as part of a more comprehensive social protection package to ensure a minimum standard of living, consistent with the value of human dignity in our Constitution. In order to achieve this, the fragmented health care system which existed before 1994 and which was mainly a result of the previous dispensation of oppression and racial discrimination, had to be transformed in order to reach the ideal of improving the quality of life of all citizens as contained in the preamble of the Constitution. Ten years after the inception of the new constitutional dispensation, it can be said that the government is making progress with the transformation of the health system and making it accessible to all people, including children. After extensive research on the legislative and other measures that the government has implemented in order to realise children's right to access to health care, the following conclusions has been reached: State policies regarding health care are taking account of the needs of children as a vulnerable group of society and it can be said to be reasonable in the formulation thereof. Regarding the implementation of these policies, much remains to be done to ensure that the benefits thereof reach the children, especially more vulnerable groups such as street children and child-headed households - a common occurrence with the high prevalence of HIVIAIDS in South Africa. The enactment of the National Health Act 61 of 2003 is still awaited although it has already been signed. This legislation provides a national framework of norms and standards regarding the health care system and it is mainly based on the rights of patients. A new Children's Bill [B32 - 20031 has been introduced to parliament. The bill deals extensively with the rights of children as contained in the Constitution and also aims to give effect to governments' obligations in terms of the CRC. The enactment of the bill should be given priority, although measures should be implemented to ensure that health care services are also accessible to children who are not assisted by adults such as child-headed households. The allocation of public funds should be considered in order to provide better social assistance to families in dire need but mechanisms to ensure that children benefit from social grants must be implemented. Many of these grants are being abused by parents which means that although the grants are available, the money is not always spent to better the plight of the children. This is especially important in the light of the fact that the primary obligation to take care of children vests in the parents. The courts and especially the Constitutional Court, has taken their role in realising socio-economic rights seriously and very important guidelines has been formulated regarding the reasonableness of legislative and other measures in this regard. After the Khosa-case it should be said that although the courts are allowed to overstep the boundaries of separation of powers, they should not rewrite these boundaries by not taking appropriate account of the availability of financial resources. This also applies to the executive and legislature which should act more effectively to implement the court's decisions. The Human Rights Commission is playing an important role with regard to the realisation of socio-economic rights by monitoring and evaluating the implementation of government programmes and legislation. The Commission also provides valuable guidelines with regard to the realisation of socio-economic rights in the form of annual reports submitted to parliament. It is submitted that the Commission should however consider to define minimum core obligations of socio-economic rights since the Commission is better equipped to do this than the courts are. / Thesis (LL.M. (Public Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

Six out of every ten children in South Africa are living in poverty. This situation is aggravated by the AlDS pandemic. The pandemic is also the cause of a generation of AlDS orphans and as a consequence a lot of pressure is put on society's resources. Although the fundamental rights of children are entrenched in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, the current legal and administrative framework is not being implemented effectively in order to realise these rights. The Constitutional Court has adjudicated upon several matters regarding the realisation of socio-economic rights, thereby confirming that socio-economic rights are indeed justiciable. This research is specifically concerned with the realisation of children's right to have access to health care as entrenched in sections 27 and 28(l)(c) of the Constitution. Read with section 7(2) of the Constitution, this right places negative as well as positive obligations on the state to respect, protect, promote and fulfil children's right to have access to health care. Children's right to health care are however dependent on the internal limitations contained in section 27(2) of the Constitution which states that the state must take reasonable legislative and other measures, within its available resources, to achieve the progressive realisation of these rights. Having ratified the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), the state is further bound to recognize the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health and to facilities for the treatment of illness and rehabilitation of health. Parties to the CRC shall also strive to ensure that no child is deprived of his or her right of access to such health care services. Good health is dependent on more than a mere right to have access to health care. In order to ensure the highest attainable standard of health for all children, it is necessary that the available services are affordable and accessible on an equitable basis. Access to health care should be seen as part of a more comprehensive social protection package to ensure a minimum standard of living, consistent with the value of human dignity in our Constitution. In order to achieve this, the fragmented health care system which existed before 1994 and which was mainly a result of the previous dispensation of oppression and racial discrimination, had to be transformed in order to reach the ideal of improving the quality of life of all citizens as contained in the preamble of the Constitution. Ten years after the inception of the new constitutional dispensation, it can be said that the government is making progress with the transformation of the health system and making it accessible to all people, including children. After extensive research on the legislative and other measures that the government has implemented in order to realise children's right to access to health care, the following conclusions has been reached: State policies regarding health care are taking account of the needs of children as a vulnerable group of society and it can be said to be reasonable in the formulation thereof. Regarding the implementation of these policies, much remains to be done to ensure that the benefits thereof reach the children, especially more vulnerable groups such as street children and child-headed households - a common occurrence with the high prevalence of HIVIAIDS in South Africa. The enactment of the National Health Act 61 of 2003 is still awaited although it has already been signed. This legislation provides a national framework of norms and standards regarding the health care system and it is mainly based on the rights of patients. A new Children's Bill [B32 - 20031 has been introduced to parliament. The bill deals extensively with the rights of children as contained in the Constitution and also aims to give effect to governments' obligations in terms of the CRC. The enactment of the bill should be given priority, although measures should be implemented to ensure that health care services are also accessible to children who are not assisted by adults such as child-headed households. The allocation of public funds should be considered in order to provide better social assistance to families in dire need but mechanisms to ensure that children benefit from social grants must be implemented. Many of these grants are being abused by parents which means that although the grants are available, the money is not always spent to better the plight of the children. This is especially important in the light of the fact that the primary obligation to take care of children vests in the parents. The courts and especially the Constitutional Court, has taken their role in realising socio-economic rights seriously and very important guidelines has been formulated regarding the reasonableness of legislative and other measures in this regard. After the Khosa-case it should be said that although the courts are allowed to overstep the boundaries of separation of powers, they should not rewrite these boundaries by not taking appropriate account of the availability of financial resources. This also applies to the executive and legislature which should act more effectively to implement the court's decisions. The Human Rights Commission is playing an important role with regard to the realisation of socio-economic rights by monitoring and evaluating the implementation of government programmes and legislation. The Commission also provides valuable guidelines with regard to the realisation of socio-economic rights in the form of annual reports submitted to parliament. It is submitted that the Commission should however consider to define minimum core obligations of socio-economic rights since the Commission is better equipped to do this than the courts are. / Thesis (LL.M. (Public Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

EU har gradvis utökat sin normgivningskompetens, ofta på bekostnad av medlemsstaternas lagstiftning. Detta har nyligen aktualiserats för Sverige på grund av Dataskyddsförordningen som i folkmun kallas GDPR. I och med att det traditionellt sett har funnits ett starkare dataskydd i EU-rätt jämfört med svensk rätt blir den inhemska lagstiftningen onekligen påverkad av förordningen. Den här uppsatsen avser analysera specifikt offentlighetsprincipen som är stadgad i Sveriges grundlag. Syftet är att identifiera huruvida rätten att ta del av allmänna handlingar, som är en del av offentlighetsprincipen, kan komma att inskränkas med hänsyn till principen om EU-rättens företräde. Syftet uppnås genom fyra etapper. Först sker en historisk tillbakablick av diskussionen vid det svenska unionstillträdet om offentlighetsprincipens fortlevnad. Efter detta görs en jämförelse mellan GDPR och intern rätt för att identifiera eventuella motsättningar. Vidare analyseras praxis från både Sverige och EU-domstolen för att visa på likheter och skillnader i avvägningen mellan offentlighet och sekretess. Till sist utreds hur principen om EU-rättens företräde kan tolkas tillsammans med andra unionsrättsliga bestämmelser för att antingen åsidosätta den nationella lagstiftningen eller hålla den intakt. Författaren föreslår slutledningsvis att effekten på offentlighetsprincipen är försumlig samtidigt som möjligheten att tolka mål härom delvis har skiftat från medlemsstaten till EU-domstolen. / The EU has gradually expanded its legislative competence, often at the expense of member state legislation. This has recently become highly relevant for Sweden due to the recent data protection regulation, the GDPR. Since there has traditionally been a stronger protection for personal data in the EU in comparison to Sweden, domestic Swedish law will become affected by the GDPR coming into force. Within this backdrop, the focus in this thesis will be the right to access public documents, which is established in the Swedish constitution. The aim with this work is to identify in what respect the right to access public documents will be affected considering the principle of primacy according to EU law. The aim is pursued in four steps. First, the former discussion on how the right to access public documents would be affected due to Sweden’s entrance to the EU will be presented. Secondly, the compliance of Swedish law in relation to the GDPR in order to identify potential conflict of norms will be reviewed. Thirdly, case law of the ECJ and Swedish courts in order to show the differentiation between balancing transparency and personal integrity will be reviewed. Finally, it will be analysed how the primacy of EU law can be interpreted together with other EU norms to either override the Swedish constitutional law or leave it intact. The findings suggest that while the effect of the GDPR on the Swedish “offentlighetsprincipen” is negligible, the right to interpret such cases has gradually shifted from relying partly on the member state to the EU.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2015-12-14T14:49:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 marcelodecastrocunhafilho.pdf: 817970 bytes, checksum: 29085ff90e78a162a1e41966d55d33b0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2015-12-14T15:53:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 marcelodecastrocunhafilho.pdf: 817970 bytes, checksum: 29085ff90e78a162a1e41966d55d33b0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-14T15:53:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 marcelodecastrocunhafilho.pdf: 817970 bytes, checksum: 29085ff90e78a162a1e41966d55d33b0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-26 / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar o tratamento legislativo dado pelo direito brasileiro aos casos de biopirataria de conhecimento tradicional. Partindo-se das proposições críticas de Axel Honneth acerca da liberdade e do reconhecimento, desenhou-se um quadro analítico de conceitos, o qual, uma vez aplicado sobre o objeto da pesquisa através do procedimento da análise de conteúdo, permitiu a visualização de um conhecimento latente até então não revelado pela linguagem aparente da legislação. Após a classificação dos requisitos relativos ao acesso e à repartição de benefícios segundo as rubricas “monetárias” e “não-monetárias”, chegou-se à conclusão de que aqueles, relativos ao acesso, reproduzem um espaço potencialmente garantidor da liberdade, ao passo que estes, atinentes à repartição de benefícios, incorporam uma dimensão patológica. Este último caso se deve em virtude de sua elaboração ter cedido à proteção de interesses supostamente universalistas, à semelhança do que ocorre com as trocas econômicas/monetárias, que impedem a realização plena da liberdade nesse espaço social. / This study aims to analyze the Brazilian legal Acts on cases of biopiracy of traditional knowledge. Stemming from Axel Honneth´s critical propositions about freedom and recognition, an analytical framework of concepts is created, which, once applied on the object of the research through the analysis content procedure, enabled the visualization of some latent knowledge which is not revealed by the apparent language of the legislation. After the classification of requirements for access and benefit sharing under the headings "monetary" and "non-monetary", the conclusion is that those requirements, relating to access, reproduce a potentially guarantor space of freedom, whereas these, relating to sharing of benefits, incorporate a pathological dimension. The latter case is derived from the fact that its protection has been elaborated based on supposedly universal interests, similar to what occurs with the economic exchanges, which prevents the fulfillment of freedom in this social space.

Teisės kreiptis į teismą teisminės gynybos užtikrinimas yra vienas iš pagrindinių teisinės valstybės statusą patvirtinančių siekiamų tikslų. Magistro darbe teisė kreiptis į teismą teisminės gynybos procesine teisine prasme, t. y. teisė pareikšti ieškinį (pareiškimą), analizuojama pasitelkiant lyginamąjį tyrimo metodą, įgalinantį palyginti atskirų valstybių - Lietuvos Respublikos (toliau – Lietuvos) ir Vokietijos Federacinės Respublikos (toliau –Vokietijos) - teisės kreiptis į teismą įgyvendinimo procesinės tvarkos teisinį reguliavimą. Abejose šalyse teisė kreiptis į teismą teisminės gynybos reglamentuojama aukščiausią teisinę galią turinčio teisės akto, t. y. Konstitucijos, normomis. Teisės kreiptis į teismą teisinis reguliavimas, esant asmens teisių pažeidimui privatiniuose teisiniuose santykiuose, Lietuvoje ir Vokietijoje skiriasi: Vokietijos Pagrindinio įstatymo 19 str. 4 d. garantuoja teisę kreiptis į teism���� tik tuo atveju, kai teisių pažeidėjas yra viešoji valdžia. Tačiau Vokietijos Konstitucinis Teismas yra konstatavęs, jog teisiniams ginčams, nepatenkantiems į Pagrindinio įstatymo 19 str. 4 d. ribas, teisė kreiptis į teismą garantuojama įtvirtintu teisinės valstybės principu. Priešingai nei Vokietijoje, Lietuvos Konstitucijoje yra įtvirtinta bendroji teisės norma, taikoma kilusiems ginčams tiek civiliniuose, tiek kitokio pobūdžio teisiniuose santykiuose. Kiekvienas, norintis pasinaudoti teisės aktuose įtvirtinta teise kreiptis į teismą, privalo laikytis... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Die Gewaehrleistung vom Justizgewaehrungsanspruch ist eines der Axiome, die den Status von dem Rechtsstaat betont. In dieser Magisterarbeit wird der Justizgewaehrungsanspruch im Sinne des prozessrechtlichen Aspektes, d. h. wie das Recht vor Gericht einzuklagen, analysiert. Die Eroerterung vom Justizgewaehrungsanspruch wird mit Anwendung eines Vergleichsmethodes erledigt. Das Ziel dieser Magisterarbeit ist die Prozessordnung der Verwirklichung vom Justizgewaehrungsanspruch in Litauen und in Deutschland zu vergleichen. In beiden Laendern wird der Justizgewaehrungsanspruch auf der obersten Regelungsebene verankert – im Grundgesetz (GG) der Bundesrepublik Deutschlands und in der Verfassung Litauens. Die Rechtsschutzgarantie in privatrechtlichen Verhaeltnissen ist in verfassungrechtlichen Normen unterschiedlich geregelt: Art. 19 Abs.4 GG schuetzt die Rechte des Menschens nur bei Velretzung durch oeffentliche Gewalt. Das Bundesverfassungsgericht hat den aus dem Rechtsstaatsprinzip in Verbindung mit den Grundrechten folgenden allgemeinen Justizgewährungsanspruch zunächst als Grundlage des Rechtsschutzes in zivilrechtlichen Streitigkeiten anerkannt, für die Art.19 Abs.4 GG nicht anwendbar ist. Im Gegensatz dazu gibt es eine allgemeine verfassungsrechtliche Norm in Verfassung Litauens, die nicht nur fuer die oeffenltich-rechtlichen, sondern auch fuer die zivilrechtlichen Streitigkeiten gilt. Jeder, wer sein Recht vor Gericht einzuklagen realisieren moechte, muss es gemaess... [to full text]

Šio darbo tikslas – kompleksiškai išanalizuoti ir palyginti teisės kreiptis į teismą įgyvendinimo procesinę tvarką pagal Lietuvos ir Austrijos civilinio proceso įstatymus. Abiejose šalyse konstituciniu lygmeniu įtvirtintą teisę kreiptis į teismą detalizuoja civilinio proceso įstatymuose nustatyta šios teisės įgyvendinimo tvarka. Darbe teorinių ir empirinių metodų pagalba yra analizuojama teisė kreiptis į teismą, jos turinys, teisės kreiptis į teismą prielaidos ir sąlygos, nustatytos atsisakymo priimti ieškinį pagrinduose, įtvirtintuose Lietuvos ir Austrijos civilinio proceso įstatymuose. Remiantis moksline literatūra, teisės aktais, Lietuvos Aukščiausiojo Teismo ir Austrijos Aukščiausiojo Teismo (Oberster Gerichtshof) praktika atskiruose baigiamojo darbo skyriuose analizuojami Lietuvos ir Austrijos civilinio proceso kodeksuose numatyti atsisakymo priimti ieškinį pagrindai. Atlikus lyginamąją Lietuvos ir Austrijos civilinio proceso įstatymų analizę, prieinama išvados, kad abiejų valstybių civilinio proceso įstatymuose įtvirtinti atsisakymo priimti ieškinį pagrindai yra beveik identiški, teisė kreiptis į teismą yra tinkamai reglamentuota ir įgyvendinama nepažeidžiant įstatymuose numatytų reikalavimų. Tiek Lietuvoje, tiek Austrijoje įtvirtinti baigtiniai atsisakymo priimti ieškinį pagrindų sąrašai nesudaro kliūčių asmenims pasinaudoti teise kreiptis į teismą. Taip pat darbe pateikiami pasiūlymai Lietuvos įstatymų leidėjui dėl kai kurių civilinio proceso įstatymų nuostatų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / In dieser Magistrusarbeit analysiert man die Ordnung der Verwirklichung des Justizgewährungsanspruchs anhand der Gesetze des Zivilprozesses in Litauen und Österreich. Den Justizgewärungsanspruch, den die Verfassungen der beiden Ländern durchsetzen, detailisiert die Ordnung der Verwirklichung dieses Rechts in den Gesetzen des Zivilprozesses. In der Arbeit analysiert man den Justizgewärungsanspruch, Inhalt des Justizgewährungsanspruchs (die Prozessvoraussetzungen und die Rechtszugvoraussetzungen sind in den Gesetzen des Zivilprozesses verwirklicht, die in den Gründen der Zurückweisung der Klage festgesstelt sind). Hier werden auch die Werke der Rechtswissenshaftler in Litauen und Österreich besprochen. In einzelnen Teilen dieser Arbeit werden die Gründen der Zurückweisung der Klage besprochen. Diese Gründe analysiert man anhand der Gesetze, der Rechtsprechung, der Wissenschaft des Zivilprozessrechtes. Nach der vergleichenden Analyse der Gesetze des Zivilprozesses in Litauen und Österreich kann man die Schlussfolderung ziehen, das die Gründen der Zurückweisung der Klage fast identisch sind. Der Justizgewährungsanspruch ist ausführlich reglementiert und verwirklicht man ohne Verletzungen der Gesetze. Sowohl in Litauen als auch in Österreich ist die Endliste der Gründen der Zurückweisung der Klage verwirklicht, die keine Hindernisse der Personen, die den Justizgewährungsanspruch nutzen wollen, machen. In der Arbeit werden auch die Vorschläge für den Gesetzgeber Litauens wegen... [to full text]

Esta tese apresenta o Direito de Acesso à Energia (DAE) como parte do Direito ao Desenvolvimento (DD) o qual é um desmembramento dos Direitos Humanos (DHs) previstos na Declaração Universal assinada em 1948. Percorre a evolução histórica desses Direitos para chegar ao modelo de desenvolvimento mais colaborativo discutido na década de 90 e no início deste Século. Apontam-se os compromissos do Estado contemporâneo e dos seus governantes para o atendimento dos Direitos que são inerentes a todos os cidadãos. Demonstra que o DAE é pré-condição e um meio para o exercício de outros DHs como o Direito à vida, à moradia, ao trabalho, à água, ao mínimo alimentar e à inclusão digital, esta última decorrente do avanço do cyber-space e da global society e por isso um dever irrecusável do Governo e do Estado. Depois se descreve a estrutura normativa dos serviços de energia que começaram como públicos transitaram pela denominação de utilidade pública e essencial para no final serem todos serviços ao público, independentemente do regime de concessão ou autorização. Além disso, também se analisa a diferença entre as políticas energéticas de tarifa social e o Programa Luz para Todos (LpT) num nítido reconhecimento das obrigações governamentais e estatais. No estudo de caso narram-se alguns exemplos de localidades onde o esforço da população, aliado à tecnologia e vontade política se gera energia e como isso se fez dos seus usuários os protagonistas da sua própria história. Por fim, confirma-se que os DHs são Direitos em movimento e por isso não há como estabelecer a quantidade mínima de energia sendo o DAE a base para todos os outros Direitos. / The purpose of this dissertation is to present in this 21st Century, the Energy Right (ER) as part of the Right to Development (RD), which unfolds from the Human Rights (HRs) established in the Universal Declaration signed in 1948. It covers the historical evolution of these Rights to reach the more collaborative Development model discussed in the nineties and in the beginning of this Century. It points out the commitments of the contemporaneous State and their governors as to the compliance with the Rights that are inherent to all citizens. It has also been demonstrated that the ER is a prerequirement and a mean for the exercise of other HRs such as the Right to life, to housing, to work, to water, to basic food and to digital inclusion, this latter arising from the development of the cyber-space and of global society and, hence, an undeniable duty of the government and of the State. Subsequently, it describes the normative structure of energy services that started as public, were temporarily referred to as of public and essential interest and in the end were all established as services to public, regardless of the concession system or authorization. Moreover, it also analyses the difference between the energy policies for social rate and the Program Luz para Todos (Light for All) in a clear acknowledgement of the government and state obligations. The case study depicts some examples of locations where the population effort allied to the technology and political will generates energy and how that transformed users into main characters of their own history. Finally, it is confirmed that the HR are Rights in movement and, thus, one cannot establish a minimum amount of energy inasmuch as the ER is the base for all other Rights in The XXI Century.

儘管中國的全國發展著重在教育並嚴格實行九年義務教育法令，然而數以百萬計的中國移民孩童仍被排除在國家教育體制之外。我的論文探討中國內部由鄉村移向都市的這群移民孩童的受教權。這篇研究著重在武漢市地方政府不同政策的實施，這篇研究實地到武漢、北京進行田野研究，尤其聚焦在這群移民兒童在這兩座城市所面對的心理障礙上。 近年來，部分市政府已實行移民孩童教育體系整合的改革，而武漢市正是其中採用公共導向模型來解決此議題的城市之一。雖然這些改革在武漢市相當多數的移民者上獲得成功，然而北京市政府卻在各行政區內推動這些相關政策遭遇困難。 然而，就在北京市政府官員因懼怕更多移民人口流入北京市，而猶豫是否要將移民孩童納入公共教育的一環時，此舉卻導致對這些孩童在制度與心理上更嚴重的歧視。此篇研究認為此種歧視並邊緣化移民人口的態度會造成城鄉人口之間的衝突與仇視。相反地，長遠來看，替移民學子推行更完整且公平的社會福利政策，將能吸引並留住更多高品質的移民勞工。因此，為達到教育平等的目標，需要將其教育平等與社會發展目標相互整合 / Despite China’s national emphasis on education and the central government’s strict implementation of a 9-year compulsory education law, millions of Chinese migrant children are still excluded from the state-run education system. My thesis will examine the education rights of migrant children in China migrating from rural to urban cities; I will research the different policy implementations by the local administrations in this regard in Wuhan city, where I did a field study, and in Beijing, and will in particular focus on the psychological barriers these migrant children confront in these two cities. Recently, some city governments have implemented reforms aimed at integrating migrant children into their state-run schooling system and Wuhan is one of these cities applying the public-oriented model to deal with this issue. While these reforms have been carried out successfully in Wuhan where there is a relatively large quantity of migrants, the Beijing government has experienced difficulty to properly apply the regulations in each of the city’s administrative districts at the same level. While the Beijing city officials hesitated to include migrant children in public education with the fear of more migrants flooding into the city, this approach has led to greater discrimination against these migrant children both institutionally and psychologically. I argue in the conclusion that this attitude to marginalize the migrant populations could result in dissatisfaction and greater hostility between urban and migrant populations. On the contrary, the strategy of providing more comprehensive and equitable social benefits for migrant students attracts and retains more highly skilled migrant workers in the long term. Thus, the goal of achieving educational equity needs to be integrated with social development goals.

Ce travail étudie la possibilité de l’élargissement de l’éventail de participation politique à l’Administration, étant donné que l’État brésilien a des fins, des buts à réaliser et qu’il s’agit d’une démocratie “procéduraledélibérative”, où le peuple doit participer aux décisions touchant sa vie. En plus, la réalisation de l’intérêt général n’a qu’à gagner en efficacité si les décisions de l’État échappent le plus possible à la logique technocratique du “secret administratif” ; en effet, la participation des intéressés possédant la connaissance des données concrètes et des facteurs humains et techniques qui conditionnent une décision peut apporter un élément susceptible de la modifier, en obligeant l’Administration à expliquer les raisons de son action, ce qui en faciliterait l’exécution. C’est pourquoi nous étudions aussi bien le principe démocratique que le principe de la publicité, les formes possibles de participation des citoyens à l’Administration et les concrétisations de la publicité administrative en droit de savoir, droit de contrôle et droit de participation au processus administratif. / O presente trabalho investiga a possibilidade de aumentar o espectro de participação política na Administração, pela consideração de que o Estado brasileiro tem fins, objetivos a realizar e é uma democracia do tipo “procedimental-deliberativa”, em que o povo deve participar das decisões que afetem sua vida. Além disso, a realização do interesse geral só tem a ganhar em eficácia se as decisões estatais escaparem, o mais possível, da lógica tecnocrática do “segredo administrativo”, porque, graças à participação dos interessados, pelo conhecimento dos dados concretos e dos fatores humanos e técnicos que condicionam uma decisão, estes podem trazer algum elemento que a modifique, obrigando a Administração a explicar os motivos de sua ação, facilitando, assim, a execução. Por isso, estuda-se, tanto o significado do princípio democrático quanto do princípio da publicidade, as formas possíveis de participação dos cidadãos na Administração e as concretizações da publicidade administrativa em direito de saber, direito de controle e direito de participar do processo administrativo. / The present work investigates the possibilities of enlargement of the spectrum of political participation in Administration, considering that the Brazilian State has purposes to accomplish and it is a “proceduredeliberative” kind of democracy, one in which the people must participate in the decision processes, specially those concerning their lives. Besides, the accomplishment of general benefits has only to improve the efficacy of the State decisions escape, as much as it is possible, from the technocratic logics of “administrative secret”, thanks to the participation of the parts involved, and by the knowledge of concrete data and the technical and human factors that make contingent on a decision. These parts may bring some elements that could change the decisions, forcing the Administration to explain the reasons behind its actions, thus making it easier their execution. Because of this, the significance of the democratic principle is studied so extensively, as well as the publicity principle and the possible means of participation of citizens in Administration and the realizations of administrative publicity in the rights of knowledge, rights of control and rights of participation in the administrative procedure.

Ce travail étudie la possibilité de l’élargissement de l’éventail de participation politique à l’Administration, étant donné que l’État brésilien a des fins, des buts à réaliser et qu’il s’agit d’une démocratie “procéduraledélibérative”, où le peuple doit participer aux décisions touchant sa vie. En plus, la réalisation de l’intérêt général n’a qu’à gagner en efficacité si les décisions de l’État échappent le plus possible à la logique technocratique du “secret administratif” ; en effet, la participation des intéressés possédant la connaissance des données concrètes et des facteurs humains et techniques qui conditionnent une décision peut apporter un élément susceptible de la modifier, en obligeant l’Administration à expliquer les raisons de son action, ce qui en faciliterait l’exécution. C’est pourquoi nous étudions aussi bien le principe démocratique que le principe de la publicité, les formes possibles de participation des citoyens à l’Administration et les concrétisations de la publicité administrative en droit de savoir, droit de contrôle et droit de participation au processus administratif. / O presente trabalho investiga a possibilidade de aumentar o espectro de participação política na Administração, pela consideração de que o Estado brasileiro tem fins, objetivos a realizar e é uma democracia do tipo “procedimental-deliberativa”, em que o povo deve participar das decisões que afetem sua vida. Além disso, a realização do interesse geral só tem a ganhar em eficácia se as decisões estatais escaparem, o mais possível, da lógica tecnocrática do “segredo administrativo”, porque, graças à participação dos interessados, pelo conhecimento dos dados concretos e dos fatores humanos e técnicos que condicionam uma decisão, estes podem trazer algum elemento que a modifique, obrigando a Administração a explicar os motivos de sua ação, facilitando, assim, a execução. Por isso, estuda-se, tanto o significado do princípio democrático quanto do princípio da publicidade, as formas possíveis de participação dos cidadãos na Administração e as concretizações da publicidade administrativa em direito de saber, direito de controle e direito de participar do processo administrativo. / The present work investigates the possibilities of enlargement of the spectrum of political participation in Administration, considering that the Brazilian State has purposes to accomplish and it is a “proceduredeliberative” kind of democracy, one in which the people must participate in the decision processes, specially those concerning their lives. Besides, the accomplishment of general benefits has only to improve the efficacy of the State decisions escape, as much as it is possible, from the technocratic logics of “administrative secret”, thanks to the participation of the parts involved, and by the knowledge of concrete data and the technical and human factors that make contingent on a decision. These parts may bring some elements that could change the decisions, forcing the Administration to explain the reasons behind its actions, thus making it easier their execution. Because of this, the significance of the democratic principle is studied so extensively, as well as the publicity principle and the possible means of participation of citizens in Administration and the realizations of administrative publicity in the rights of knowledge, rights of control and rights of participation in the administrative procedure.