Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:30:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marco Antonio Marcondes Pereira.pdf: 1480347 bytes, checksum: b307b079d2871a83048c85db80ef8da6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-11-04 / Comparative Advertising is theme presented in their constituent aspects, as social phenomenon with reflexes in the economy, in the culture and in the Brazilian system of laws. The exam of the history of the advertising and the several ways as it has been conceived in the last years contribute to delimit the comparative method as a specific technique. Technique marked by the line of the aggressiveness in the formulation of the advertising messages that, under excuse of being mere fruit of the imagination and of the professionals' creativity in it involved, it has the unequivocal purpose of invigoration the economic function. The use of the technique, though, it is absent-minded of concerns with their effects in the sphere of the rights of the contestants, of the own professionals of the area of the publicity, of the consumers and of the citizens in general. The form how the advertising is collected by the legal system ― in the constitutional plan and in the statutory law plan ― it comes as vector to incite inquiries on the licitness of the comparative advertising in Brazil. The possible answer is among the many themes developed in the work, among the ones which, for instance, the fundamental rights, the freedom of expression and communication, the repression rules to the disloyal competition, the prohibition of the right abuse and the respect to the copyright. Starting from those juridical categories, the text shows the perplexity between professionals of the marketing areas and jurists on that aggressive advertising technique. Defenders and opponents of Comparative Advertising are characters of that plot of trade and consumerism of the current communication order. Strong and convincing arguments developed by those characters, solitary of the experience and of conflicts of interests, they allow the choice of an answer to the inquiry on the licitness of the comparative advertising in the Brazilian law / Publicidade Comparativa é tema apresentado em seus aspectos constitutivos, como fenômeno social com reflexos na economia, na cultura e na ordem jurídica brasileira. O exame da história da publicidade e as várias maneiras como vem sendo concebida nos últimos anos contribuem para delimitar a publicidade comparativa como uma técnica específica. Técnica marcada pelo traço da agressividade na formulação das mensagens publicitária que, sob pretexto de ser mero fruto da imaginação e da criatividade dos profissionais nela envolvidos, tem o inequívoco propósito de fortalecimento da sua função econômica. O uso da técnica, todavia, é abstraído de preocupações com os seus efeitos na esfera dos direitos dos concorrentes, dos próprios profissionais da área da publicidade, dos consumidores e dos cidadãos em geral. A forma como a publicidade é recolhida pelo ordenamento jurídico ― no plano constitucional e no plano infraconstitucional ― apresenta-se como vetor para incitar indagações sobre a licitude da publicidade comparativa no Brasil. A resposta possível está entre os muitos temas enfeixados no trabalho, dentre os quais, por exemplo, os direitos fundamentais, a liberdade de expressão e comunicação, as regras de repressão à concorrência desleal, a proibição do abuso de direito e o respeito ao direito autoral. A partir dessas categorias jurídicas, o texto mostra a perplexidade reinante entre profissionais das áreas de marketing e publicidade e juristas sobre essa técnica publicitária agressiva. Defensores e opositores dela ― Publicidade Comparativa ― são personagens dessa trama mercadológica e consumista da atual ordem comunicacional. Argumentos fortes e convincentes desenvolvidos por essas personagens, retirados da experiência e de conflitos de interesses, permitem a escolha de uma resposta à indagação sobre a licitude da publicidade comparativa no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro

O presente trabalho tem como premissa principal que o advogado é o mediador mais adequado para fazer a divulgação, através da publicidade, dos direitos coletivos e difusos dos cidadãos, no Brasil e na Argentina. Diante disso, propôs-se analisar o efeito que as sociedades modernas e a evolução das tecnologias da comunicação exerceram sobre a comunicação, e sobre os processos de conquista da democracia nos dois países. Procurou-se identificar que o advogado é agente transformador da Justiça quando leva ao judiciário as mais variadas demandas oriundas das transformações da sociedade. Através dos Estudos Culturais, em diálogo com os hibridismos culturais, procurou-se provar que o medo de uma comunicação de massa hipnotizante, é infundado. Por fim, foram buscados argumentos que procuram colocar a comunicação do advogado com a sociedade brasileira e argentina como peça fundamental para a consolidação da democracia nos dois países. / This paper has as main premiss that the lawyer is the most adequate mediator to spread, thru publicity, of the collective and diffuse rights of the citizens in Brazil and Argentina. In view of this, we propose to analyze the effects that the modern societies and the evolution of communication technologies exercise upon the communication and the processes of conquest of democracy in both countries. We tried to identify that the lawyer is a transforming agent of Justice when he brings to the judiciary the most various demands produced by the transformation of the society. Thru Cultural Studies, in dialogue with cultural hybridity, we tried to proof that the fear of the hypnotizing mass communication is unfounded. At last, we searched arguments that try to place the communication of the lawyer with the Brazilian and Argentinean society as a master piece for the democracy consolidation in both countries.

Les faits justificatifs de la diffamation témoignent de la difficile conciliation entre le droit à la protection de l’honneur et le droit à l’information. Le domaine de l’exception de vérité (art. 35 de la loi du 29 juillet 1881), délimité par trois exceptions en 1944, fut rapidement critiqué, en ce qu’il ne permettait pas la justification des imputations les plus utiles à la société. En outre, la sévérité des conditions de fond et de forme de la preuve de la vérité fit le plus souvent obstacle à la relaxe. En réaction, la jurisprudence créa le fait justificatif de la bonne foi, fondé sur quatre critères accessibles (but légitime, sérieux de l’enquête, prudence et mesure dans l’expression, défaut d’animosité personnelle et favorisant un droit du public à l’information de qualité. À la fin du XXème siècle, ce système fut profondément mis en cause, comme étant contraire à la jurisprudence de la CEDH relative à l’article 10 CESDH, laquelle impose une protection accrue des propos d’intérêt général ou politiques. En conséquence, le Conseil constitutionnel supprima deux des trois limites à l’exception de vérité, qui n’est plus interdite que dans domaine de la vie privée. Ce nouvel arbitrage entre les deux valeurs en conflit n’apparaît pas satisfaisant, d’autant que la preuve de la vérité est toujours entravée par des conditions drastiques. En 2008, la Cour de cassation intégra de manière radicale les critères strasbourgeois à sa jurisprudence sur la bonne foi. Elle se dirige aujourd’hui vers une formule plus équilibrée, fondée sur l’application proportionnelle des quatre critères traditionnels corrigés à la lumière des principes de la CEDH. Cependant, elle applique également les critères strasbourgeois à d’autres infractions attentatoires à la liberté d’expression, qui ne bénéficient pas de la structure d’accueil des faits justificatifs de la diffamation. Pour ces cas, au lieu de l’adoption du contrôle de proportionnalité envisagée, la création d’un fait justificatif générique fondé sur l’article 10 de la CESDH est proposée, plus respectueuse de la logique pénale. / The special justifications applicable to defamation bare witness to the difficult conciliation between the right to protect ones honor and the public’s right to information. The area of the defence of truth (art. 35 of the 29 July 1881), delineated by three exceptions in 1944, was rapidly critiqued, preventing the justification of some of the most socially useful imputations. Furthermore, the defence of truth was subjected to highly rigourous formal and substantial requirements that often prevented ones acquittal on the basis of that demonstration. In reaction, the case-law created another special justification for defamation, based on good faith, and founded on four accessible criterias (legitimate aim of the information, serious verification, moderation of tone and caution in the choice of words, lack of personal animosity) that favorise the public’s right to quality information. At the end of the 20th century, this system was profoundly questioned, as being against the case-law of the CEDH, that requires a stronger protection of freedom of speech (article 10 CESDH) in connexion with debates of general interest or political discussions. Consequently, the Constitutional council repealed two of the three limits within the defence of truth, which is now only forbidden in the area of ones private life. This new arbitration between the two conflicting values doesn’t seem satisfying, especially since the defence of truth is still impeded by drastic conditions. In 2008, the Court of cassation integrated in a radical manner the CEDH criterias to its case-law on good faith. The case-law today steers towards a more balanced formula, founded on a proportional application of the four traditional criterias corrected in the light of the principes of the CEDH. However, the Court of cassation equally applies the CEDH criterias to other detrimental offences towards the freedom of expression, that do not benefit from the structural support of the special justifications of defamation. For those offences, instead of adopting the envisioned control of proportionality, it is proposed to create a generic justification, founded on the article 10 of the CESDH, that would be more consistent with the logic of criminal law.

Identifiés comme acteurs politiques, économiques, sociaux ou encore culturels ayant un rôle et une responsabilité fondamentale dans un monde caractérisé par une mondialisation technologique galopante, les médias semblent évidemment soumis au droit de la concurrence. Pourtant, cette évidence n’en constitue pas une lorsque l’on analyse profondément la question. Les médias sont-ils vraiment soumis au droit de la concurrence ? Parallèlement est-il possible de dire qu’on se dirige résolument vers un droit de la concurrence propre aux médias ? Les relations entre les médias et le droit de la concurrence ont connus plusieurs épisodes en Mauritanie. Tout d’abord, l’épisode initiale au fil duquel le rapport entre les médias et le droit de la concurrence fut fade et monotone puisque l’Etat monopolisait tous les médias. Ensuite, au cours du deuxième épisode, il y a eu une ouverture partielle et partiale des médias à la concurrence et ainsi au droit de la concurrence. Enfin, le troisième et dernier épisode est celui inauguré par l’abolition totale du monopole. Dés lors, ce travail consiste à montrer et démontrer la soumission des médias au droit de la concurrence. / Identified as a political, social, cultural or economical actor, having an esential role in the world characterized by soaring globalisation, which is in a staggering peak, media seems to be naturally submitted to the competition law. However, when the question is analysed in a precised and refined way, this obviousness is not right anymore. Are the media really submited to the competition law ? At the same time is it possible to talk about the competition law specific to medias ? Relations between media and the competition law have been faced of several incidents in Mauritania. First of all, during the first incident, the relation between two institutions, it means media and the competition law were bland and dull because of State’s monopolization of all media’s means. Then, there was a partial opening of media to competition. Eventually, the recording of media by the competition law happened during the last incident. This work consists in demonstration of media’s submission to the competition law even though the mediatic product keeps being specific.

Le système juridique français accorde une grande importance aux droits du patient, essentiellement à travers la loi du 4 mars 2002. Ce texte a été construit de manière à placer le patient au centre du dispositif et à lui attribuer des droits liés à sa qualité de sujet de droit. Cette idée est quasiment absente dans la législation tunisienne. En Tunisie, la législation relative aux droits des patients est insuffisante. Il est vrai que le législateur tunisien a défini certains droits pour le patient. Cependant, ces consécrations législatives ne nous permettent pas de confirmer l’idée selon laquelle le patient est le centre de la relation médicale, particulièrement parce que le paternalisme médical trouve encore une consécration en Tunisie. L’étude comparative a montré certaines convergences entre les deux systèmes juridiques mais aussi d’importantes divergences. Ainsi, pour un pays, comme la Tunisie, dont le système sanitaire confronte des difficultés intenses non seulement sur le plan infra-structurel mais également législatif, le code de la santé publique en général et la loi du 4 mars 2002 pour les droits des malades, en particulier, peuvent constituer une source efficace pour des changements en profondeur. Cependant, si en France la loi du 4 mars 2002 occupe une place primordiale dans le corpus des règles du droit de la santé, on ne peut nier que les droits du patient confrontent aujourd’hui des difficultés de mise en œuvre. En effet, même si le souci du législateur français était de protéger au maximum les droits des patients, certaines failles restent à signaler / The french legal system attaches great importance to patient rights, mainly through the law of 4 March 2002. This text was constructed to place the patient at the center of the device and assigning the rights to as a subject of law. This idea is almost absent in tunisian law. In Tunisia, legislation on the rights of patients is inadequate : the rights of patients are devoted so scattered in several legal texts. It is true that the tunisian legislature has defined certain rights for patients. However, these legislative consecrations do not allow us to confirm the idea that the patient is the center of the medical relationship, particularly because medical paternalism still finds consecration in Tunisia. The comparative study showed some convergence between the two legal systems but also important differences. Thus, for a country like Tunisia, whose health system confronts severe difficulties not only its infrastructure but also the legislative, the code of public health in general and the law of 4 March 2002 for the rights of patients, particular, can be an effective source for in-depth changes. However, if in France the Law of 4 March 2002 occupies a prominent place in the corpus of rules of health law, there is no denying that the patient's rights today facing implementation difficulties. Even if the concern of the french parliament was to maximally protect the rights of patients, some flaws still to report

1 Abstract The public administration itself is bound by applicable legal provisions. Therefore, in case of breach of individual rights stemming from the legal system of the Czech Republic, every person is guaranteed a strict legal procedure with corresponding legal mechanisms, which aim to remedy the status caused by unlawful action or inaction of the public administration. The object of this dissertation focuses, in particular, on analysis of individual means of protection of rights in public administration (i.e. the issue of the protection of public subjective rights) and their mutual relationships between them at level of legal regulation de lege lata. However, certain space had to be dedicated also to the procedures of public administration in matters related to private subjective rights as even the public administration decides on certain matters of private law. As regards the protection of private rights by public administration I mentioned the dualism of the review of decisions of public bodies and certain examples of public administration deciding on matters of private subjective rights. Further I stressed the issue of civil liability related to the conduct of public administration, i.e. liability for damages caused by unlawful decision and unlawful procedure. Pursuant to the act on liability for...

Freedom of expression is a fundamental human right which is important not only for the intellectual integrity of an individual but also for the healthy development of the whole society. The work represents both general arguments for freedom of expression and codification of freedom in two different legal cultures. In the United States the freedom of expression is protected by the First Amendment of the Constitution, which complements the rich jurisprudence of the Supreme Court of the United States. In Mexico, the right is regulated in Article 6 of the Constitution. The work shows how both countries reached the current legislation on the basis of examination of legal developments and cultural values. The values of the societies are presented on the basis of Hofstede's cultural dimensions. The core of the thesis is to compare the legal limits, which is made primarily on the basis of judicial practice of the Supreme Courts of both countries. Emphasis is placed on four main areas which are related to freedom of speech: (i) fighting words including hate speech, (ii) symbolic speech, (iii) obscenity, and (iv) defamation. In addition to the legal limits the work interprets also the most significant actual limits in both countries. Finally, the author examines the relationship between freedom of expression and...

1 Summary The public administration itself is bound by applicable laws rules. Therefore, in case of breach of individual rights stemming from the legal system of the Czech Republic, every person is guaranteed a strictly legal procedure with corresponding legal mechanisms, which aim to remedy of status cause by unlawfull action or inaction of the public administration. Moreover, if conditions laid down by European Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms are met, an individual has a right to apply to the European Court of Human Rights (Strasbourg) for a revision of a challenged act of public administration, which is considered to be as a final and conclusive from the point of view of national law. The object of this Thesis focuses, in particular, on analysis of individual means of protection of rights in public administration and their mutual relationships between them at level of legal regulation de lege ferenda. Also, it cannot be disregarded the assessment of effect of courts' decisions or doctrine, including stating own knowledge based on the practice particularly in the area of administrative law. The Thesis focuses on the issue of the protection of individual public rights. As a consequence, legal means designed to provide protection of law in objective sense (that is...