The content of this thesis is an analysis of the consumer ´s behaviour, his attitude to the risk/loss, how he prevents the risk of this loss, which instruments and methods might be used to reduce the loss in certain areas that are related with the consumer´s behavior. Two types of familes and three different life situations were chosen to apply the particular methods and instruments. The outcome of the thesis is a suggestion of the process that would lead to reduction of the risk of loss in given life situations in these two model familes.

Yes / This study explored the perspectives of Black men, originally from East Africa, living in the United Kingdom and their partners on what it means to live with diagnosed HIV. This article reports on concealment of HIVpositive status as a strategy adopted by the affected participants to manage the flow of information about their HIV-positive status. Analysis of the data, collected using in-depth interviews involving 23 participants, found widespread selective concealment of HIV-positive status. However, a few respondents had ‘come out’ publicly about their condition. HIV prevention initiatives should recognise concealment as a vital strategy in managing communication about one’s HIV-positive status.

Staigūs ekonominiai socialiniai pokyčiai Lietuvoje stipriai paveikė šeimą Pastaruoju metu vis daugiau dėmesio skiriama socialinės rizikos šeimoms ir vaikams augantiems jose. Tokios šeimos statusas visuomenėje ar pačios šeimos narių tarpusavio santykiai lemia vaikų elgesio, emocines ir mokymosi problemas, bendraamžių atstūmimą ir socialinių įgūdžių trūkumą. Todėl labai svarbu šalia gyvenančių žmonių, socialinių darbuotojų pagalba šeimai patiriančiai krizę, kad ji netaptų socialinės rizikos šeima. Noras atkreipti dėmesį į priežastis turėjusias įtakos tapimui socialinės rizikos šeima, verčia patyrinėti šeimų patirtį iš arčiau, kad būtų suteikta reikiama savalaikė pagalba. Šiame darbe į socialinės rizikos šeimų problemas žvelgiame iš moters perspektyvos. Tyrimo problemos pagrindinis klausimas: kokios moters patirtys įtakoja tapimą socialinės rizikos šeima? Tyrimo objektas: socialinės rizikos šeimos moters – motinos perspektyva. Tyrimo tikslas: atskleisti tapimą socialinės rizikos šeima per moters patirtį. Uždaviniai: 1. Apibūdinti socialinės rizikos šeimą, išryškinant esminius bruožus, atsiradimo priežastis, šeimų poreikius. 2. Atskleisti moterų – motinų gyvenimo tėvų šeimoje ypatumus ir santykius su broliais ir seserimis. 3. Identifikuoti savarankiško gyvenimo pradžią po santuokos ir / arba vaikų gimimo. 4. Atskleisti dabartinio šeimos gyvenimo ypatumus ir socialinio darbo galimybes. Tyrimo metodai: mokslinės literatūros... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Quickly changing economical and social situation in the Republic of Lithuania makes a huge impact on the family institution. Recently, our society started devoting more and more attention to the social risk families and their children. The status of such families in the society and the interrelations between the family members precondition the behavioural, emotional and study problems of the children growing up in these families, their self-isolation and the repulse of peers as well as lack of the social skills. Therefore, the help of the surrounding people and the social workers is very important for the families undergoing crises. This support can help the families not to become the social risk families. The wish to find out the causes for becoming a social risk family makes us to take a closer look at the family life of such people. Knowledge about the causes can help us to provide the necessary support to the needing families in time. In this paper the problems of the social risk families are analyzed from the women’s perspective. The main question of the research is as follows: what women experience influences and determines becoming a social risk family? The object of the research: the perspective of the social risk family women – mothers. The aim of the research: to reveal becoming a social risk family through the women’s eyes and to examine their experience. The tasks: 1. To describe the social risk family highlighting its essential characteristics, the causes for... [to full text]

Mokslinės literatūros analizė rodo, kad Lietuvoje dar nėra pakankamai sukurtas ir išplėtotas tinkamas socialinių paslaugų teikimo tinklas, trūksta kokybiškų prevencinių, reabilitacinių paslaugų vaikams ir jų šeimoms. O tai lemia probleminių šeimų skaičiaus didėjimą. Dauguma savivaldybių iki šiol labiau linkusios teikti socialinės rizikos šeimoms materialinę paramą, o ne socialines paslaugas. Socialinės rizikos šeimoms svarbu suteikti ne tik materialinę paramą, bet ir socialines paslaugas, didinti jų prieinamumą. Teikiant socialines paslaugas socialinės rizikos šeimai, turi būti užtikrinamas ir socialinių paslaugų teikimas vaikams. Tik tokiu būdu galima tikėtis sėkmingos socialinės rizikos šeimų resocializacijos. Tyrimo objektas – socialinės paslaugos, teikiamos socialinės rizikos šeimoms. Tyrimo tikslas - įvertinti socialinės rizikos šeimoms teikiamas paslaugas ir jų prienamumą. Hipotezė - tikėtina, kad socialinės paslaugos soc.rizikos šeimoms yra iš dalies prieinamos. Tyrimo rezultatai rodo, kad pasitvirtino iškelta hipotezė, jog socialinės paslaugos soc.rizikos šeimoms yra iš dalies prieinamos. Lyginant, ar skiriasi skirtingų amžiaus grupių asmenų, priklausančių rizikos šeimos grupei, pagalbos prieinamumas, gauti statistiškai reikšmingi skirtumai. Didžioji dalis tiriamųjų nežino, ar ta pagalba, kuri jiems reikalinga, yra prieinama. Prieinamiausia pagalba yra jaunų suaugusiųjų rizikos šeimos grupės asmenims. Didžiosios dalies asmenų, priklausančių rizikos šeimos grupei... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The analysis of scientific literature shows that in Lithuania still there is not a sufficiently created and developed appropriate network to provide social services, there is a lack of good quality preventive and rehabilitation services for children and their families. And this influences the increase of problematic families. Many municipalities are inclined to provide material support for risk families than social services. It is important to provide not just material help for social risk families but also social services and increase their accessibility. When social services are provided to social risk families, social service provision to children has to be guaranteed. Just in such a case one can expect successful re-socialization of social risk families. Object of the research: social services that are provided to social risk families. Aim of the research: to evaluate provided services for social risk families and their accessibility. Hypothesis: it is likely that social services are partly accessible for social risk families. The results of the research show that the hypothesis was proven to be true, because social services for social risk families are partly accessible. When comparing whether help accessibility for people of different age group that belong to the risk family groups differ, one received statistically important differences. The bigger part of the respondents does not know whether the help they need is accessible. The most accessible help is for young... [to full text]

Ekonominės krizės metu klostosi vis sudėtingesnė situacija, todėl ypatingai socialinės rizikos šeimai reikia didelio dėmesio ir paramos padėti spręsti iškilusias problemas. Materialinės paramos, pašalpos, paslaugų suteikimu šeimai dažniausiai rūpinasi socialiniai darbuotojai. Tikėtina, kad plečiant socialinio darbuotojo rengimo standartus ir specializuotų socialinių darbuotojų kompetencijų įvairovę teikiant vis kokybiškesnes socialines paslaugas, parama ir pagalba socialinės rizikos šeimoms ir individuali pagalba kiekvienam šeimos nariui būtų kokybiškesnė ir efektyvesnė. Šiame darbe siekiama pagrįsti socialinio darbuotojo kompetencijas, reikalingas teikiant paslaugas socialinės rizikos šeimoms. Darbo tikslas – išanalizuoti socialinio darbuotojo kompetencijas, teikiant paslaugas socialinės rizikos šeimoms. Didelis dėmesys buvo skirtas socialinės rizikos šeimos, kaip socialinės problemos, apžvalgai; profesinės kompetencijos socialinio darbo praktikoje, teikiant paslaugas socialinės rizikos šeimai, apibūdinimui; socialinių darbuotojų kompetencijų, būtinų teikiant paslaugas socialinės rizikos šeimoms, ir nuolatinio mokymosi reikalingumo aptarimui. Kiekybinio tyrimo (anketavimo) metu apklausti 122 socialiniai darbuotojai, teikiantys paslaugas socialinės rizikos šeimoms Kauno mieste. Socialinio darbuotojo gebėjimų ir žinių, reikalingų teikiant paslaugas socialinės rizikos šeimoms, tyrimas parodė, kad socialinio darbuotojo turimos kompetencijos ir nuolatinis jų tobulinimas turi... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / During economic crisis the situation is becoming more and more complex, therefore social risk family needs especial attention and support to solve present problems. Generally, the provision of financial support, allowance and services to family is a concern of social workers. It is likely that support and help to social risk families and individual help to every member of family would be of higher quality and more effective, if the standards of social worker's training and the variety of competencies of specialized social workers were being developed, and services of higher and higher quality were being provided. In this work it is sought to reason the competencies of social worker, which are necessary for provision of services to social risk families. The purpose of work- to analyse the competencies of social worker in the provision of services to social risk families. Considerable attention was given to the review of social risk family as a social problem; to the description of professional competence in the practice of social worker in provision of services to social risk family; to the consideration of social workers' competencies, necessary for provision of services to social risk families, and the necessity of continual learning. During quantitative research (questionnaire) 122 social workers, providing services to social risk families in Kaunas City, were questioned. The study of social worker's abilities and knowledge, necessary for provision of services to social... [to full text]

Iš visų socialinio darbuotojų savybių gebėjimas bendrauti yra pats svarbiausias. Bendravimas yra pagrindinė socialinio darbuotojo darbo priemonė, nes nuo įgūdžių, žinių užmezgant ir palaikant santykius su rizikos šeimomis kyla įtaka iš supratimo apie žmonių skirtumus, socialinių problemų įvairovę, paslaugų prieinamumą ir šaltinius. / Risk families who has children have no motavation for changes and solve their problems by themselves. So the social woker is the direct element to help solve social problems for risk families. Comunication is the main thing of co-operation, because from knowleges and practice depends the undrestanding differences between people, social problems and kind of help. The social woker's job depends from quality of comunication and ability to communicate with a risk family. The social woker's has to be a very good profesional , to know how to communicate with families, try to find knew ways and methods to solve the problems.

Tema: Šokis su ugnimi kaip prevencijos priemonė 12 – 18 Tyrimo problema – Kaip vaikams iš socialinės rizikos šeimų, stokojantiems socialinių įgūdžių, šokis su ugnimi gali padėti tokius įgūdžius susiformuoti? Tyrimo objektas – rizikos grupės vaikų požiūris į šokį su ugnimi kaip meninės saviraiškos priemonę. Tyrimo tikslas – ištirti kokį poveikį turi šokis su ugnimi vaikų socialinių įgūdžių tobulėjimui. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1. Aptarti meninio ugdymo sampratą ugdant socialinės rizikos grupės vaikus 2. Išanalizuoti šokio ir žongliravimo ugnimi meno reikšmę bei naudą asmenybės formavimuisi. 3. Ištirti kaip šokio su ugnimi praktiniai užsiėmimai gali padėti rizikos grupės vaikams lengviau adaptuotis prie aplinkos. 4. Ištirti šokio su ugnimi studiją lankančių vaikų socialinių įgūdžių pokyčius po pirmojo pasirodymo. Tyrimo hipotezė – meninis ugdymas stiprina vaikų pasitikėjimą savimi bei adaptavimosi visuomenėje įgūdžius. Išanalizavus mokslinę literatūrą ir atlikus tyrimą, prieita prie šių išvadų: 1. Išanalizavus mokslinę literatūrą, galime teigti, kad šokiai su ugnimi daro teigiamą įtaką rizikos grupės vaikams. Įskiepytas noras tobulėti ir ugdyti save bei ilgos ir sunkios valandos treniruočių salėje – morališkai ir fiziškai sustiprėję vaikai. Daug laiko ir pastangų buvo skirta meniniam vaikų ugdymui: asmenybės tobulinimui, bendravimo įgūdžių gerinimui, kultūros mokymui, disciplinai. 2. Darbo metu grupėje pastebėti kardinalūs pokyčiai vaikų elgesyje: pakilusi savivertė... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Research problem – can arts education, or at this point dancing and juggling with fire be an effective preventive mesure for children at risk? The subject of the research – how children at risk adapt to the environment. The objective of the research – analyze how dancing with fire affects the improvement of an individual. Tasks of the research: 1. Analyze the concept of arts education and how it can be used in life. 2. Analyze the meaning and the benefits of the art of dancing and juggling with fire. 3. Examine how practice of dancing with fire can help children at risk easier to adapt to the environment. 4. Select and prepare a team of children that would appear in a full performance. The hypothesis of the research: arts education strengthins childrens confidence and skills to adapt to the society By analyzing scientific literature and the results of the research these conclusions have been made: 1. Teachers and parents must be able to educate children`s personality through arts education. 2. Juggling increases brain power and develops logical thinking. 3. Arts education helps children at risk develope abilities such as freedom of expression, discipline, basic features of culture, self – esteem and respect to others, imagination. Which they didn‘t have the opportunity to get from their families. 4. Practicing dancing with fire helped develope these skills: 2. Self confidence and trust to others; 3. Quick desicion – making in stressfull situations; 4. Responsibility... [to full text]

研究者採用質性訪談方法，以高風險家庭處遇方案為場域，邀請執行該方案之督導員及社工員各六位為研究對象，運用宋麗玉與施教裕(2010)所擬定之「社會工作處遇的服務項目和結果指標：概念架構及操作定義」為成效指標之參考，進行個別訪談與資料收集。本研究主要探討高風險家庭處遇服務的社工督導模式，以及在不同督導模式下，社工員在「兒少成長發展」、「成人主要照顧者的改善發展」、「整體家庭功能的增強提昇」、「案家週邊社會支持體系」四大工作成效層面之情形。研究結果發現六種督導模式，分別為：「優勢觀點取向督導模式」、「生態系統取向督導模式」、「焦點解決取向督導模式」、「詮釋學取向督導模式」、「工具性督導模式」，以及「表達性督導模式」。於工作成效上，經社工員處遇後，在「兒少的成長發展層面」上，不論是一般兒少或是特殊兒少，經相關社會資源輸入後，如飲食、衛生、醫療、教育等系統，已使兒少漸漸步入正常的發展階段，發揮兒少自身之潛能，轉變成身、心、靈皆較為圓滿之狀態；在「成人主要照顧者的改善發展層面」上，原先家中之主要照顧者，因自身疾病因素或自我功能不足之情形，經社工的協助與鼓勵，多可獲得進一步的醫療處置以及良好的社會支持系統，發揮既有之社會功能，減緩低落的心理狀態，並以兒少之最佳利益為優先考量，以照顧兒少為其目標，提升本有之照顧功能；在「整體家庭功能的增強提昇層面」上，顯而易見的即是主要照顧者與兒少之間，多可站在雙方之立場，彼此接納與尊重，共同為家庭目標努力，各自扮演好應盡之角色義務，維持家庭之順利運行，使整體家庭功能有所提昇；在「建構案家週邊社會支持體系層面」上，經社工員引入正式與非正式資源後，案家危機狀況多可獲得即時性的改善，使家庭狀態趨於穩定，更重要的是案家在此過程擁有能力，當家庭需求無法滿足時，案家主動找尋社會資源以自我協助，預防家庭危機之再次出現。此外，經不同督導模式下的社工員，其工作成效亦可見其特殊性，如優勢觀點取向督導模式，使社工員在工作成效指標的四大面向，呈現多元的面貌，尤其在「成人主要照顧者的改善發展層面」、「整體家庭功能的增強提昇層面」，以及「建構案家週邊社會支持體系層面」上有突出的表現；生態系統取向督導模式，則在「兒少的成長發展層面」、「整體家庭功能的增強提昇層面」，以及「建構案家週邊社會支持體系層面」上擁有明顯表現；焦點解決取向督導模式，其在「整體家庭功能的增強提昇層面」上多有助益；詮釋學取向督導模式，主要展現於「成人主要照顧者的改善發展層面」。最後，研究者建議在政策規劃上，政府可強化社會工作督導員職能培訓與效能提升，並將該成效指標納入政策內容與高風險家庭個案管理系統；在實務工作上，建議督導員善用社會工作理論於督導過程，並建構出屬於自身的督導模式來模塑社工員的工作表現，以及實際運用該成效指標於處遇工作中。 / The researcher, applying the qualitative interview research in the field of the high-risk family service project, interviewing with six supervisors and six social workers in the project by applying the “complete conceptual framework and operational definition of service classification and outcome indicators” proposed by Song & Shih (2010) to gather data. Our research explored the social work supervision models for the services of high-risk family treatment and social workers’ outcomes in the areas of “child development”, “care takers’ improvement”, “family function empowerment” and “informal social support network”.According to our findings, six supervision models, “strengths perspective-approached supervision model”, “ecological systems-approached supervision model”, “solution-focused approached supervision model” , “hermeneutics-approached supervision model”, “instrumental supervision model” and “expressive supervision model”, all displayed work effectiveness as the treatments by social workers. In the area of “child development”,they inputted social resources such as diet, health, medical and education systems, to enable both normal and special children to begin to move into normal development stage for exhibiting their own potential and transforming into more successful physical, mental and spiritual state. In the “area of care takers’ improvement”, most of the main care takers of families, who had previously suffered from their own diseases or insufficient self-functions, were given better medical treatments and good social support system through the assistance and encouragement from the social workers, with their depressed mental state alleviated, and their inherent function of care taking giving priority to the consideration of best interests of children and setting the goal at care of children.In the “area of family function empowerment”, obviously both the main care takers and the children became more able to be take the stand points of each other to accept and respect each other to work hard jointly for the family’s aim, which each playing its own part well to sustain the smooth operation of the family and enhance the family function as a whole. In the “area of constructing of informal social support network”, most of the families of the case had their crises improved promptly after the social workers introduced formal and informal sources. Stabilizing the family status, and, more importantly, once these families possessed such capability during the treatment process, they would take initiatives in seeking social resources to self-help when their needs cannot be met, for preventing the family crises from re-occurring.In addition, social workers under different supervision models also showed their uniqueness in work effectiveness. For example, the strengths perspective-approached supervision model enabled social workers to exhibit diversely in the four areas of work effectiveness indicators, particularly the “area of care takers’ improvement”, the “area of family function empowerment” and the “area of constructing informal social support network”, where outstanding performances were seen. With the ecological systems-approached supervision model, notable performances were seen in the “area of child development”, the “area of family function empowerment” and the “area of constructing informal social support network”. The solution-focused approached supervision model helped greatly in the “area of family function empowerment”. The hermeneutics-approached supervision model stood out in the “area of care takers’ improvement”. At last, the researchers recommend that the governments, in formulating their policies, can strengthen the capacity training and efficacy increase for social work supervisors and take the outcome indicators as part of the policy contents and case management systems of high-risk families. Regarding the practice, we recommend that supervisors make good use of the theories of social work in their supervisory processes and construct supervision models that are for themselves to shape the performance of social workers and to apply the outcome indicators in the work of treatment.

兒童的依附品質就如同樹木的根基和莖葉，是身心健全成長的關鍵；然而，並非每一個家庭皆能滿足兒童的依附需求，特別是當家庭遭逢風險事件。本研究旨在探究高風險家庭中兒童之依附品質。 研究目的有三項，包含探究高風險家庭中兒童與主要照顧者之依附品質；風險因子對兒童依附關係所產生的衝擊；社會工作者（以下簡稱社工）對於兒童依附關係修復之處遇方式。本研究採質性研究之深度訪談法，訪談主體為社工，係以臺北市五間高風險家庭承辦單位之督導與社工為選樣對象，一共徵得二位督導、七位社工同意受訪。研究結果茲分為四面向，敘述如下： 一、高風險家庭兒童的依附對象多元，兒童除透過主要照顧者獲得依附滿足外，亦會向他人尋求情感連結。其中，兒童的依附行為包含正向的、矛盾的，以及負向的依附行為。 二、本研究參考相關文獻，以「照顧品質」、「信任關係」、「溝通品質」、「親疏遠近」四面向為主軸以探究兒童的依附品質。研究結果顯示風險因子會直接或間接地影響兒童的依附品質；其中，風險因子對「照顧品質」、「親疏遠近」的衝擊最大。 三、風險因子可能為不安全依附的預兆。本研究結果顯示家庭中經濟困難、婚姻關係不佳與物質濫用等風險因子，對兒童的依附發展有很大的衝擊。 四、高風險家庭社工對於兒童依附關係的修復，除透過直接服務外，社工亦會尋求替代性資源作為兒童的安全堡壘，以修復其依附關係。 最後，本研究亦針對高風險家庭兒童的依附修復策略和未來研究方向提出相關建議，以作為未來實務工作和更進一步研究之參考。 / The attachment quality of children is like the roots and leaves of tree, which is the key to complete well-being and optimal development of children. However, it is unfortunate that not every family can satisfy the attachment need of children, especially when one is struck by risk events. The research focus on children attachment quality in high-risk families. The three purposes of the research are as follows: analyzing the attachment quality between children and primary caregiver in high-risk families; probing into the impact incurred from the risk factors to the children attachment; exploring the practical intervention of the social workers adopted to fix the children attachment. The study conducted the method of qualitative research, utilizing in-depth interview to the social workers. The research recruited two supervisors and seven social workers from the five agents of high-risk families in Taipei City. The results of the research can be presented in the four following prospects. 1.The attachment figure of children in high-risk families can be diversified. They might seek affectional bond from people other than primary caregivers for their special family background. To find the attachment satisfaction, their attachment behaviors might include positive attachment behavior, ambivalent attachment behavior, and negative attachment behavior. 2.The research referred to related literature and established four prospects, "Care Giving Quality", "Trust Relationship", "Communication Quality", and "Intimacy Nurturing" to explore the children attachment quality. The results point out that the risk factors might influence the children attachment quality directly or indirectly. Among all of prospects, the risk factors can cause greatest influence to "Care Giving Quality" and "Intimacy Nurturing". 3.The appearance of risk factors might cause the insecure attachment. Especially economic difficult, crisis in marriage, and substance abuse can greatly influence the children attachment quality. 4.Social workers can provide direct services or seek alternative resources as secure base to fix the children attachment in high-risk families. Lastly, the research proposes attachment fix strategies for children in high-risk families and points out the potentialities of the topic, hoping the results of the research may enrich the related understanding and serve as a reference for practical fieldwork and future studies.

The present thesis is concerned with the Importance of Children's Centres influencing an active involvement of the family in the remediation process, a theme so far unexplored in this respect. The objective of the thesis is to design suitable starting points of an individual care plan of families at risk which contribute to returning the child to his or her biological family in the remediation process by way of social rehabilitation. This is fulfilled with respect to partial objectives that reveal the influence of social and pathological effects, partial characteristics of remediation of the family and services rendered, and on the basis of these findings, the author identifies the ways, methods and techniques of health and social work that are applied by Children's Centres in relation to an active involvement of parents in a social rehabilitation process. In addition, the present thesis determines aspects of the multidisciplinary help that assist in participation in the support provided, or, as the case may be, aspects that prevent such participation. The thesis is divided into two parts - theoretical and methodological. The theoretical part is engaged in the family as such, its functions, risk factors, the most common types of parental disorders in relation to a family at risk, families at risk, the contemporary status of care of children at risk. The thesis delineates in detail the forms of threats to children and the key risk factors influencing parents with respect to participation in solving the problem per se. The last chapter scrutinizes the problem of family remediation, its characteristics and stages. Further, the last chapter focuses on activities of "Dětské centrum Jihočeského kraje, o.p.s." [Children's Centre of the South Bohemian Region, public service company] in Strakonice and the social rehabilitation service the Centre provides - ways, methods and techniques of health and social work with families at risk. The content of the methodological part gives an explanation of the importance of the Children's Centre influencing an active involvement of parents in the remediation process using social rehabilitation, by applying the method of a semi-conducted interview as a primary technique of data collection. The data acquired are analysed and interpreted in Chapter eight. Chapter nine presents starting points for an individual care plan that serve, in compliance with the rules enumerated, as a functional tool for achieving an active involvement of parents in the social rehabilitation process. The final chapter concludes and further clarifies the problems at issue.