<p>The overall aim of this thesis was to deepen understanding of elder abuse (EA) by exploring and comparing perceptions held by experts, older persons, representatives of potential support organizations, and family members. Experts’ perspectives (I) were examined through risk indicators and screening questions (a) located in EA literature and (b) selected by an international Delphi panel. Risk indicators most commonly found in the literature or selected by the panel were compiled into consensus lists. There were differences between risk indicators and questions in the two lists. In papers II and III participants were interviewed in focus groups about their perceptions of EA. Older persons (II) considered EA to be due to changing society and family systems where children are not brought up to respect older persons. EA was mainly conceptualized as ageism, criminal actions, mistreatment in residential care, and societal abuse. The abuser was perceived as a stranger or a healthcare worker. Fear was discussed as a major consequence of EA; especially fear among women. Abused persons were described as carrying the responsibility to seek help. Witnesses were described as hesitant to get involved. Improvements in society such as educating children and healthcare workers were considered ways to cope with EA. Besides family and friends there were few spontaneous suggestions for where to seek help and support in society. These suggestions included healthcare, police, church, and volunteer organizations. Representatives of these suggested organizations were interviewed in focus groups about their perceptions of EA (III). Perceptions of both causes and conceptions of EA were very similar to perceptions of older persons (II). Four themes emerged in the data; good intentions in abusive situations, older generation’s responsibility for EA, failing to report abuse, and prevention of abuse. Participants (III) also expressed ageist attitudes themselves and findings included victim blaming and tolerance for EA. Participants perceived that anyone could be provoked to abuse, and that abusers can be considered victims in abusive situations. Confidentiality was discussed as a barrier to reporting and the need for educating children to show respect for older persons was identified. Interviews with an adult family member (IV) explored her experiences of witnessing abuse situations between her uncle and his wife. In her desire to protect and remain loyal to her family she felt powerless and tolerated abuse. She longed for support she could trust but was locked into passivity by her feelings of shame. Synthesis of findings (I – IV) revealed issues of isolation, autonomy, vulnerability, victim blaming, perceiving the abuser as a victim of circumstances, ageism, tolerating EA, shame, and power as essential elements in EA. Based on the findings, alternative descriptions of EA are offered as a challenge to existing EA definitions. Findings suggest that a key to unlocking EA is compassion, understood as the ability to see a situation as if we were in it ourselves, experiencing the potential for disrespect, shame and unworthiness inherent in abusive acts.</p>

The overall aim of this thesis was to deepen understanding of elder abuse (EA) by exploring and comparing perceptions held by experts, older persons, representatives of potential support organizations, and family members. Experts’ perspectives (I) were examined through risk indicators and screening questions (a) located in EA literature and (b) selected by an international Delphi panel. Risk indicators most commonly found in the literature or selected by the panel were compiled into consensus lists. There were differences between risk indicators and questions in the two lists. In papers II and III participants were interviewed in focus groups about their perceptions of EA. Older persons (II) considered EA to be due to changing society and family systems where children are not brought up to respect older persons. EA was mainly conceptualized as ageism, criminal actions, mistreatment in residential care, and societal abuse. The abuser was perceived as a stranger or a healthcare worker. Fear was discussed as a major consequence of EA; especially fear among women. Abused persons were described as carrying the responsibility to seek help. Witnesses were described as hesitant to get involved. Improvements in society such as educating children and healthcare workers were considered ways to cope with EA. Besides family and friends there were few spontaneous suggestions for where to seek help and support in society. These suggestions included healthcare, police, church, and volunteer organizations. Representatives of these suggested organizations were interviewed in focus groups about their perceptions of EA (III). Perceptions of both causes and conceptions of EA were very similar to perceptions of older persons (II). Four themes emerged in the data; good intentions in abusive situations, older generation’s responsibility for EA, failing to report abuse, and prevention of abuse. Participants (III) also expressed ageist attitudes themselves and findings included victim blaming and tolerance for EA. Participants perceived that anyone could be provoked to abuse, and that abusers can be considered victims in abusive situations. Confidentiality was discussed as a barrier to reporting and the need for educating children to show respect for older persons was identified. Interviews with an adult family member (IV) explored her experiences of witnessing abuse situations between her uncle and his wife. In her desire to protect and remain loyal to her family she felt powerless and tolerated abuse. She longed for support she could trust but was locked into passivity by her feelings of shame. Synthesis of findings (I – IV) revealed issues of isolation, autonomy, vulnerability, victim blaming, perceiving the abuser as a victim of circumstances, ageism, tolerating EA, shame, and power as essential elements in EA. Based on the findings, alternative descriptions of EA are offered as a challenge to existing EA definitions. Findings suggest that a key to unlocking EA is compassion, understood as the ability to see a situation as if we were in it ourselves, experiencing the potential for disrespect, shame and unworthiness inherent in abusive acts.

I prodotti fitosanitari sono considerati uno dei principali strumenti di difesa contro le più rilevanti avversità che colpiscono la produzione agricola. Per garantire che il loro utilizzo sia realmente basato su principi di sostenibilità, nel 2009 l’Unione Europea ha introdotto la cosiddetta direttiva sull’Uso Sostenibile dei Pesticidi (EU 128/2009/EC) dove lo sviluppo di appropriati indicatori di rischio insieme all’implementazione di una corretta attività di formazione e sensibilizzazione sono da considerare fondamentali per ridurre l’esposizione. Per contribuire in questa direzione, in questo studio sono stati prodotti: a) un toolbox di pratici indicatori di rischio indiretti per essere utilizzati da parte delle autorità nazionali per monitorare le performance; b) un nuovo strumento e-learning (OpenTEA) di formazione e sensibilizzazione per raccogliere e condividere i più efficienti e consistenti materiali a disposizione. Questi contributi sono stati sviluppati utilizzando un approccio pragmatico basato sia su una consultazione degli stakeholders sia su un’analisi completa del rischio (usando dei modelli previsionali di esposizione e svolgendo un’indagine sistematica “sul campo”). Tutto è stato reso possibile grazie al coinvolgimento nelle attività nel centro di ricerca OPERA, un “think tank” che attraverso il suo approccio innovativo basato su costruire reti con gli stakeholders e ponti tra scienza e politica, permette il raggiungimento di soluzioni pragmatiche condivise. / Pesticides are considered one of the principle tools of defence against the most relevant adversity affecting the agricultural production. To ensure that their use is really based on sustainability principle, in 2009 the European Union introduced the so called Directive on Sustainable Use of Pesticides (EU 128/2009/EC) where the establishment of appropriate risk indicators to monitor the performances together with the implementation of appropriate training and awareness raising to improve behaviours are considered fundamentals. To contribute in this direction, in this study were produced: a) a toolbox of practical indirect risk indicators to be used by EU Member States to monitor the performances; b) a new e-learning tool (OpenTEA) for training and awareness raising to collect and share the most efficient and scientifically sound training and communication material. These contributions were developed using a pragmatic approach focusing either on a complete stakeholder consultation process either on a comprehensive analysis of risk (looking at some exposure models and performing a systematic surveys “on the field”). All the process was possible getting involved in the OPERA research centre, a “think tank” that through its innovative approach based on building network among stakeholders and bridges between science and policy, allow the achievement of pragmatic and agreed solutions.

Since the introduction of the Municipal Finance Management Act (MFMA) in 2003 and the Public Sector Risk Management Framework in 2010, Municipalities had to start focusing on proper risk management as part of their management activities. Within the government sector, risk management needs to be implemented in order to prevent financial losses and to improve service delivery. If shortcomings regarding risk management exist within a municipality, it could have a negative effect on sound financial management and the outcome of annual audits. This study was conducted to test the hypothesis, namely if shortcomings regarding risk management exist within a municipality. Should this be the case, it could possible affect sound financial management and the outcome of annual audits. This was to a large extent proven within this case study and it is likely that other municipalities will have similar problems. Information was obtained from two groups of officials of the Sedibeng District Municipality by means of one-on-one interviews and hand delivered questionnaires. Group 1 consisted of 14 officials not in management positions and group 2 of 11 officials in senior management positions. The questionnaire comprised five sections of questions that aimed at determining the extent of knowledge and attitude of the respondent towards monitoring, assessment, identification and response to risk management within their specific departments. Analysis of the results indicated clearly that the overall risk management knowledge differed substantially from group 1 to group 2. The knowledge, monitoring, assessment, identification and response to risk management activities were minimal or unclear to respondents not in management positions. Respondents in senior management positions were more aware of risk management responsibilities. However they admitted that it was not always done as required and in many cases only due to compliance. The results are strengthened by the statement released by the Auditor General in his 2011 audit report on Sedibeng District Municipality stating “the implementation of appropriate risk management activities to ensure risk assessment, were not conducted and the risk strategy to address the risks was not developed and monitored.” Various recommendations are proposed within this article that could improve the overall management and sustainability of risk management within municipalities. / M Development and Management (Public Management and Governance), North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2014

The purposes of this study were to examine the prevalence of current substance use and early risk indicators for substance abuse and dependence, and to investigate the relationships among religiousness, current substance use, and early risk indicators among nursing students at seven Seventh-day Adventist colleges. Data for this descriptive study were collected through Efinger's Alcohol Risk Survey (EARS) (Efinger, 1984), the CAGE Questionnaire ( Ewing , 1984), and the Intrinsic/Extrinsic-Revised Scale (Gorsuch & McPherson, 1989). Participants were 241 nursing students enrolled in their first year of nursing courses at seven colleges and universities located across the United States . Findings indicated that 42% of students scored higher than the EARS mean; 24% reported current substance use; and 15% scored in the probable abuse/dependence category of CAGE. Students who reported current substance use and those scoring in the probable substance abuse/dependence category were significantly more likely to score above the EARS median. Intrinsic religiousness demonstrated a significant inverse relationship with current substance use. Significantly lower rates of current substance use were associated with higher rates of attendance at religious services. Respondents who indicated that their religion prohibited alcohol consumption reported significantly lower rates of current substance use than those who answered "No" or "I don't know" to their religion's prohibition of alcohol consumption. A substantial number of nursing students were found to have high numbers of early risk indicators for substance abuse and dependence that warrant intervention. The majority of students who scored in the probable substance abuse/dependence category also had higher EARS scores, thereby increasing their risk for substance impairment. Religious variables appear to have had a mediating influence on current substance use with this sample. Prevention programs should be aimed at risks that are modifiable, thus enabling students to make healthy decisions about using substances.

Bank failures during recent years continue to cause stakeholders to question how board and senior management are overseeing and managing Operational Risk. This research evaluated the use of Operational Risk tools by South African banks who have adopted Advanced Measurement Approach (AMA) for management and calculation of Operational Risk capital, based on the Basel II requirements (Bank for International Settlements, 2006). The research was conducted under the assumption that when Operational Risk tools are adopted and used as prescribed by the Basel II Framework, it will lead to enhanced risk management practices and allow banks to identify emerging risks where controls can be designed to mitigate risks from materialising. This study was conducted using a quantitative method – the survey was sent to Operational Risk managers in the main segments of 3 South African AMA banks (ABSA, FIRSTRAND and NEDBANK), and senior managers in the group Operational Risk departments. The study found that Operational Risk tools are used and have been implemented as per Basel II requirements even though there are minor gaps. These tools have also been integrated in day-to-day processes; however there are some improvements required when it comes to a full integration and the use of the tools in the decision making processes. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

Yes / Risk Management is one of the most relevant approaches and systematic application of strategies, procedures and practices management that have been introduced in literature to identifying and analysing risks which exist through the whole life of a product or a process. As a quality management tool, the novelty of this paper suggests a modified Failure Modes and Effect Analysis (FMEA) for understanding the non-technical risk comprehensively, and to attain a systemic methodology by decomposing the risk for nine risk categories including an appropriate 84 Risk Indicators (RI's) within all those categories through the Life Cycle (LC) stages of power plants. These risk categories have been identified as: economic risks, environmental and safety health risks, social risks, technological risks, customer/demand risks, supply chain risks, internal and operational business process risks, human resources risks and management risks. These indicators are collected from literatures. The enhanced FMEA has combined the exponential and the weighted geometric mean (WGM) to calculate the Exponential Weighted Geometric Mean-RPN (EWGM-RPN). The EWGM-RPN can be used to evaluate the risk level, after which the high-risk areas can be determined. Subsequently, effective actions either preventive or corrective can be taken in time to reduce the risk to an acceptable level. However, in this paper the FMEA will not adapt an action plan. Due to that, all RPN's will be considered depending on the point scale (1 to 5) afterward, the results will be combined and extended later with AHP. This developed methodology is able to boost effective decision- making about risks, improve the awareness towards the risk management at power plants, and assist the top management to have an acceptable and preferable understanding of the organisation than lower level managers do who are close to the day-to-day (tactical plan). Additionally, this will support the organisation to develop strategic plans which are for long term. And the essential part of applying this methodology is the economic benefit. Also, this paper includes developed sustainability perspective indicators with a new fourth pillar, which is the technological dimension. The results of the analysis show that the potential strategic makers should pay special attention to the environmental and internal and operational business process risks. The developed methodology will be applied and validated for different power plants in the Middle East. An expanded validation is required to completely prove drawbacks and benefits after completing the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) model. / Hashemite University, Jordan

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T18:12:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mara Rosana Araujo.pdf: 1150623 bytes, checksum: 14dd5aa86388d3f10a385c5f79b4613f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Introduction Audiologic monitoring of infants with risk indicators for hearing loss has been recommended and discussed in several studies, however there is not a strict protocol. Objective To analyze the results of an audiologic follow-up program for children at risk for hearing loss. Method We studied 127 children with risk indicators for hearing loss who had a normal newborn hearing screening. It was chosen the visual reinforcement audiometry technique to evaluate hearing for children from six to 24 months. The children who could not perform the visual reinforcement audiometry were submitted to the behavioral observation audiometry technique. Children older than 24 months were evaluated with conditioned play audiometry. And, the OAE was performed in children who did not accept the insert earphones. Children with suspected hearing loss had appointments for new evaluation, and those with abnormal results were submitted to an ABR. Results The most frequently observed risk indicators were NICU for more than 5 days (75%) and the use of ototoxic drugs (63%). Ninety two (72.4%) of the 127 children analyzed attended at least one session of audiologic monitoring. The mean age in the first, second and third sessions were 13.2, 20.6 and 32.6 months, respectively. Regarding the behavioral assessment techniques, most of the children (95.6%) were able to perform VRA. Among them, 71.6% accepted the insert earphones. Only 28.4% did not accept the earphones, being tested through VRA in free field. In the three steps of this audiologic monitoring 14 children (15.2%) had suspected hearing loss, three of which have been identified with conductive hearing loss. Conclusion In the first session, 72.4% of children who scheduled appointments were present. Almost 71.7% of children missed the second appointment and the 80.7% the third session. The VRA was a viable technique for monitoring hearing, performed in 95.6% of the children. We found three cases (3.2%) of conductive hearing loss, ranging from mild to moderate / Introdução: O monitoramento auditivo tem sido recomendado e discutido em diversos estudos relacionados à saúde auditiva, no entanto não existe um protocolo para a sua realização. Objetivo: Analisar os resultados encontrados em um Programa de Monitoramento Auditivo de crianças com indicadores de risco para a deficiência auditiva. Método: A casuística foi composta de 127 crianças com indicadores de risco que haviam passado na triagem auditiva neonatal. A técnica de avaliação auditiva comportamental de escolha para as crianças de seis a 24 meses foi a técnica da Audiometria de Reforço Visual, porém nas que não conseguiram realizar este teste, foi realizada a Observação de Comportamento Auditivo. Para as crianças com idade acima de 24 meses tentou-se a avaliação por meio da Audiometria Lúdica Condicionada. As crianças que não aceitaram a colocação dos fones de inserção para a avaliação comportamental foram submetidas ao registro das EOA. As crianças com suspeita de perda auditiva tiveram um retorno agendado para reavaliação, e nos casos em que a alteração se manteve foi realizado o registro do PEATE. Resultados: O indicador de risco mais encontrado neste estudo foi a permanência em UTIN por período maior que cinco dias (75%), seguido pelo uso de medicação ototóxica em 63,0% dos casos. Das 127 crianças agendadas no monitoramento auditivo, 92 crianças (72,4%) compareceram a pelo menos um monitoramento. Com relação à média das idades das crianças avaliadas em cada monitoramento, obtivemos 13,2; 20,6; e 32,6 meses no primeiro, segundo e terceiro monitoramentos, respectivamente. No que tange às técnicas de avaliação comportamental, a maioria das crianças (95,6%) foi capaz de realizar a técnica da VRA, deste total 71,5% aceitaram a colocação dos fones de inserção e apenas 28,4% não aceitaram os fones, sendo realizado somente a VRA em campo livre. Nas três etapas do monitoramento auditivo foram encontrados 14 casos de suspeita de perda auditiva, totalizando 15,2% das 92 crianças avaliadas, das quais três foram identificadas com alterações condutivas. Conclusão: No primeiro monitoramento compareceram 72,4% das crianças agendadas, com evasão de 71,7% para o segundo monitoramento e de 80,7% para o terceiro monitoramento. A VRA se mostrou uma técnica viável para ser utilizada no monitoramento auditivo, sendo realizada em 95,6% das crianças. Foram encontrados três casos de perda auditiva condutiva (3,2%), que variou de grau leve a moderado

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:40:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jefferson de Paula Fernandes Barbosa.pdf: 1168635 bytes, checksum: 3f177a510dfa22c0b368c4b7a34aa5b3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-10-22 / This study had for main objective to performed a comparative analysis of the accounting measures of risk between the companies listed in Bovespa audited by Big Four and Non Big Four, and the secondary objective concentrated on the existence of accounting measures of risk that its indicate an uncertainty about the normal continuity of the businesses, and its influence to disclosure in the audit report an emphasis paragraph related such uncertainty. The interest in a study about the audit quality with focus in the capital market it has as motivation to evaluate the auditing opinion is accomplishing its role to provide credibility in financial statements. The hypotheses of this study are the following ones: (i) company audited by Big Four has lower risk when compared to the company audited by Non Big Four; and (ii) if the company audited by Big Four has higher risk probably the auditing opinion has an emphasis paragraph about the going concern. The evaluation of the quality of the auditing is a difficult task, once the only public result of the auditing work is the audit report. 236 companies listed in Bovespa in the period from 2002 to 2007 composed the study sample. The obtained results indicated that companies audited by Big Four have lower risk than companies audited by Non Big Four. However, due to the occurrence of three inconsistencies in the audit reports from Big Four, which did not report an emphasis paragraph about the going concern, the second hypothesis of this research was rejected / O estudo teve por objetivo principal proceder a uma análise comparativa das medidas contábeis de risco entre as companhias listadas na Bovespa clientes das Big Four e clientes das Non Big Four, e o objetivo secundário concentrou-se na existência de medidas contábeis de risco que indicam uma incerteza sobre a continuidade normal dos negócios, e sua influência na emissão de um parecer de auditoria com um parágrafo de ênfase sobre a referida incerteza. O interesse num estudo sobre a qualidade da auditoria com ênfase no mercado de capitais tem como motivação avaliar se o parecer de auditoria está cumprindo o seu papel de proporcionar credibilidade as demonstrações contábeis. As hipóteses deste estudo são as seguintes: (i) as companhias abertas clientes das Big Four possuem menor risco em relação aos clientes das Non Big Four ; e (ii) as companhias abertas clientes das Big Four que possuem medidas contábeis de alto risco terão um parágrafo de ênfase sobre a continuidade operacional. A avaliação da qualidade da auditoria é uma tarefa difícil, uma vez que o único resultado observável do trabalho de auditoria é o parecer. A amostra utilizada foi composta por 236 empresas de capital aberto listadas na Bovespa no período de 2002 a 2007. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que companhias abertas que são clientes das Big Four possuem um risco menor em relação às companhias abertas que são clientes das Non Big Four. No entanto, devido à ocorrência de três inconsistências nos pareceres de auditoria de companhias abertas de clientes das Big Four, pela omissão dos parágrafos de ênfase sobre a continuidade normal dos negócios, a segunda hipótese desta pesquisa foi rejeitada

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T12:51:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 adriano mondini_dissert.pdf: 3033302 bytes, checksum: 9710dd822dc859570da326193bf341f4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-12-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The use of spatial analysis tools is an important instrument to understanding dengue incidences in different areas of the municipality and providing important information for the risk stratification and the optimization of control and vigilance tools. This study aimed at performing a spatial and a temporal analysis on dengue transmission in a medium-sized city in the interior of the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, covering the period from September 1994 to August 2002. Autochthonous cases with confirmation by laboratory tests were utilized. Population data on the city of Sao Jose do Rio Preto were obtained from the Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics and the municipal authorities. The cases were georeferenced according to street addresses and clustered according to the 432 census tracts in the municipality, thus resulting in thematic maps. The analysis of main components generated a factor which was used to divide the municipality in four distinct groups, according to socioeconomic level. Moran Index was calculated through multiple regressions of socioeconomic variables. Georeferencing, spatial analysis and the confection of maps were performed through ArcGis tools. A rising trend in annual incidence was noted, with a peak in 2000/2001. From 1990 to 1994 the length of the transmission period reached a maximum of five months per year. This period increased in length over subsequent years. In the final year investigated, transmission occurred in all twelve months, without interruptions. In the period of study 94-95, the socioeconomic component was relevant in dengue incidences. The risk of getting infected in class-4 sites was 2,7 times bigger than in class-1 areas in this period. Not only socioeconomic variables were responsible for dengue incidences in the municipality, but also demographic and environmental characteristics. The endemic pattern of the transmission and the differentiated occurrence according to areas need to be taken into account when developing strategies for dengue control. It is important to stand out that spatial patterns are very important in the risk of dengue transmission. However, several variables are intimately linked with the modulation of disease dynamics, such as circulating serotypes in the municipality and the immunity level of resident population, socioeconomic factors, mosquito infestation, among others, demonstrating that dengue incidences cannot be interpreted in an unilateral form, but contemplated in an holistic way. / O uso de ferramentas de análise espacial é um importante instrumento para o entendimento do comportamento das incidências de dengue em diferentes áreas que compõem o município, além de fornecer subsídios importantes para a estratificação do risco e otimização das medidas de vigilância e controle. O principal objetivo do estudo é a análise espacial e temporal da transmissão de dengue em São José do Rio Preto, SP, entre setembro de 1994 e agosto de 2002. Foram agrupados em um banco de dados 14.431 casos autóctones da área urbana confirmados laboratorialmente, juntamente com dados populacionais e vetoriais da Fundação Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística e da Prefeitura Municipal. Os coeficientes de incidências foram calculados considerando-se períodos entre setembro de um ano a agosto do ano seguinte. Os meses de setembro e agosto foram escolhidos por apresentarem menores valores de incidência em relação aos demais meses do ano e possibilitarem uma boa representação da sazonalidade da doença. Os casos foram geocodificados a partir do eixo de logradouros e agrupados segundo os 432 setores censitários do município o que permitiu a produção de mapas temáticos. A análise de componentes principais gerou um fator utilizado para dividir o município em quatro agrupamentos distintos segundo nível socioeconômico. O índice de Moran foi calculado utilizando-se regressões múltiplas de variáveis socioeconômicas. O georreferenciamento, a análise espacial e a confecção de mapas foram realizados através de ferramentas do programa ArcGis. Com a análise das séries históricas notou-se um aumento progressivo das incidências anuais com pico em 2000/2001. Entre 1990 e 1994 a duração da transmissão atingiu, no máximo, 5 meses em cada período, com aumento nos anos seguintes. No último período, ocorreu nos doze meses, sem interrupção. No período de 94/95, a componente sócio-econômica foi relevante nas incidências de dengue em diversos setores censitários do município. Neste período, o risco de adoecer nos locais de classe 4 foi aproximadamente 2,7 vezes maior do que naqueles de classe 1. Não apenas variáveis socioeconômicas foram responsáveis pelas incidências de dengue no município, mas também características demográficas e ambientais. A característica endêmica da transmissão e a ocorrência diferenciada segundo áreas devem ser levadas em conta na estruturação de estratégias para o controle de dengue e na otimização de recursos. É importante ressaltar que padrões espaciais são muito importantes no risco de transmissão de dengue. No entanto, diversas outras variáveis estão intimamente relacionadas com a modulação da dinâmica da doença, dentre elas, os sorotipos circulantes no município e o grau de imunidade da população em relação a eles, os fatores socioeconômicos, a infestação pelo vetor, dentre outros, demonstrando que as incidências de dengue não podem ser interpretadas de forma unilateral e, sim, contempladas de maneira holística.