Mit der fortschreitenden Entwicklung wasserstoffbasierter Energiesysteme geht die Notwendigkeit einher, die neuen Technologiekonzepte hinsichtlich deren Sicherheit zu analysieren und zu bewerten. Ziel des vorliegenden Papers ist daher zunächst die Beschreibung des aktuellen Standes zur Sicherheitsforschung für wasserstoffbasierte Energiesysteme. Die durchgeführte Literaturauswertung erfolgte mit den Schwerpunkten Analyseziele, Anwendungsbereiche und angewendete Methoden. Durch Unterschiede hinsichtlich dieser Schwerpunkte in der herangezogenen Literatur ist die Vergleichbarkeit und Verknüpfung der Ergebnisse erschwert. Zusätzlich liefern die ausgewerteten Studien gegensätzliche Schlussfolgerungen zur Bewertung der Sicherheit von wasserstoffbasierten Systemen. Eine beispielhafte Gegenüberstellung der Analyse eines Einzelsystems zu der Analyse eines Gesamtsystems verdeutlich darüber hinaus die Notwendigkeit für ganzheitliche Analysen in der Wertschöpfungskette von Wasserstoff. Ein einheitliches Fazit zur Sicherheit wasserstoffbasierter Energiesysteme ist anhand der ausgewerteten Studien aufgrund der großen Unsicherheiten und der Widersprüchlichkeiten in den Ergebnissen der Analysen aktuell nicht möglich. Hierfür sind weiterführende Arbeiten erforderlich. / The progressive development of hydrogen-based energy systems is accompanied by the need to analyse and evaluate new technology concepts in terms of their safety. Therefore, the aim of this paper is therefore to describe the current state of the safety research for hydrogen-based energy systems. The literature analysis was carried out with a focus on analysis goals, areas of application and applied methods. Differences with regard to these focuses in the cited literature make it difficult to compare and link the results. In addition, the evaluated studies provide contradictory conclusions for the evaluation of the safety of hydrogen-based systems. In an exemplary comparison of the analysis of an individual system with the analysis of an overall system, the need for holistic analyses in the hydrogen value chain is further illustrated. A consistent conclusion on the safety of hydrogen-based energy systems is currently not possible on the basis of the analysed studies due to the large uncertainties and the contradictions in the results of the analyses. Consequently, further work is required. A consistent conclusion on the safety of hydrogen-based energy systems is currently not possible on the basis of the analysed studies due to the large uncertainties and the contradictions in the results of the analyses. Consequently, further work is required.

[ES] Las grandes presas, así como los diques de protección, son infraestructuras críticas cuyo fallo puede conllevar importantes consecuencias económicas y sociales. Tradicionalmente, la gestión del riesgo y la definición de estrategias de adaptación en la toma de decisiones han asumido la invariabilidad de las condiciones climáticas, incluida la persistencia de patrones históricos de variabilidad natural y la frecuencia de eventos extremos. Sin embargo, se espera que el cambio climático afecte de forma importante a los sistemas hídricos y comprometa la seguridad de las presas, lo que puede acarrear posibles impactos negativos en términos de costes económicos, sociales y ambientales. Los propietarios y operadores de presas deben por tanto adaptar sus estrategias de gestión y adaptación a medio y largo plazo a los nuevos escenarios climáticos. En la presente tesis se ha desarrollado una metodología integral para incorporar los impactos del cambio climático en la gestión de la seguridad de presas y en el apoyo a la toma de decisiones. El objetivo es plantear estrategias de adaptación que incorporen la variabilidad de los futuros riesgos, así como la incertidumbre asociada a los nuevos escenarios climáticos. El impacto del cambio climático en la seguridad de presas se ha estructurado utilizando modelos de riesgo y mediante una revisión bibliográfica interdisciplinaria sobre sus potenciales efectos. Esto ha permitido establecer un enfoque dependiente del tiempo que incorpore la evolución futura del riesgo, para lo cual se ha definido un nuevo indicador que evalúa cuantitativamente la eficiencia a largo plazo de las medidas de reducción de riesgo. Además, para integrar la incertidumbre de los escenarios futuros en la toma de decisiones, la metodología propone una estrategia robusta que permite establecer secuencias optimizadas de implementación de medidas correctoras para la adaptación al cambio climático. A pesar de las dificultades para asignar probabilidades a eventos específicos, esta metodología permite un análisis sistemático y objetivo, reduciendo considerablemente la subjetividad. Esta metodología se ha aplicado al caso real de una presa española susceptible a los efectos del cambio climático. El análisis se centra en el escenario hidrológico, donde las avenidas son la principal carga a la que está sometida la presa. Respecto de análisis previos de la presa, los resultados obtenidos proporcionan nueva y valiosa información sobre la evolución de los riesgos futuros y sobre cómo abordarlos. En general, se espera un aumento del riesgo con el tiempo; esto ha llevado a plantear nuevas medidas de adaptación que no están justificadas en la situación actual. Esta es la primera aplicación documentada de un análisis exhaustivo de los impactos del cambio climático sobre el riesgo de rotura de una presa que sirve como marco de referencia para la definición de estrategias de adaptación a largo plazo y la evaluación de su eficiencia. / [CAT] Les grans preses, així com els dics de protecció, són infraestructures crítiques que si fallen poden produir importants conseqüències econòmiques i socials. Tradicionalment, la gestió del risc i la definició d'estratègies d'adaptació en la presa de decisions han assumit la invariabilitat de les condicions climàtiques, inclosa la persistència de patrons històrics de variabilitat natural i la probabilitat d'esdeveniments extrems. No obstant això, s'espera que el canvi climàtic afecte de manera important als sistemes hídrics i comprometi la seguretat de les preses, la qual cosa pot implicar possibles impactes negatius en termes de costos econòmics, socials i ambientals. Els propietaris i operadors de preses deuen per tant adaptar les seues estratègies de gestió i adaptació a mitjà i llarg termini als nous escenaris climàtics. En la present tesi s'ha desenvolupat una metodologia integral per a incorporar els impactes del canvi climàtic en la gestió de la seguretat de preses i en el suport a la presa de decisions. L'objectiu és plantejar estratègies d'adaptació que incorporen la variabilitat dels futurs riscos, així com la incertesa associada als nous escenaris climàtics. L'impacte del canvi climàtic en la seguretat de preses s'ha estructurat utilitzant models de risc i mitjançant una revisió bibliogràfica interdisciplinària sobre els seus potencials efectes. Això ha permès establir un enfocament dependent del temps que incorpori l'evolució futura del risc, per a això s'ha definit un nou indicador que avalua quantitativament l'eficiència a llarg termini de les mesures de reducció de risc. A més, per a integrar la incertesa dels escenaris futurs en la presa de decisions, la metodologia proposa una estratègia robusta que permet establir seqüències optimitzades d'implementació de mesures correctores per a l'adaptació al canvi climàtic. A pesar de les dificultats per a assignar probabilitats a esdeveniments específics, esta metodologia permet una anàlisi sistemàtica i objectiva, reduint considerablement la subjectivitat. Aquesta metodologia s'ha aplicat al cas real d'una presa espanyola susceptible a l'efecte del canvi climàtic. L'anàlisi se centra en l'escenari hidrològic, on les avingudes són la principal càrrega a la qual està sotmesa la presa. Respecte d'anàlisis prèvies de la presa, els resultats obtinguts proporcionen nova i valuosa informació sobre l'evolució dels riscos futurs i sobre com abordar-los. En general, s'espera un augment del risc amb el temps; això ha portat a plantejar noves mesures d'adaptació que no estarien justificades en la situació actual. Aquesta és la primera aplicació documentada d'una anàlisi exhaustiva dels impactes del canvi climàtic sobre el risc de trencament d'una presa que serveix com a marc de referència per a la definició d'estratègies d'adaptació a llarg termini i l'avaluació de la seua eficiencia. / [EN] Large dams as well as protective dikes and levees are critical infrastructures whose failure has major economic and social consequences. Risk assessment approaches and decision-making strategies have traditionally assumed the stationarity of climatic conditions, including the persistence of historical patterns of natural variability and the likelihood of extreme events. However, climate change has a major impact on the world's water systems and is endangering dam safety, leading to potentially damaging impacts in terms of economic, social and environmental costs. Owners and operators of dams must adapt their mid- and long-term management and adaptation strategies to new climate scenarios. This thesis proposes a comprehensive approach to incorporate climate change impacts on dam safety management and decision-making support. The goal is to design adaptation strategies that incorporate the non-stationarity of future risks as well as the uncertainties associated with new climate scenarios. Based on an interdisciplinary review of the state-of-the-art research on its potential effects, the global impact of climate change on dam safety is structured using risk models. This allows a time-dependent approach to be established to consider the potential evolution of risk with time. Consequently, a new indicator is defined to support the quantitative assessment of the long-term efficiency of risk reduction measures. Additionally, in order to integrate the uncertainty of future scenarios, the approach is enhanced with a robust decision-making strategy that helps establish the consensus sequence of measures to be implemented for climate change adaptation. Despite the difficulties to allocate probabilities to specific events, such framework allows for a systematic and objective analysis, reducing considerably the subjectivity. Such a methodology is applied to a real case study of a Spanish dam subjected to the effects of climate change. The analysis focus on hydrological scenarios, where floods are the main load to which the dam is subjected. The results provide valuable new information with respect to the previously existing analysis of the dam regarding the evolution of future risks and how to cope with it. In general, risks are expected to increase with time and, as a result, new adaptation measures that are not justifiable for the present situation are recommended. This is the first documented application of a comprehensive analysis of climate change impacts on dam failure risk and serves as a reference benchmark for the definition of long-term adaptation strategies and the evaluation of their efficiency. / Fluixá Sanmartín, J. (2020). Adaptation strategies of dam safety management to new climate change scenarios informed by risk indicators [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/157634 / TESIS

Abstract Background and problem statement: Since December 2019 the world have been largely affected by the new corona virus (Covid-19). The corporate industry has experienced the consequences of whole nations isolating themselves to contain the virus. The complex networks of today’s supply chains further complicate this situation. This has challenged companies expertise and preparedness within areas of supply chain risk management and further within procurement. Purpose: This study aims to identify how companies within the Swedish manufacturing industry work with risk management in supply chains mainly targeting risk management within procurement. Furthermore, the study aims to identify how these companies have been affected by the pandemic outbreak and how they have handled the situation by using risk management strategies. Based on this purpose two research questions were constructed. Method: A qualitative study design with some contribution from the quantitative study design have been carried out through semi-structured interviews. By analysing secondary data such as literature and peer-reviewed articles a theoretical framework was constructed. Results: Supply chain risk management is not formalized as a term within the industry, although it is safe to say that companies work with activities and strategies within the area. Strategies that proved effective during the pandemic outbreak were safety stock, geographical placement of suppliers, risk identification and risk analysis. Flexibility within the supply chains also proved to be vital to the success of the companies during this time.

Orientador: Andréa Aparecida Zacharias / Resumo: Na atualidade, uma série de desastres inter-relacionados ganharam notoriedade no Brasil e no mundo, reunindo episódios que marcaram crescentes perdas, humanas e econômicas, associadas aos riscos e suas consequências. O processo de urbanização, juntamente com a impermeabilização do solo, retificação e assentamento em cursos d’água e encostas, contribuíram para o aumento do impacto de inundações, enchentes e vários outros processos advindos da ação antrópica que levam ao risco socioambiental. Somam-se nas últimas cinco décadas mais de dez mil mortes em desastres naturais no Brasil, a maioria destes relacionadas a inundações e queda de encostas. A magnitude de um desastre está vinculada com os fenômenos sociais, econômicos e demográficos, entre outros, e contribuem para aumentar a vulnerabilidade e exposição da população. O recorte espacial aqui analisado compreende a Região Administrativa do Lavapés, macrozona que envolve a área urbana do município de Bragança Paulista/SP. Bragança Paulista sofre, historicamente, uma série de problemas socioeconômicos e ambientais. Destaca-se o aumento na magnitude e frequência das enchentes devido à extensa cobertura impermeabilizada, pois grande parte da água que antes era infiltrada no solo, passa então a compor o volume que escoa superficialmente. O objetivo principal desta pesquisa funda-se sobre o estudo da espacialidade da vulnerabilidade socioambiental aos riscos hidrológicos, em específico as inundações, considerando a atuação dos fato... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: A series of interrelated disasters have currently gained prominence over the Brazil and worldwide, gathering episodes that have resulted in increasing losses, both human and economic, related to risks and their consequences. The urbanization process, along with degree of saturation, soil imperviousness, rectification and improper settlement on hillslopes and near to the rivers, have contributed to an increasing impact of floods and several human-induced processes that lead to socio-environmental risk. In the last five decades, there have been more than ten thousand deaths caused by natural disasters, most of them related to floods and landslide. The magnitude of a disaster is related to social, economic and demographic phenomena, among others, and contributes to increasing the population's vulnerability and exposure. We analyzed the Lavapés Administrative Region, a macrozone encompassing the urban area of Bragança Paulista/SP municipality. The city of Bragança Paulista have suffered, historically, a plenty of socioeconomic and environmental issues. The increasing intensity and frequency of the floods are noteworthy due to extensive impervious cover, since large water volumes that were previously infiltrating, now become part of the surface runoff. The main objective here relies on the spatial distribution of socio-environmental vulnerability related to hydrological risks, particularly floods, considering the triggering factors in urban areas. The methodological procedures are... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

The impact of climate change on the financial performance of companies is of concern to bank credit processes. The main objective of this research was to develop a South African contextualised credit process that incorporates environmental risk. The research methodology comprised of a mixed-method being content analysis – the qualitative portion and the Probability of Default prediction using a Merton Model and the Hoffmann and Busch (2008) carbon risk analysis model - the quantitative portion. A content analysis of the banks’ Annual Reports, Integrated Reports and Sustainability Reports showed that, while South African banks follow a qualitative approach to embedding environmental risk into their credit process, none of the four banks that formed part of the study divulged their quantitative approach to embedding environmental risk. The study used a proximity matrix method to examine the level of embedding. The second part of the study, which used prior studies as the benchmark, adopted the following: (1) a simulated carbon tax regime as a proxy for an environmental risk, and (2) the Hoffmann and Busch (2008) carbon risk analysis tool and the Merton Model (1974) as the bank credit process proxies. The second part of the study used a sample of 33 JSE-listed Carbon Disclosure Project reporting companies out of a population of 107. The carbon risk analysis showed that the companies in the materials and energy sector have a high carbon risk. However, the results from the Merton Model showed that the companies have enough profit to cushion the additional carbon tax liability, given the insignificant shift in probability of default between the three scenarios, where financial data had (1) no carbon tax, (2) was adjusted for a carbon tax with incentives, and (3) adjusted for carbon tax without incentives. Triangulation of the results from the content analysis, carbon risk analysis and the probability of default analysis confirms that South African banks do not fully integrate environmental risk across the credit value chain or process in the 2010 to 2017 period. However, the carbon risk analysis shows a heavy dependency on carbon sources for critical inputs into the South African companies’ production processes, which if not checked, will affect the credit portfolios of banks. / Finance, Risk Management and Banking / D. Phil (Management Studies)

Background: Seasonal fluctuations in outdoor temperature have been shown to affect blood pressure in adults. We have asked whether or not there is either a seasonal variation or an influence of outdoor temperature on blood pressure measurements in children and adolescents in middle Europe. Methods: Blood pressure was routinely measured in healthy and sick children and adolescents in outpatient clinics and during hospitalisation in a total of 6714 subjects (3,497 boys/3,237 girls), age 3 to 21 years, with a median of 10.6 years. Results: Cross-sectional analysis showed a significant seasonal variation in blood pressure measurements. The mean increase of systolic and diastolic blood pressure was 4.45/2.42 mmHg during winter. A significant correlation between average outdoor temperatures and systolic blood pressure was found (ρ=-0.074 p<0.001). However, the effect was only detectable at an average temperature below 0° C/32° F and above 10° C/50° F. For each degree Celsius increase in average outdoor temperature, the systolic blood pressure fell by 0.12 mmHg. Conclusion: Blood pressure measurements in children and adolescents, even in a temperate climate, are influenced by temperature and seasonal variation. Considering seasonal variations in blood pressure could be of clinical interest.:Inhaltsverzeichnis......................................................................i Widmung .................................................................................. iii Bibliographische Beschreibung ................................................. iv I. Abkürzungen ......................................................................... i 1. Einführung ........................................................................... 1 1.1. Bedeutung von Blutdruckmessungen im Allgemeinen ................................................................................................. 1 1.2. Bedeutung und Durchführung von Blutdruckmessungen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen ................................................................................................ 2 1.3. Tracking ................................................................................................ 4 1.4. Innere und äußere Einflussfaktoren des Blutdrucks ................................................................................................ 5 1.5. Zweck der Studie ................................................................................................ 7 2. Publikationsmanuskript ................................................................................................ 10 2. 1. Influence of seasonal variation on blood pressure measurements in children, adolescents and young adults ................................................................................................ 10 Abstract .................................................................................. 11 Introduction ................................................................................................ 12 Subjects and methods ................................................................................................ 13 Results .................................................................................... 15 Discussion ................................................................................................ 18 Conclusion ................................................................................................ 21 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................ 22 References............................................................................... 23 Tables ..................................................................................... 27 Figure legends ................................................................................................ 29 Figures ................................................................................... 30 2.2. Blood pressure tracking in children and adolescents ....... 33 Abstract .................................................................................. 34 Inhaltsverzeichnis Subjects and methods ................................................................................................ 35 Results .................................................................................... 39 Discussion ................................................................................................. 42 Conclusion ................................................................................................. 44 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................. 45 References................................................................................ 46 Legends to figures .................................................................................................. 53 Figures ...................................................................................... 55 3. Zusammenfassung der Arbeit ................................................................................................... 62 4. Literaturverzeichnis ............................................................... 68 II. Erklärung über die eigenständige Abfassung der Arbeit ........ ii III. Lebenslauf ............................................................................ iii IV. Danksagung .................................................................................................... iv / Background: High blood pressure is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Blood pressure tracking could help to identify individuals with potential hypertension. Therefore, we have asked whether or not tracking was of predictive value for the development of hypertension in early life. Methods: Blood pressure was routinely measured in 13,261children and adolescents in outpatient clinics as well as during hospitalization. In a sub-analysis 568 individuals with normotensive and elevated blood pressure were compared after three follow-up periods (two, four and six years) and 2,157 normotensive individuals were compared in a paired t-test. Results: The follow-up analysis showed a significant tracking effect. However, the Pearson correlation coefficients of the systolic and diastolic blood pressure SDS decreased over time. Upon the follow-up after six years 35.6% of the children and adolescents with elevated blood pressure values remained in the elevated range group. Of the children within the normotensive blood pressure range 80.4% remained normotensive after six years. Children with normotensive blood pressure showed a stronger tracking than those who had had one hypertensive blood pressure reading. Children with high body weight gain left their SDS track to higher blood pressure values. Conclusion: Blood pressure tracking in children and adolescents is moderate. We conclude that the predictive power of a single hypertensive blood pressure measurement during a single visit is rather small, and thus repetitive measurements across several consecutive visits are necessary.:Inhaltsverzeichnis......................................................................i Widmung .................................................................................. iii Bibliographische Beschreibung ................................................. iv I. Abkürzungen ......................................................................... i 1. Einführung ........................................................................... 1 1.1. Bedeutung von Blutdruckmessungen im Allgemeinen ................................................................................................. 1 1.2. Bedeutung und Durchführung von Blutdruckmessungen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen ................................................................................................ 2 1.3. Tracking ................................................................................................ 4 1.4. Innere und äußere Einflussfaktoren des Blutdrucks ................................................................................................ 5 1.5. Zweck der Studie ................................................................................................ 7 2. Publikationsmanuskript ................................................................................................ 10 2. 1. Influence of seasonal variation on blood pressure measurements in children, adolescents and young adults ................................................................................................ 10 Abstract .................................................................................. 11 Introduction ................................................................................................ 12 Subjects and methods ................................................................................................ 13 Results .................................................................................... 15 Discussion ................................................................................................ 18 Conclusion ................................................................................................ 21 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................ 22 References............................................................................... 23 Tables ..................................................................................... 27 Figure legends ................................................................................................ 29 Figures ................................................................................... 30 2.2. Blood pressure tracking in children and adolescents ....... 33 Abstract .................................................................................. 34 Inhaltsverzeichnis Subjects and methods ................................................................................................ 35 Results .................................................................................... 39 Discussion ................................................................................................. 42 Conclusion ................................................................................................. 44 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................. 45 References................................................................................ 46 Legends to figures .................................................................................................. 53 Figures ...................................................................................... 55 3. Zusammenfassung der Arbeit ................................................................................................... 62 4. Literaturverzeichnis ............................................................... 68 II. Erklärung über die eigenständige Abfassung der Arbeit ........ ii III. Lebenslauf ............................................................................ iii IV. Danksagung .................................................................................................... iv

The goal of this work is to design a business plan for building a company and its successful business. The company acts as a personal agency and it will deal with the activities, which are providing demand for employees abroad, who are missing in specific areas. The company will be located in Brno and also be represented in Norway. The theoretical part includes important basic concepts, which are close to the theme of this work. The practical part analyzes conditions and environment, which serve to build the intention and realization of the personal agency and its successful business.

The aim of the diploma thesis is to describe risk management in a construction company. The first part of the diploma thesis is focused on theory, which deals with the explanation of basic concepts with risks and risk management in a construction company. The second, practical part addresses the risks of a specific project.

The thesis aims to describe risk management in the construction company. The work is divided into theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part presenst the classification of risks, describes the various stages of this complex process, including methods and techniques. The practical part is solved on a particular project, it summarises and completes the whole issue of risk.

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