Univ., Diss.--Kiel, 2006. / Literaturverz. S. [246] - 260.

Univ., Diss.--Tübingen, 2000. / Literaturverz. S. 370 - 392.

LL.D.

As alterações legislativas concernentes aos recursos interponíveis não podem alcançar o direito processual adquirido do litigante que já tem contra si um pronunciamento judicial impugnável. Ainda que a parte não tenha manejado o recurso cabível, poderá fazê-lo de acordo com as regras anteriormente vigentes, porquanto se incorporaram ao seu patrimônio jurídico. A aplicação imediata da lei processual não alcança as situações consolidadas nos feitos pendentes, mercê do princípio da irretroatividade das leis. Quanto ao recurso especial, a lei que criou o regime de retenção bem assim a que alterou o seu procedimento (para recursos repetitivos) não podem alcançar as impugnações às decisões judiciais já publicadas / Legislative alterations concerning lodgeable appeals cannot affect the vested procedural right of a litigant who already has an impugnable legal proclamation against him. Although the plaintiff have not executed the appropriate [legal] appeal, it can be undertaken in accordance with the rules previously in vigour, since these rules are already incorporated into the plaintiffs legal right(s). The immediate application of the procedural law does not infringe on consolidated cases in pending suits owing to the irretroactivity principle of laws. Regarding Special Appeals, the law which created a regime to withhold appeals, in addition to the law which altered its procedure (for repetitive appeals), cannot affect the impugnations of previously published legal decisions

La raison d’État, concept clé de la modernité politique et de la pensée étatique du XVIIe siècle, est approchée à rebours dans cette étude, afin de mieux en saisir les origines, et de comprendre les conditions qui en permettent l’émergence. Par l’adoption d’une méthode généalogique, ce travail vise aussi à concilier l’école historique française des Annales et la tradition anglo-américaine de l’histoire des idées, et à traiter les théories politiques comme un objet historique à part entière. Chaque texte et chaque auteur est donc intégré dans un enchaînement d’influences et de relations sans dénier à chacun son individualité intellectuelle. Parmi les notions principales qui structurent toutes les définitions de la raison d’État, la nécessité, l’utilité publique, l’exception à la loi connaissent des évolutions profondes dès le XIIe siècle, sous l’effet de la redécouverte des Anciens par Jean de Salisbury et plus encore Thomas d’Aquin, du travail des juristes, tant en droit canonique que romain, ainsi que dans la pratique fiscale des XIIIe et XIVe siècles. Les progrès de l’idéologie royale, l’affirmation d’une nécessité spécifique à l’action politique chez Guillaume d’Ockham, et l’essor du concept d’État souverain sous l’influence particulière de Marsile de Padoue, participent aussi de cette élaboration à l’œuvre, notamment dans l’Italie des cités-États. Le parcours s’achève par l’exposition de trois différentes définitions de la raison d’État qui, d’abord chez Machiavel et Guichardin, puis chez Botero, puis enfin chez les juristes dont Ammirato et Canonhiero, ouvrent la voie au triomphe de l’étatisme et au renouvellement des questionnements politiques, à l’aube des Lumières. / This survey attempts to draw a new understanding of reason of State, as a key concept in modern politics and in 17th century State-centered thought. It is therefore studied backwards, in order to better describe its origins, and to understand what conditions enabled its formulation. The genealogic method is chosen as a way to conciliate the French school of the Annales and the anglo-american tradition of history of ideas, and to handle political ideas as historical artefacts. Every text and author is therefore apprehended as a part of a chain of influences and relationships, while intellectual singularities are preserved. Among the main concepts that participate in defining reason of State, necessity, public utility and legal exception evolve deeply from the 12th century, as a result of the rediscovery of ancient authors by John of Salisbury and still more by Thomas Aquinas, of recent developments in canon and roman law, and of new fiscal policies during the 13th and 14th centuries. The improvements of royal ideology, the new necessity specifically applied to political action in William of Ockham’s thought, and the rise of the concept of a sovereign State under the primary influence of Marsilius of Padua, also participate in this preparation, now centered on Italian city-states. The account ends with a view on three different definitions of reason of State, that correspond first to Machiavelli and Guicciardini, then to Botero, and finally to the legal thought of Ammirato and Canonhiero. This outcome paves the way to the triumph of Statism, and to the new developments of political theory during the Enlightenment.

Throughout the history of Procedural Law, a theme which undoubtedly calls for greater importance is the right of action, however, today does not have greater presence. Accordingly, the focus has moved towards the effective jurisdictional protection due to the phenomenon of constitutionalisation which the right of action has crossed. the author, in addition to analyzing the most important landmarks in the development of right of action, also focuses on the study of what is currently happening with effective judicial protection in order to reach a truly effective process thatensures our rights. / A lo largo de la historia del Derecho Procesal, un tema que sin duda reclama mayor importancia es el del Derecho de Acción, sin embargo, hoy en día no tiene mayor presencia. en tal sentido, el enfoque se ha trasladado hacia la tutela Jurisdiccional efectiva a causa del fenómeno de constitucionalización que atravesó el Derecho de Acción. el autor, además de analizar los hitos más importantes en los que se desarrolla el Derecho de Acción, se centra también en el estudio de lo que viene pasando en la actualidad con la Tutela Jurisdiccional Efectiva con la finalidad de llegar aun proceso verdaderamente eficaz que garantice nuestros derechos.

Civil Law is still one of the most important areas of the legal field. Its consideration as the Common Law is still dormant.In this sense, Professor Fernando Vidal Ramirez talks about the birth, evolution and importance of Civil Law in the society, explaining the role played by civil codification. Finally, he talks about his experience as a member of the Reformer Commission of the 1936 Civil Code, which allowed the provision of the still in force Peruvian Civil Code of 1984. / El Derecho Civil continúa siendo una de las áreas más importantes del ámbito jurídico. Su consideración como el Derecho Común sigueaún latente.En ese sentido, el profesor Fernando Vidal Ra- mírez habla sobre el nacimiento, evolución e importancia del Derecho Civil en la sociedad, explicando el rol que cumple la codificación civil. Finalmente, cuenta su experiencia como miembro de la Comisión Reformadora del Código Civil de 1936, la cual permitió la dación del todavía vigente Código Civil de 1984.

O presente trabalho cuida de investigar os principais aspectos da evolução histórica do instituto da prova, desde o antigo direito processual romano, passando pelo direito processual medieval, em especial, o direito lusitano, até o momento da última das três grandes Ordenações do Reino, as Filipinas, nos primórdios do século XVII. De início, a pesquisa aborda os vestígios da prova nos povos antigos e no processo civil romano, marcado pelo sistema processual das legis actiones. Posteriormente são analisadas as sucessivas modificações nos períodos subseqüentes (per formulas e extraordinaria cognitio, buscando identificar as mutações que a prova experimentou ao longo do tempo. Na seqüência, ultrapassando o período romano, chega-se ao período da Idade Média e da presença visigótica na Península Ibérica. Com o declínio do reino visigótico e ultrapassando o período da presença árabe, atenção especial será dada ao período da Reconquista, evidenciando o fenômeno da formação da nacionalidade portuguesa e seu antigo direito, de índole consuetudinária, bem representado no direito foraleiro, os Forais, e nas primeiras Leis Gerais. Após, investiga-se o sistema da prova previsto nos três grandes monumentos legislativos lusitanos, as Ordenações Afonsinas, Manuelinas e Filipinas. Trata-se, pois, de uma investigação na área da História do Processo Civil, com o objetivo de oferecer uma visão abrangente das origens do instituto da prova no moderno processo civil brasileiro, de longevas e inegáveis raízes lusitanas. / This study examines the key features of the historical evolution of the Evidence (Proof) under the Portuguese medieval law, from the emergence of ancient Roman civil procedure through the compiling of the last of the three great codifications (Ordenações Filipinas), in the early of 17th century. Reviewing the vestiges of legal practices concerning the evidence among the ancient peoples and mainly on the Roman civil procedure, marked by the procedural system of the legis actiones, next, the study analyses successive modifications to the evidence in the subsequent periods (per formulas e extraordinaria cognitio), and seeks to identify changes over time. The account then moves on from the Roman period to the Middle Age and the period of the Visigoth presence on the Iberian Peninsula.With the decline of the Visigoth kingdom and the period of Arab presence, special attention will be paid to the period of the Reconquest and the phenomenon of the formation of the Portuguese nationality and its ancient laws, based on custom and tradition, well represented by the Forais (ancient laws granted by the King) and the first general Laws (Leis Gerais). After, the study examines the evidence system in the three great Portuguese monumental legislative codifications (Ordenações Afonsinas, Ordenações Manuelinas e Ordenações Filipinas). The study is therefore concerned with the History of Civil Procedure, and its aim is to provide a sweeping overview of the genesis of the evidence in the modern Brazilian civil procedure, with its undeniable Portughese roots from distant past.

This thesis is an analysis of the law of vicarious liability and its application within the legal framework of delict in South Africa. A brief overview of the historical development of this branch of law is given, with reference to the influences of Roman, Roman-Dutch and English law. That is followed by an exposition of the 'modem' interpretation of vicarious liability as applied in South African courts, highlighting apparent inconsistencies and the need for reform in what has become a persistently controversial area of law. Specific attention is paid to the so-called 'course and scope enquiry' and to the enduring difficulties associated with attributing liability to employers for the deliberate wrongful conduct of their employees. It is argued that the courts have yet to reach consensus on a general principle capable of being applied to the facts of so-called 'deviation cases', and that consequently the legal divergence on these matters gives rise to uncertainty and concern. It is submitted that the way in which the traditional test for vicarious liability is currently applied fails to give true effect to the policy considerations upon which this branch of law is founded. By way of comparison with the South African position, a detailed account of the law of vicarious liability in comparable foreign jurisdictions is given, with emphasis placed on recent developments in England and the British Commonwealth. The study then moves to an analysis of the various policy considerations behind vicarious liability, with particular attention being paid to the role of risk-related liability and the role of risk-assumption in the 'course and scope' enquiry. A comparative analysis follows, highlighting differences between the approaches of the foreign jurisdictions and that taken by the South African courts. The work concludes with a proposal that the South African courts should broaden the scope of vicarious liability and opt for a model similar to that which has recently been adopted in Canada.

L’objectif de cette thèse est de vérifier si les publicains sous la République romaine étaient organisés sous une forme semblable à celle de la compagnie moderne. Après l’introduction, le second chapitre introduit la compagnie, les autres structures utilisées pour organiser une entreprise et la personnalité juridique en droit moderne. Il réfute trois idées préconçues ayant influencé les historiens et les juristes. Le troisième chapitre présente les publicains et leurs activités. En effet, les historiens et les juristes y font abondamment référence dans leur argumentation concernant l’organisation juridique des publicains; il faut donc se familiariser avec elles. Une revue critique de la littérature historique est effectuée. Le quatrième chapitre procède à l’analyse critique de la position des historiens et des juristes sur l’organisation juridique des publicains. D’abord, il explique la notion de société ordinaire de droit romain; ensuite, il discute de l’évolution du concept de la personnalité juridique distincte; enfin, il étudie le cas particulier des sociétés de publicains. Ces dernières seraient différentes des sociétés ordinaires, parce qu’elles détiendraient une personnalité juridique distincte et auraient une organisation interne à trois paliers (actionnaires, administrateurs et dirigeants). Toutefois, ce point de vue est fondé sur des sources datant de plusieurs siècles après la fin de la République. Il faut donc examiner les sources contemporaines afin de vérifier si elles nous mènent aux mêmes conclusions. Le cinquième chapitre contient une analyse originale de la documentation républicaine. De nouveaux éléments de preuve sont repérés. Il confirme que les sociétés de publicains ont détenu un embryon de personnalité juridique distincte durant le dernier siècle de la République; par contre, c’était aussi le cas des sociétés ordinaires. Les sociétés de publicains n’avaient pas une organisation interne à trois paliers; en outre, celle des sociétés ordinaires incluait des magistri comme la leur. Les sociétés des publicains s’apparentaient à des sociétés en commandite et non à des compagnies. La conclusion souligne les éléments nouveaux contribués au savoir par chaque chapitre du doctorat. / The purpose of this thesis is to verify whether at the time of the Roman Republic, the publicans were organized in a structure similar to the modern corporation. After the introduction, the second chapter introduces the corporation, the other legal structures used to organize a business and legal personality in modern law. It refutes three preconceived ideas which have influenced historians and jurists. The third chapter presents the publicans and their activities, since historians and jurists abundantly refer to those in their argumentation regarding the legal organization of publicans. It is therefore necessary to familiarize ourselves with them. A critical review of historical literature is conducted. The fourth chapter proceeds to a critical analysis of the position of the historians and the jurists on the legal organization of publicans. It starts with an explanation of the ordinary partnership in Roman law, it then discusses the evolution of legal personality in Roman law and finally, it presents the special case of the partnerships of publicans. These were apparently been different from ordinary partnerships, because they had legal personality and had a three-levels internal organization (shareholders, directors and officers). However, this point of view is based on sources which post-date the Republic by several centuries. We should therefore examine contemporary sources to verify if they lead us to the same conclusions. The fifth chapter contains an original analysis of the republican documentation. New pieces of evidence are identified. It confirms that publican partnerships had an embryo of legal personality during the last century of the Republic; however, it was also the case of ordinary partnerships. Publican partnerships did not have a three levels internal organisation; in addition; that of the ordinary partnerships included magistri like their own. The publican partnerships were similar to limited partnerships, not to corporations. The conclusion identifies the new elements contributed to knowledge by each chapter of the thesis.