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Text in Afrikaans / In hierdie ondersoek is navorsing gedoen oor die Romeinse huweliksverhouding ten einde vas te stel of die klassieke Romeinse reg die Romeinse vrou se huweliksverhouding beskerm het indien dit deur haar man se wangedrag geskend is. Die navorsing het getoon dat, soos in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg, die Romeinse huweliksverhouding teen die klassieke tydperk 'n consortium omnis vitae met veral morele huwelikspligte was en dat die nie-nakoming van hierdie pligte op wangedrag en skending van die huweliksverhouding neergekom het. Daar is tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat, soos in die moderne reg, ook die Romeinse man die huweliksverhouding kon skend deur wangedrag, beperkte vorme van seksuele wangedrag, iniuria en bigamie. Die klassieke Romeinse reg het egter nie aan die Romeinse vrou direkte regsbeskerming verleen by die man se skending van die huweliksverhouding deur wangedrag nie. Sy het egter wel indirekte regsbeskerming in die vorm van toevlugof afskrikmiddels (soos egskeiding en die dos) geniet. / In this study research has been done on the Roman marital relationship in order to determine whether classical Roman law protected the Roman wife's marital relationship if it had been breached by her husband's misconduct. Research has shown that by the classical period, as in South African law, the Roman marital relationship was a consortium omnis vitae with primarily moral marital duties. Non-compliance with these duties amounted to misconduct and breach of the marital relationship. It was concluded that, as in modern law, the Roman husband too could be in breach of his marital relationship through misconduct, limited forms of sexual misconduct, iniuria and bigamy. However, classical Roman law did not grant the Roman wife any direct legal protection where her husband was in breach of the marital relationship because of misconduct. She nevertheless enjoyed indirect legal protection in the form of deterrents (such as divorce and the dos). / Law / LL.M.

Text in Afrikaans / In hierdie ondersoek is navorsing gedoen oor die Romeinse huweliksverhouding ten einde vas te stel of die klassieke Romeinse reg die Romeinse vrou se huweliksverhouding beskerm het indien dit deur haar man se wangedrag geskend is. Die navorsing het getoon dat, soos in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg, die Romeinse huweliksverhouding teen die klassieke tydperk 'n consortium omnis vitae met veral morele huwelikspligte was en dat die nie-nakoming van hierdie pligte op wangedrag en skending van die huweliksverhouding neergekom het. Daar is tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat, soos in die moderne reg, ook die Romeinse man die huweliksverhouding kon skend deur wangedrag, beperkte vorme van seksuele wangedrag, iniuria en bigamie. Die klassieke Romeinse reg het egter nie aan die Romeinse vrou direkte regsbeskerming verleen by die man se skending van die huweliksverhouding deur wangedrag nie. Sy het egter wel indirekte regsbeskerming in die vorm van toevlugof afskrikmiddels (soos egskeiding en die dos) geniet. / In this study research has been done on the Roman marital relationship in order to determine whether classical Roman law protected the Roman wife's marital relationship if it had been breached by her husband's misconduct. Research has shown that by the classical period, as in South African law, the Roman marital relationship was a consortium omnis vitae with primarily moral marital duties. Non-compliance with these duties amounted to misconduct and breach of the marital relationship. It was concluded that, as in modern law, the Roman husband too could be in breach of his marital relationship through misconduct, limited forms of sexual misconduct, iniuria and bigamy. However, classical Roman law did not grant the Roman wife any direct legal protection where her husband was in breach of the marital relationship because of misconduct. She nevertheless enjoyed indirect legal protection in the form of deterrents (such as divorce and the dos). / Law / LL.M.

LL.D.

In Roman society, freed slaves were elevated to a citizen-like status, yet they never had the full rights of their free-born counterparts. Despite the inequality of the system, many freedmen appear to have found great success in the realm of business. This report endeavors to reveal why it was that this group prospered within the Roman economy using a pseudo-Darwinian perspective. Scholarship has, for the most part, tended to avoid Darwinian lines of thought in sociological studies but this report shows the power of this type of thinking. The first chapter clarifies the nature of slavery in the Roman world and the wide variety of experiences that slaves could have. Chapter two considers the different ways that slaves could be manumitted and how a freedman’s status could differ depending on the formality of his release from servitude. The third chapter examines the literary representations of freedmen in the genre of comedy and Petronius’ Satyricon. Chapter four turns to the archaeological evidence and provides a sense of how freedmen represented themselves to the wider community. Lastly, the fifth chapter, using a pseudo-Darwinian model, will show that the image of the successful freedman is not an anomaly of the archaeological record or a trope of Latin literature but an inevitable outcome of the intense selection that slaves underwent. / text

The Babatha and Salome Komaise archives contain the legal documents of two Jewish women and their families, dating mostly from c. 94 C.E. to 132 C.E. The community that they attest lived in a small village which was first part of the Nabataean Kingdom but was later incorporated into the province of Roman Arabia in 106 C.E. The documents consequently provide invaluable information about a community’s experience before and after the creation of the province. The laws and traditions in evidence in the two archives are remarkable for their diversity, exhibiting elements of Jewish, Nabataean, Roman and Hellenistic law. This thesis examines this complex legal situation and considers the ways in which people coped with the array of legal options available to them. A ‘ground-up’ approach is adopted, focusing on the people involved in the documents’ creation and use in order to detail how different parties affected the working of law in the area. An overview of the individual documents is provided in The Survey of the Documents. The rest of the thesis is then structured according to the various groups that influenced their formulation and use: The Scribes, Legal Advisors, The Parties, The Alternatives to the Assizes and The Roman Officials. These various contributions are then brought together in the Conclusion to model how law operated in this particular community. The primary contributions of this study are therefore to Roman provincial and legal history, as well as the history of the Jewish people in the inter-revolt period.

My doctoral thesis is focused on the main principles and elements of Roman procedural law. However, during my research I realised the terms are very similar. One of the main points of my thesis is dedicated to the constitutional system of Roman republic and its norms, including the very important law codex, the Twelve Tables Law. Moreover, I take the Justinian Codification of Roman law into focus. A very important source is also antique literature, texts of prominent lawyers and various types of administrative acts. A vast inspiration can be found in many European museums. The main principles and elements are applicable to actions, defendants and plaintiffs, to judicial hearing and to the days when judicial hearings could be held. I focus on principle of equity, good faith, and necessity of defense, res judicata, principle of appellation, pecuniary condemnation, and principle of assessment of evidence. The last chapter reviews other principles. It is also important to mention that different types of procedural cases are specific in their own way. I focused on describing the differences as well. My thesis analyzes seven most important principles. The first and the most important one is equity. My research shows that this principle is common to all areas of roman procedural law. I tried to explain...

O presente trabalho cuida de investigar os principais aspectos da evolução histórica do instituto da prova, desde o antigo direito processual romano, passando pelo direito processual medieval, em especial, o direito lusitano, até o momento da última das três grandes Ordenações do Reino, as Filipinas, nos primórdios do século XVII. De início, a pesquisa aborda os vestígios da prova nos povos antigos e no processo civil romano, marcado pelo sistema processual das legis actiones. Posteriormente são analisadas as sucessivas modificações nos períodos subseqüentes (per formulas e extraordinaria cognitio, buscando identificar as mutações que a prova experimentou ao longo do tempo. Na seqüência, ultrapassando o período romano, chega-se ao período da Idade Média e da presença visigótica na Península Ibérica. Com o declínio do reino visigótico e ultrapassando o período da presença árabe, atenção especial será dada ao período da Reconquista, evidenciando o fenômeno da formação da nacionalidade portuguesa e seu antigo direito, de índole consuetudinária, bem representado no direito foraleiro, os Forais, e nas primeiras Leis Gerais. Após, investiga-se o sistema da prova previsto nos três grandes monumentos legislativos lusitanos, as Ordenações Afonsinas, Manuelinas e Filipinas. Trata-se, pois, de uma investigação na área da História do Processo Civil, com o objetivo de oferecer uma visão abrangente das origens do instituto da prova no moderno processo civil brasileiro, de longevas e inegáveis raízes lusitanas. / This study examines the key features of the historical evolution of the Evidence (Proof) under the Portuguese medieval law, from the emergence of ancient Roman civil procedure through the compiling of the last of the three great codifications (Ordenações Filipinas), in the early of 17th century. Reviewing the vestiges of legal practices concerning the evidence among the ancient peoples and mainly on the Roman civil procedure, marked by the procedural system of the legis actiones, next, the study analyses successive modifications to the evidence in the subsequent periods (per formulas e extraordinaria cognitio), and seeks to identify changes over time. The account then moves on from the Roman period to the Middle Age and the period of the Visigoth presence on the Iberian Peninsula.With the decline of the Visigoth kingdom and the period of Arab presence, special attention will be paid to the period of the Reconquest and the phenomenon of the formation of the Portuguese nationality and its ancient laws, based on custom and tradition, well represented by the Forais (ancient laws granted by the King) and the first general Laws (Leis Gerais). After, the study examines the evidence system in the three great Portuguese monumental legislative codifications (Ordenações Afonsinas, Ordenações Manuelinas e Ordenações Filipinas). The study is therefore concerned with the History of Civil Procedure, and its aim is to provide a sweeping overview of the genesis of the evidence in the modern Brazilian civil procedure, with its undeniable Portughese roots from distant past.

Die praepositio als einseitiger Rechtsakt, mit dem ein Unternehmer eine Person zum selbständigen Abschluss von Verträgen und zur Durchführung von Rechtsgeschäften einsetzte, den Geschäftskreis des Angestellten absteckte und sich verpflichtete, in diesem Rahmen für dessen Verpflichtungen wie für eigene einzustehen, war ein wichtiger Bestandteil im Wirtschaftslebens des antiken Rom. Sie überbrückte die Lücke, die sich aus der wirtschaftlichen Notwendigkeit ergeben hatte, bei zunehmend arbeitsteiliger Wirtschaft denjenigen direkt verpflichten zu können, dessen Geschäfte geführt wurden, und der noch fehlenden direkten Stellvertretung. Sie bot dem jeweiligen Handelspartner die für Geschäftsabschlüsse notwendige Sicherheit, berechtigte Forderungen auch durchsetzen zu können, dem Unternehmer die Möglichkeit, durch Beschreibung des Geschäftskreises seines Angestellten Unternehmensziele zu definieren aber auch die eigene Haftung zu begrenzen, und dem Angestellten die Gewissheit, dass der Unternehmer für Verpflichtungen aus den von ihm im Rahmen seiner Befugnisse abgeschlossenen Rechtsgeschäften mit einstehen würde. Die praepositio hat damit wesentlich zur Fortbildung des Rechts beigetragen, indem sie die stark obligationenrechtliche Bindung der Vertragsparteien langsam aufgelöst und damit den Weg zur direkten Stellvertretung geebnet hat. / Praepositio was the unilateral act by a businessman granting authority to an employee. This act gave authority to the latter to conclude and execute contracts with third parties. It described the area of accountability of the employee’s activity and engaged the businessman to answer for the obligations concluded by his employee. Praepositio thus bridged the gap between the necessity to act on behalf of another person and the rules of agency which did not yet exist in the modern understanding. Thus, it played an important role in the economic life of Ancient Rome. Praepositio provided a third party the assurance that, in the end, his contractual claims will be honoured. At the same time, the businessman was enabled to define the goals of his enterprise and to limit his own responsibility. Finally, the employee had the necessary assurance that the businessman will honour the obligations which were concluded within the limits described by the praepositio. Hence, the praepositio was an important step towards the suspension of the strict person-to-person relationship of the Roman law and towards agency in the modern understanding.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:21:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Guida Neto.pdf: 751785 bytes, checksum: c503791b85704d402e158e36682dbcbf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-19 / This thesis seeks to demonstrate how, in the Principate (High Roman Empire - the classic period from 27 BC to 284 AD), Stoic philosophy, absorbed by the sovereign of Rome, influenced the Roman law. As a guiding principle, we use the work of the jurist Ulpian in particular its Liber Singularis Regularum and the Title I of Book I from the Digesta of the Justinian I the Great, emperor of Easten Roman Empire. The history of the Principate is presented, preceded by the reasons that led to the end of the Republic, and gave rise this kind of Roman monarchy. After the presention of the history of the period, there is an explanation of Stoic thought, with emphasis on the last phase of this ancient school of philosophy, precisely the one that coincides with the Principate, and represents the pinnacle of Latin philosophical thought. Once the history of the period is presented together with the history of philosophy, then it is shown how classical Roman law absorbed these ideas that were found in legal texts of the jurist Ulpian. Completing the thesis, there is an explanation on how Ulpian s philosophy of justice was transmitted by means of the consolidation of Emperor Justinian "Corpus Juris Civilis" , thereby contributing to the formation of the Western civilization and, consequently, becoming the basis of Brazilian law / A presente tese busca demonstrar de que modo, durante o Principado (Alto- Império Romano - período clássico de 27 a.C. até 284 d.C), a filosofia estóica, absorvida pelos soberanos de Roma, influenciou o Direito Romano. Como fio condutor do trabalho usa-se a obra do jurisconsulto Ulpiano, em particular o título I do livro I do Digesto (do Imperador Justiniano I o Grande, Imperador Romano do Oriente) e seu livro de Regras . Faz-se um relato da história do Principado, antecedido dos motivos que culminaram com o fim da República e ensejaram esse gênero de monarquia romana. À história do período segue-se uma explanação do pensamento estóico com ênfase na última fase antiga de tal escola filosófica, justamente aquela que coincide com o Principado e representa o auge do pensamento filosófico latino. Posta a história do período, e, sobreposta a história da filosofia de então, procura-se demonstrar como o direito romano clássico absorveu tais ideais que são encontrados nos textos legais do jurisconsulto Ulpiano. Por fim, segue uma explanação de como a jus filosofia de Ulpiano foi transmitida graças à consolidação justinianeia do Corpus Juris Civilis e desse modo contribuindo com a formação da civilização ocidental e consequentemente tornando-se a base do Direito brasileiro