Malgré ses avantages économiques et environnementaux, le procédé de reformage à sec du méthane sur des catalyseurs au nickel supporté se heurte encore à des problèmes de frittage de la phase active (un métal de transition) et de dépôt de carbone, ce qui entraîne une diminution de l'activité catalytique. Cette thèse porte sur l'étude de l'effet de confinement du nickel dans des catalyseurs à base de silice mésoporeuse pour la production de gaz de synthèse par reformage du méthane par le CO2. Dans cette étude, les échantillons ont été caractérisés par physisorption de N2, DRX, MET/MEB, RTP, et, en plus, par Raman, SPX, HTP/SM, ATG/SM pour les catalyseurs après test catalytique. Les résultats montrent qu'un support mésoporeux bien structuré ayant une grande surface spécifique et un grand volume poreux est important pour une meilleure dispersion et stabilisation de la phase active à l'intérieur de la porosité. La silice mésoporeuse de SBA-15 (préparée en grande quantité), composée de grains allongés, semble être appropriée pour atteindre cet objectif. Il est de plus démontré que la formation de petites particules bien confinées à l'intérieur des pores favorise la résistance au dépôt de carbone. Ceci peut être obtenu en imposant un traitement hydrothermal au support, en utilisant la méthode deux solvants pour le dépôt de Ni, en passant à une réduction directe des échantillons non calcinés, en ajoutant du Rh en faibles quantités ou en utilisant du Ce comme promoteur, à condition que le Ni et Ce soient en interaction. / Although economically and environmentally advantageous, the methane dry reforming process using supported nickel based catalysts still faces problems of active phase (a transition metal) sintering and of carbon deposition, which result in catalytic activity loss. This thesis is focused on the study of the confinement effect of nickel in mesoporous silica-based catalysts for syngas production by reforming of methane with CO2. In this study, the samples were characterized by N2 sorption, XRD, TEM/SEM, TPR, in addition to Raman, XPS, TPH/MS, TGA/MS for the spent catalysts. The results indicate that a well-structured mesoporous support with high surface area and large pore volume is important for better dispersion and stabilization of the active phase inside the porosity. The mesoporous SBA-15 silica support (prepared in large quantity), composed of elongated grains, appear to be suitable for the purpose. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the formation of small nickel particles well-confined inside the pores favors carbon resistance. This can be achieved by applying hydrothermal treatment to the support, using two solvents method for Ni deposition, using direct reduction of uncalcined samples, adding Rh in small quantities or promoting with Ce, provided that Ni and Ce are in interaction.

Cette thèse a été réalisée dans le cadre d’une cotutelle de thèse (3 ans) Franco-Libanaise entre l’Université Pierre et Marie Curie de Paris et l’Université Libanaise de Beyrouth. Nabil Tabaja a été entièrement financé par le Groupe de Recherche MAPE (Nanosized Porous Materials, Preparation, Advanced Characterization and Environmental Applications) de Beyrouth que nous tenons à remercier. Le but de ce travail était de tester et de valoriser des catalyseurs à base d’oxydes de fer et de ferrites pour la dépollution des eaux par photocatalyse sous lumière visible puis solaire. Les catalyseurs étudiés ont été préparés en employant des silices poreuses en tant que gabarits pour obtenir majoritairement : soit des nanoparticules, NP, d’oxydes de fer ayant cristallisé à l’intérieur des pores des silices (INTERNES, répliquées), soit des nanoparticules ayant cristallisé à l’extérieur des grains de silice et formées lors des traitements d’activation thermiques (EXTERNES). Nous avons employées des techniques faciles à transférer pour obtenir les silices (Chapitre 1). Notre objectif à ce niveau était d’obtenir plus de 50g d’au moins six silices ayant des diamètres de mésopores différents. La variation de ces diamètres s’accompagne de modifications des connections entre les mésopores principaux et des propriétés des surfaces des silices. Différents sels précurseurs de fer (chlorure, nitrate) ou des mélanges de métaux ont été déposées sur les différentes silices obtenues par des techniques de dépôt de type deux solvants (2S). Les échantillons ont été traités thermiquement à 700°C sous air pour obtenir des nanoparticules d’oxydes (Chapitre 2). Nous montrons que, si le diamètre des NP nanorépliquées est en général proche du diamètre des pores des silices initiales, les formes et la dispersion des nanoparticules internes dans les grains de silice dépendent de différents facteurs expérimentaux, des sels précurseurs, des solvants et du type de silice sélectionnée. Nous montrons également que la formation des particules externes est associée au traitement thermique imposé et peut être favorisée en choisissant le bon solvant et le bon sel précurseur pour une silice déterminée. Des premiers tests ayant démontrés un taux de lixiviation important dans le cas de catalyseur au fer, nous avons testé des ferrites de différentes compositions (cations (II) de différentes électronégativités, Ni(II), Co(II), Cd(II), Zn(II) ; cation (III), Cr(III)). Afin de comparer la réactivité catalytique des catalyseurs, deux types de réactions sont introduites successivement. Le premier type de réaction, l’oxydation photocatalytique du méthanol et du formaldéhyde, a été employé à titre fondamental. Dans ce cas, notre objectif était d’étudier la sélectivité de la réaction et d’identifier de façon inambigue quelles nanoparticules présentes dans la formulation des catalyseurs permettent, partant d’une espèce à un seul carbone, d’obtenir des produits à 2 ou plus atomes de carbone (Chapitre III). La seconde réaction, l’oxydation photocatalytique d’un pesticide, a été employée pour démontrer que les catalyseurs peuvent être utiles à titre appliqué. Le pesticide sélectionné a été le carbendazime (Chapitre IV) dont nous avons suivi la décomposition. Ces études n’ont été possibles que grâce à l’emploi de techniques de caractérisation avancées, de type TOC et GC-MS. Les meilleures activités catalytiques ont été analysées en fonction de la présence d’une majorité de NP internes et/ou externes et d’autres espèces plus dispersées et non visibles par DRX. / This thesis was carried out as part of a Franco-Lebanese collaboration thesis (3 years) between the University of Pierre et Marie Curie in Paris and the Lebanese University in Beirut. Nabil Tabaja was fully funded by the Research Group MAPE (nanosized Porous Materials, Preparation, Advanced Characterization and Environmental Applications) Beirut that we thank.The purpose of this study was to test and develop catalysts based on iron oxides and ferrites for decontamination of water by photocatalysis under visible and sunlight. The catalysts studied were prepared by using porous silica as templates to obtain predominantly either nanoparticles, NP, iron oxides having crystallized within the pores of the silica (INTERNAL, replicated), or nanoparticles having crystallized outside the silica grains formed and during the thermal activation treatments (external). We employed techniques easily transferable to obtain silicas (Chapter 1). Our goal at this level was more than 50 grams of at least six silicas having different diameters of mesopores. The change in these diameters is accompanied by changes in connections between major mesoporous silicas and the properties of surfaces. Various iron precursor salts (chloride or nitrate) or metal mixtures were deposited on the various silicas obtained by the two solvents techniques (2S). The samples were calcined at 700 ° C in air to obtain oxide nanoparticles (Chapter 2). We show that, if the diameter of NP nanoreplicated is generally close to the pore diameter of the initial silicas, and forms the dispersion of nanoparticles in the inner silica grain depends on various experimental factors of the precursor salts, solvents and the type of the selected silica. We also show that the formation of particles is associated with the external heat treatment can be promoted and imposed by choosing the right solvent and the right precursor salt for a specific silica. Initial tests have demonstrated an important release rate in the case of iron catalyst, we tested different compositions ferrites ((II) cations of different electronegativities, Ni (II), Co (II), Cd (II), Zn (II) cation (III), Cr (III)). In order to compare the catalytic activity of the catalysts, two types of reactions are successively introduced. The first type of reaction, the photocatalytic oxidation of methanol and formaldehyde was employed as fundamental. In this case, our objective was to study the selectivity of the reaction and identify what way inambigue nanoparticles in the formulation of catalysts allow, starting from a species to a single carbon, to obtain products with 2 or more carbon atoms (Chapter III). The second reaction, the photocatalytic oxidation of a pesticide, was used to demonstrate that the catalysts may be useful as applied. The pesticide was selected carbendazim (Chapter IV) which we have followed the breakdown. These studies have been possible thanks to the use of advanced characterization techniques, type TOC and GC-MS. The best catalytic activities were analyzed according to the presence of a majority of internal and / or external NP and other species more dispersed and invisible by XRD.

<p>The work presented in this thesis has been focus on developing the idea of mesoreactor based on mesoporous silica SBA-15. SBA-15 is a mesoporous material with highly ordered pore structure and tailorable pore sizes with narrow sizes distribution. SBA-15 has been utilized to provide reaction sites for electroless copper deposition and the support of the synthesized copper nanoparticles. Oxidation processes have been conducted in order to improve the weak ion-exchange capability of as-synthesized silica surfaces. The efficiency of oxidation processes have been studied through various oxidizing agents and time. The surface treatments of mesoporous silica have been proofed to affect the distribution of the nanoparticles. Copper nanoparticles of 5 nm with narrow size distribution have been synthesized without the use of any capping agents and are homogeneously embedded in the silica matrix.</p>

The work presented in this thesis has been focus on developing the idea of mesoreactor based on mesoporous silica SBA-15. SBA-15 is a mesoporous material with highly ordered pore structure and tailorable pore sizes with narrow sizes distribution. SBA-15 has been utilized to provide reaction sites for electroless copper deposition and the support of the synthesized copper nanoparticles. Oxidation processes have been conducted in order to improve the weak ion-exchange capability of as-synthesized silica surfaces. The efficiency of oxidation processes have been studied through various oxidizing agents and time. The surface treatments of mesoporous silica have been proofed to affect the distribution of the nanoparticles. Copper nanoparticles of 5 nm with narrow size distribution have been synthesized without the use of any capping agents and are homogeneously embedded in the silica matrix.

UCHÔA, Antonia Flávia Justino. Síntese de sílica mesoporosa SBA 15 funcionalizada para teste de sorção de metais pesados. 2011. 93 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em química)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2011. / Submitted by Elineudson Ribeiro (elineudsonr@gmail.com) on 2016-05-31T18:58:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_afjuchoa.pdf: 3021135 bytes, checksum: 8f8b06b80d3524ad7b692c83e1473bef (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by José Jairo Viana de Sousa (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-05-31T23:20:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_afjuchoa.pdf: 3021135 bytes, checksum: 8f8b06b80d3524ad7b692c83e1473bef (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-31T23:20:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_afjuchoa.pdf: 3021135 bytes, checksum: 8f8b06b80d3524ad7b692c83e1473bef (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / SBA-15 Mesoporous silica functionalized with amine (– NH2) hat been prepared in this work for the purpose of the development of heavy metals adsorbents from wastewater. The functionalization with organic groups has been performed by two different methods, post-synthesis and co-condensation. In this work, the matrix was prepared by co-condensation. Two organic groups were selected to be incorporated with specific reactions sites containing amino groups, cysteine (HS–CH2–CH(NH2)–COOH) and phenylisotiocianate (C6H5–NCS). The materials were characterized by X-ray Diffraction at low angle (XRD), Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Solid State (NMR), Nitrogen adsorption-desorption (BET), Thermal Analysis (TG/DTG) and Spectroscopy of the Infrared (FT-IR). The hybrid material SBA 15_NH2 exhibit BET surface area of 451 m2/g and total pore volume 0,15 cm3/g. FT-IR, NMR, TG confirmed the incorporation of organic groups, cisteine and phenylisotiocianate in the materials. The analysis indicated that all synthesized materials showed hexagonal structure, characteristic of mesoporous materials like SBA-15 with good ordering of the pores, high surface area and narrow pore size distribution. All modified samples were subjected of sorption processes of Cu+2. The maximum adsorption capacity was 21 mg/g for the material modified with phenylisotiocianate. The Langmuir isotherm model fitted well to the experimental data together of pseudo-second order model kinetic process of adsorption. The results suggest that these materials can be used as adsorbents to remove trace metal ions in contaminated aqueous systems. / Sílicas mesoporosas do tipo SBA-15 funcionalizadas com amino (–NH2) foram preparadas para o desenvolvimento de adsorventes de metais pesados em águas residuais. A funcionalização com grupos orgânicos tem sido realizada por dois métodos distintos, pós-síntese e co-condensação. Neste trabalho a matriz foi preparada por co-condensação e dois grupos orgânicos foram selecionados para serem incorporados aos sítios de grupos amino: cisteína (HS–CH2–CH(NH2)–COOH) e fenilisotiocianato (C6H5–NCS). Os materiais foram caracterizados por difração de raios X em baixo ângulo (DRX), Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão (MET),RMN no estado sólido, Adsorção-dessorção de nitrogênio, análise térmica (TG/DTG) e Espectroscopia na Região do Infravermelho (FT-IR). O material híbrido SBA-15_NH2 exibiu área superficial BET de 451 m2/g e volume total de poros de 0,15 cm3/g. FT-IR, RMN no estado sólido e TG/DTG confirmaram a incorporação das cadeias orgânicas da cisteína e fenilisotiocianato nos materiais. As análises indicaram que todas as amostras sintetizadas apresentaram estrutura hexagonal, característica dos materiais mesoporosos do tipo SBA-15, com boa ordenação dos poros, elevada área superficial e estreita distribuição de tamanhos de poros. Todas as amostras modificadas foram submetidas a processos de sorção de íons Cu2+. A capacidade de adsorção máxima foi de 21 mg/g para o material modificado com fenilisotiocianato. A isoterma de Langmuir ajustou-se melhor aos dados experimentais e associado com o modelo de pseudo-segunda ordem descreveu bem o processo cinético de adsorção. Os resultados sugerem que esses materiais podem ser usados como adsorventes para remoção de íons de metais traços em sistemas aquosos contaminados.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2015-11-16T14:38:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AnneGabriellaDiasSantos_TESE.pdf: 8503584 bytes, checksum: 1f5bb2451325c80b1d0bd5f06c1791bc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Elisangela Moura (lilaalves@gmail.com) on 2015-11-16T14:45:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 AnneGabriellaDiasSantos_TESE.pdf: 8503584 bytes, checksum: 1f5bb2451325c80b1d0bd5f06c1791bc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-16T14:45:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AnneGabriellaDiasSantos_TESE.pdf: 8503584 bytes, checksum: 1f5bb2451325c80b1d0bd5f06c1791bc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-16 / Ag?ncia Nacional do Petr?leo, G?s Natural e Biocombust?veis - ANP / Os materiais mesoporosos v?m tendo uma aten??o especial, dentre os quais foi descoberto no final da d?cada de 90 a peneira molecular mesoporosa do tipo SBA-15. As boas caracter?sticas do SBA-15 tornam este material muito promissor na ?rea de cat?lise, no entanto, devido ? aus?ncia de s?tios ativos nativos, ele apresenta baixa atividade catal?tica. Desta forma, diferentes metais e ?xidos v?m sendo inseridos nesta peneira molecular como meio de inserir s?tios ativos e elevar a sua atividade catal?tica. Dentre os ?xidos que vem sendo pesquisados, encontra-se o ?xido de ni?bio, que apresenta fortes s?tios ?cidos e tem em abund?ncia visto que o Brasil ? o maior produtor deste min?rio. Por outro lado a produ??o de biocombust?veis vem sendo almejada, sendo necess?rio o desenvolvimento de novos catalisadores para este fim. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver niobiosilicatos por um novo m?todo de s?ntese para aplica??o no craqueamento do ?leo de moringa. A metodologia consistiu em inserir o ?xido de ni?bio tanto pelo processo de p?s-s?ntese usando a impregna??o via ?mida ( porcentagens de 5, 15, 25 , 30 e 35%) e por inser??o direta. Para inser??o direta foi desenvolvido um novo m?todo de ajuste de pH, sendo testado diferentes pH ( 1.4, 1.6, 2.0 e 2.2) e diferentes raz?es de Si/Nb. Os materiais foram caracterizados por diferentes t?cnicas tais como: DRX, BET, MEV, EDX, UV-vis?vel, TG/DTG, DSC, MET , Acidez por n-bulitamina e FTIR. Posteriormente parte dos catalisadores desenvolvidos pelos dois m?todos foram testado no craqueamento termocatal?tico do ?leo de moringa, sendo usado um sistema simples de destila??o. Todos os niobiosilicatos obtidos apresentaram uma estrutura altamente ordenada, tendo altas ?reas espec?ficas, boa distribui??o de di?metros de poros, al?m de apresentar uma morfologia em forma de fibras. Nos catalisadores p?s s?ntese foi observado que o ni?bio inserido encontrava-se tanto tetraedricamente como octaedricamente coordenado, demonstrando que existiam tamb?m ?xidos formados na superf?cie externa do SBA-15, j? na s?ntese direta os materiais obtidos encontram-se apenas tetraedricamente coordenados. Dentre os pH testados o material que apresentou melhores caracter?sticas foi o sintetizado no pH 2.2. A aplica??o destes materiais no craqueamento catal?tico mostrou uma maior forma??o de l?quidos org?nicos ao serem comparados com o craqueamento t?rmico, al?m de diminuir significativamente a acidez e os res?duos formados, demonstrando que o uso do catalisador aumenta tanto a convers?o como a seletividade dos produtos. / The mesoporous materials has been an special attention, among them was discovered in the 1990?s the mesoporous molecular sieve of SBA-15 type. The good features of the SBA- 15 makes this material very promising in catalysis, however, due to the absence of native active sites, it has low catalytic activity. In this way, different metals and oxides have been included in this molecular sieve as a means of introducing active sites and increase its catalytic activity. Among the oxides that are being researched, there is the niobium oxide, which presents strong acid sites and exists in abundance. Brazil is the largest producer of the mineral. On the other hand, the production of biofuels has been desired, but it requires the development of new catalysts for this purpose. The aim of this work was to develop silicate of niobium by impregnation and by new synthesis method for application in the cracking of moringa oil. The methodology consisted of inserting the niobium oxide either by postsynthesis process using wet impregnation and direct insertion. For direct insert a new method was developed for pH adjustment, being tested different pH, and the pH 2.2 was used different ratios of Si/Nb. The materials were characterized by different techniques such as: XRD, N2 adsorption, SEM, EDS, UV-visible, TG/DTG, DSC, TEM, acidity by thermodesorption of n-butilamine and FTIR. After this part of the catalysts developed by the two methods were tested in the thermocatalytic cracking of moringa oil, being used a simple distillation. All silicates of Niobium obtained showed a highly ordered structure, having high specific areas, good distribution of pore diameters, beyond present a morphology in the form of fibers. In the catalysts after synthesis was observed that the niobium inserted has so as octahedrally and tetrahedrally coordinated, demonstrating that there were also oxides formed on the external surface of SBA-15. The materials obtained in the direct synthesis are only tetrahedrally coordinated. The new synthesis method of pH adjusting by using the buffer solution for it, proved to be very efficient for the production of such materials, because the materials obtained showed characteristics and structures similar to the molecular sieve of SBA-15 type. Among the pH tested the material that presented better characteristics was synthesized at pH 2.2. The application of these materials in catalytic cracking showed a higher formation of organic liquids when compared to thermal cracking, in addition to significantly reducing the acidity and residues formed, demonstrating that the use of silicates of Niobium increases both the conversion and the selectivity of the products.

El trabajo de investigación desarrollado en la presente tesis versa sobre la profundización de los mecanismos de acción de catalizadores mesoporosos en la reducción de la toxicidad del tabaco para disponer de bases más sólidas para el diseño de nuevos catalizadores. Recientemente, una de las preocupaciones sociales ha sido el impacto del consumo de tabaco en la salud de los fumadores activos y pasivos. De esta forma, varios debates se centraron en la importancia de eliminar esta práctica. Sin embargo, las medidas tomadas por los distintos gobiernos claramente no han sido suficientes. No pudieron evitar los efectos negativos del tabaco y sin alcanzar los niveles esperados en la reducción del consumo. En este sentido, los procesos de adsorción y catálisis pueden proporcionar una alternativa válida para reducir la toxicidad del humo del tabaco, lo que puede constituir un campo importante para una nueva aplicación en el uso de catalizadores y contribuir a paliar los negativos efectos del consumo de tabaco. En los últimos 15 años y particularmente en los últimos 5, el grupo de investigación de Procesado y Pirólisis de Polímeros ha desarrollado una intensa labor de investigación en el estudio y desarrollo de catalizadores para la reducción de la toxicidad de los humos del tabaco, así como del efecto de determinados catalizadores sobre la nicotina y distintos aditivos. Recientemente se ha adquirido un equipo de EGA (Evolved Gas Analysis) con el que se ha podido desarrollar el presente trabajo que ha permitido un conocimiento más preciso de los compuestos generados en distintas condiciones y atmósferas, aportando una información muy valiosa, que no se puede obtener con los equipos anteriormente utilizados, sobre los procesos que tienen lugar en la pirólisis y combustión del tabaco y el efecto de catalizadores. En primer lugar, se estudió el efecto del catalizador en las distintas variedades de tabaco existente además de la mezcla de tabaco que se utiliza como referencias en experimentos de termogravimetría a una velocidad de calefacción lenta. En este trabajo se observaron diferencias y similitudes entre la descomposición de los tipos de tabaco y el efecto de la adición del catalizador. Se observaron diferencias al añadir el catalizador principalmente en el proceso de combustión a temperaturas elevadas y en el residuo generado en los experimentos en atmósfera inerte. A continuación, para obtener más información sobre la descomposición a velocidades de calefacción lentas, se realizó el mismo tipo de experiencia, pero analizando las distintas fracciones generadas por tramos de temperatura por cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas. En este caso se observó que el catalizador tiene un mayor efecto de reducción a temperaturas bajas (<300 ºC), y un efecto contrario al aumentar la temperatura. Además, se observó que los efectos de reducción también fueron mayores en atmósfera oxidante. A continuación, se realizó un estudio de la pirólisis “flash” (velocidad de calentamiento elevada) del tabaco a varias temperaturas, así como la influencia de la cantidad de catalizador añadido a su mezcla. En este estudio se obtuvo que, al igual que a velocidad lenta, el efecto del catalizador es mayor a temperaturas bajas y en atmósfera oxidante. Sin embargo, también se obtuvieron reducciones significativas en la pirólisis a 500 ºC en atmósfera oxidante. El efecto del catalizador no es tan relevante en otros casos, provocando incluso un aumento de los compuestos aromáticos y nitrogenados en atmósfera inerte a temperaturas elevadas. Se verificó que a temperaturas bajas la generación de los compuestos más tóxicos es prácticamente nula y estos se ven reducidos por el catalizador. Igualmente, se observó una selectividad específica del catalizador cuando la pirólisis se realiza bajo atmósfera oxidante y a bajas temperaturas de pirólisis, manteniendo la liberación de nicotina y disminuyendo la generación de otros componentes. Se obtuvieron efectos más significativos a medida que aumenta la cantidad de catalizador utilizada. Aunque en los experimentos anteriores se obtuvieron resultados de reducción en la generación de compuestos procedentes de la descomposición de tabaco, estas fueron significativamente menores que las que sistemáticamente se han obtenido por nuestro grupo de investigación en los experimentos de fumado. Por tanto, no se puede concluir que ninguna de las técnicas utilizadas pueda considerarse representativa de lo que el catalizador es capaz de hacer en el proceso de fumado. Todos los experimentos descritos comparten una característica común y diferente a los experimentos de fumado. En todos ellos los volátiles generados son eliminados rápidamente de la zona caliente del sistema y no tienen opción de entrar en contacto con el catalizador, por lo que se están estudiando casi exclusivamente las reacciones primarias. Sin embargo, al fumar un cigarrillo, los volátiles y alquitranes generados en una calada pueden condensar o ser adsorbidos sobre el tabaco y el catalizador (si lo hay), de modo que pueden experimentar posteriores reacciones secundarias. Estos procesos pueden ser mucho más significativos en presencia del catalizador, donde, además, la proporción catalizador/alquitrán condensado puede ser marcadamente mayor que la relación nominal catalizador/tabaco. Por ello, se realizó un estudio del efecto del catalizador en la pirólisis de la materia particulada total (TPM) generada durante el proceso de fumado, con objeto de analizar el efecto del catalizador en las reacciones secundarias de los alquitranes condesados sobre el mismo. Se obtuvo que el catalizador retrasa la descomposición de la TPM a temperaturas más elevadas. Además, se observa una mayor reducción de la nicotina liberada, posiblemente por el mejor contacto entre TPM-catalizador. En este caso también se observa un comportamiento similar a los anteriores, con mayores reducciones al añadir el catalizador a temperaturas bajas y en atmósfera oxidante. Finalmente, se comparan todos los resultados anteriores con los obtenidos en experimentos de fumado, observando que los resultados que más se asemejan son los realizados a temperaturas bajas y en atmósfera oxidante, teniendo en cuenta los resultados de la descomposición de la TPM. Por tanto, se podría afirmar que el catalizador actúa principalmente a temperaturas bajas con presencia de aire y este efecto es combinación de las reacciones principales y secundarias que tiene lugar durante el fumado. / Estudios financiados por el Vicerrectorado de Investigación de la Universidad de Alicante (UAFPU2018- 013), por la Conselleria d’Educació, Investigació, Cultura i Esport (IDIFEDER 2018/009 and PROMETEO2020/093) y por el Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (CTQ2015-70726/P).

Design of a new well-defined surface organometallic species [O-(=Si–NH)2Zr(IV)Np2] has been obtained by reaction of tetraneopentyl zirconium (ZrNp4) on SBA-15 surface displaying mainly silylamine pairs [O-(=Si–NH2)2]. These surface species have been achieved by an ammonia treatment of a highly dehydroxylated SBA-15 at 1000°C (SBA-151000). This support is known to contain mainly strained reactive siloxane bridges (≡Si-O-Si≡)[1] along with a small amount of isolated plus germinal silanols =Si(OH)2. Chemisorption of ammonia occurs primarily by opening these siloxane bridges[2] to generate silanol/silylamine pairs [O-(=Si–NH2)(=SiOH)] followed by substitution of the remaining silanol. Further treatment using hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) results in the protection of the isolated remaining silanol groups by formation of ≡Si-O-SiMe3 and =Si(OSiMe3)2 but leaves ≡SiNH2 untouched. After reaction of this functionalized surface with ZrNp4, this latter displays mainly a bi-podal zirconium neopentyl organometallic complex [O-(=Si–NH)2Zr(IV)Np2] which has been fully characterized by diverse methods such as infrared transmission spectroscopy, magic angle spinning solid state nuclear magnetic resonance, surface elemental analysis, small angle X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), nitrogen adsorption and energy filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM). These different characterization tools unambiguously prove that the zirconium organometallic complex reacts mostly with silylamine pairs to give a bi-podal zirconium bis-neopentyl complex, uniformly distributed into the channels of SBA-151000. Therefore this new material opens a new promising research area in Surface Organometallic Chemistry which, so far, was dealing mainly with O containing surface. It is expected that vicinal amine functions may play a very different role as compared with classical inorganic supports. Given the importance in the last decades of N containing ligands in catalysis, one may expect important prospects…

A sílica mesoporosa SBA-15 é uma forte candidata para uso como adjuvante por apresentar propriedades vantajosas, como a capacidade de integração com moléculas, baixa toxicidade, boa estabilidade química, térmica e hidrotérmica. Seu potencial adjuvante foi demonstrado em trabalhos onde a SBA-15 associada a antígenos de naturezas distintas foi capaz de induzir uma alta produção de anticorpos específicos quando administrados por via parenteral. Além disso, a SBA-15 diminuiu a toxicidade da toxina diftérica na imunização de cavalos. Os efeitos da SBA-15 na produção de anticorpos com imunizações exclusivamente administradas pela via oral não havia sido testada. Assim, verificou-se a produção de anticorpos em camundongos heterogênicos selecionados para alta (HIII) e baixa (LIII) produção de anticorpos e em animais de fundo genético conhecido (BALB/c), após imunização oral com dois antígenos de naturezas distintas: LPS (antígeno T-independente) e flagelina (antígeno Tdependente), associados a sílica SBA-15. Os camundongos foram inoculados com duas doses de LPS ou flagelina de Salmonella typhimurium, associados ou não a SBA-15, pela via oral ou por via subcutânea. Foram pesquisados anticorpos séricos IgM, IgG e IgA, S-IgA no lavado intestinal e citocinas no soro. Células do linfonodo mesentérico foram coletadas após a imunização oral para caracterização fenotípica. Houve IgM anti-flagelina detectável em BALB/c no período de 37 dias no grupos Fla+SBA-15. Os animais de ambas as linhagens produziram IgG anti-LPS e anti-flagelina em todos os períodos avaliados. Foi encontrada uma pequena diferença significativa em BALB/c, entre os grupos Fla+SBA-15 e Fla após reforço por via oral. Não foi possível detectar IgA sérica nem secretória nos lavados intestinais. Não houve níveis detectáveis de citocinas nos soros do período avaliado. Foram encontrados linfócitos B1, T CD4+ e T CD8+, células dendríticas e moléculas coestimulatórias CD80 e CD86. Houve diferença estatística nas células dendríticas de HIII entre os grupos LPS+SBA-15 e LPS. / Ordered mesoporous sílica SBA-15 is a vaccine adjuvant candidate due to its advantageous properties such as the ability to associate with molecules, low toxicity, and also good chemical, thermal and hydrothermal stability. It has been demonstrated that the association of SBA-15 with several antigens, including toxins, induce high production of specific antibodies when injected parenterally.Since the oral route is natural for most infections, oral vaccination would be suitable for immunization against several diseases. Thus, we verified the antibody production of the non-isogenic mice selected for high (HIII) and low (LIII)antibody response after oral immunization with two antigens with distinct nature: LPS (T-independent antigen) and flagellin (Tdependent antigen), associated with silica SBA-15 Three mice per groupwere orally inoculated (gavage) with twodoses of LPS (75&#956;g) or Salmonella typhimurium flagellin (50&#956;g) adsorbed/encapsulated or not to SBA-15 at a 1:10 ratio on days 0 and 30. Blood sampleswere collectedon days 7 and 37andIgG serum levels were determined by ELISA.There was an increasing in antibody levels in HIII animalsi mmunized with both antigens associated with silica when compared to those immunized with antigen alone. We observed highest antibody levels in two of three HIII mice immunized with both antigens, although, due to the small sample, no significant differences were found between groups treated with silica or not. No significant difference was observed in LIII animals. The oral adjuvant effect of silica is encouraging by these preliminary results but must be confirmed by further experiments with a larger number of animals.

Filtros orgânicos são amplamente utilizados em formulações fotoprotetoras, com habilidade de absorver radiações ultravioleta (UV). Contudo, parte destes compostos possuem limitações, como: fotoinstabilidade, permeação cutânea e fotossensibilização e entre outros. Este trabalho envolveu a síntese de matriz mesoporosa do tipo SBA-15, encapsulação/incorporação de &#961;-metoxicinamato de octila (MCO), benzofenona-3 (BZF-3) e avobenzona (AVO) na SBA-15 para aplicação em formulações fotoprotetoras. Fez-se a determinação da eficácia in vitro dos filtros encapsulados/incorporados combinados a ingrediente cosmético; o preparo de bastão fotoprotetor e determinação eficácia estimada; a avaliação do potencial de irritação ocular dos bastões por HET-CAM - Hen\'s Egg Test - Chorioallantoic Membrane, e a avaliação da permeação/retenção cutânea e perfil de biodistribuição dos filtros. Para a caracterização dos materiais foram empregadas técnicas físico-químicas e analíticas. As medidas de adsorção/dessorção de N2 mostrou que as amostras dos filtros solares encapsulados/incorporados apresentaram diminuição na área superficial e volume de poro (V), indicando que os filtros solares foram encapsulados/incorporados na superfície e nos poros da SBA-15. Os resultados de Espalhamento de raios X a baixo ângulo evidenciaram que os filtros solares não afetaram a estrutura hexagonal da SBA-15. Por TG/DTG e análise elementar foi possível determinar a quantidade de filtros solares na superfície e nos mesoporos da SBA-15. Enquanto, as curvas DSC e DTA revelaram aumento na estabilidade térmica da AVO e BZF-3, quando encapsulados/incorporados. Os resultados da eficácia fotoprotetora in vitro monstraram que a combinação dos três filtros solares encapsulados/incorporados na SBA-15 promoveram aumento de 52% no fator proteção solar (FPS), enquanto que, na formulação fotoprotetora contendo os três filtros encapsulados/incorporados, o aumento foi de 94%. O ensaio de HET-CAM evidenciou que os bastões contendo SBA-15 e os filtros encapsulados/incorporados não foram irritantes. O ensaio de permeação/retenção cutânea monstrou que o processo de encapsulação/incorporação da BZF-3 promoveu diminuição de sua permeação em todos os tempos de exposição. As quantidades permeadas de AVO e MCO ficaram abaixo do limite de quantificação nos tempos 6 e 12 h, no entanto, no tempo de 24 h foi possível quantificá-los. As quantidades dos filtros solares retidas na pele a partir da formulação contendo os filtros solares encapsulados/incorporados na SBA-15 (F4) foram menores (tempos 6 e 12 h) em comparação à formulação contendo os filtros solares não encapsulados (F3). A investigação da biodistribuição dos filtros solares monstrou que a retenção total na pele, como na derme, foi menor na formulação F4 em comparação à F3. O estudo comparativo entre pele suína e a pele humana monstrou que as quantidades de BZF-3 e AVO permeadas e retidas na pele suína foram superiores do que em relação à humana para ambas as formulações (F4 e FR). Pela técnica de biodistribuição, foi possível determinar que os filtros solares oriundos das formulações F3 e referência (FR) apresentaram maior retenção destes compostos na derme do que em outras camadas da pele. Contudo, observou-se que os filtros encapsulados apresentaram taxa reduzida de retenção na derme. / Organic Filters are chemical compounds widely used in sunscreens formulations with the ability to absorb ultraviolet radiation (UV). Despite the effectiveness of these compounds in UV radiation protection, disadvantages related to their photo instability, potential skin permeation and photo sensibility pose significant challenges for improving these products. The aim of this work was to synthesize mesoporous matrix SBA-15, encapsulation/entrapping of octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC), benzophenone-3 (BZF-3) and avobenzone (AVO) into SBA-15 for application in photoprotective formulations. It was accessed in vitro photoprotection efficacy and in vitro photostability assay of encapsulated/entrapped UV filters combined with cosmetic ingredient and photoprotective stick formulations; evaluation of the ocular irritation potential of photoprotective stick formulations by in vitro method HET-CAM - Hen\'s Egg Test - Chorioallantoic Membrane; evaluation the skin permeation/deposition and biodistribution profile of photoprotective stick formulations. The decrease in the surface area and in mesoporous volume (V) observed in the nitrogen adsorption desorption isotherms of encapsulated/entrapped samples indicated that UV filters were efficiently encapsulated/entrapped into SBA-15. Additionally, SAXS results showed that UV filters did not affected the hexagonal structure of the mesoporous material and that these compounds filled the SBA-15 pores. TG/DTG and elemental analysis were efficient tools to confirm the presence and the quantity of UV filters into SBA-15. DTA and DSC curves of encapsulated/entrapped materials showed that the thermal stability of AVO and BZF-3 were increased. On the other hand, DSC curves of encapsulated/entrapped materials demonstrated that thermal stability of OMC was not increase. The in vitro photoprotective efficacy results demonstrated that the combination of the three sunscreens encapsulated/entrapped into SBA-15 increased 52.0% the SPF values, while the stick formulation containing the UV filters encapsulated/entrapped, the increase was 94.0%. Delivery experiments using porcine skin demonstrated that the encapsulation/entrapping process of UV filters resulted the decreased of BZF-3 permeation and deposition in skin (6 and 12 hours). The cutaneous biodistribution profile of UV filters showed that the deposition of these compounds from encapsulated/entrapped stick formulation (F4) was significantly lower than that from UV filters stick formulations (F3) in the total slices of the skin and dermis. The comparative study between porcine skin and human skin demonstrated that the amounts of BZF-3 and AVO permeated and deposited in porcine skin were higher than in human skin for both formulations (F4 and FR - reference formulation). By the biodistribution technique it was possible to determine that the UV filters from the formulations F3 and FR presented higher retention of these compounds in the dermis than in other layers of the skin. On the other hand, it was observed that the encapsulated UV filters presented low retention rate into dermis.