Purpose: Operational technology (OT) environments face significant risks and threats stemming from Industry 4.0. The security landscape for OT is confronted with unprecedented challenges due to the expanding attack surface resulting from factors like cloud adoption, Industrial Internet of Things, and increased mobility. Securing OT networks has become increasingly complex, and relying solely on perimeter firewalls or air gaps is a flawed approach. Malicious actors now target OT systems for high-stakes ransoms and lockouts, exploiting the manufacturing industry's reluctance to disrupt operations. Conventional security measures are insufficient against insider threats and agile hackers who can maneuver within the network. These adversaries display patience and persistence, often waiting for months to gain unauthorized access.  Acknowledging the complexity of OT within industrial organizations, the objective of this master's thesis is to offer a set of simplified principles and practices that can serve as valuable guidance for practitioners seeking to establish effective Attack Surface Management (ASM) strategies in OT environments. These OT security practices embody a comprehensive approach to cybersecurity, empowering OT security practitioners to adapt to ever-evolving industry dynamics and establish baseline protection against various threats and vulnerabilities. Design/Methodology/Approach: This thesis utilizes Action Design Research (ADR), which combines Action Research (AR) and Design Science (DS) approaches. ADR is applied to address a specific problem in an organizational context, involving intervention, evaluation, and the creation of new IT principles and practices. ADR is chosen as the appropriate methodology to guide the development and evaluation of a prototype OT Remote Connectivity and the secure integration of MES components into the organizational OT environment. Findings: This study made a valuable contribution to the field by introducing five innovative Design Principles (DPs) specifically designed to simplify ASM in OT environments. These newly proposed DPs complement the existing ones and address emerging challenges and considerations in the rapidly evolving landscape of OT security. They provide practitioners with fresh perspectives, guidelines, and approaches to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of ASM strategies in OT. Practical Implications: The research project gives a comprehensive checklist of secure practices for OT, these were formulated and implemented, considering the entire lifecycle of OT devices. These practices encompassed various stages, from design, procurement to disposal, and aimed to enhance the security posture of OT systems. Building upon these secure practices, a functional prototype was developed to facilitate secure remote connectivity for suppliers/vendors and the seamless integration of Manufacturing Execution System (MES) components.

Optimizing the operation and maintenance of wind turbines is crucial as the wind energy sector continues to expand. Predicting the mass imbalance of wind turbines, which can seriously damage the rotor blades, gearbox, and other components, is one of the key issues in this field. In this work, we propose a machine learning-based method for predicting the mass imbalance of wind turbines utilizing information from multiple sensors and monitoring systems. We collected data and trained the model from Adwen AD8 wind turbine model and evaluated on the real wind turbine SCADA data which is located at Fraunhofer IWES, Bremerhaven. The data included various parameters such as wind speed, blade root bending moments and rotor speed. We used this data to train and test machine learning classification models based on different algorithms, including extra-tree classifiers, support vector machines, and random forest. Our results showed that the machine learning models were able to predict the mass imbalance percentage of wind turbines with high accuracy. Particularly, the extra tree classifiers with blade root bending moments outperformed other research for multiclassification problem with an F1 score of 0.91 and an accuracy of 90%. Additionally, we examined the significance of various features in predicting the mass imbalance and observed that the rotor speed and blade root bending moments were the most crucial variables. Our research has significant effects for the wind energy sector since it offers a reliable and efficient way for predicting wind turbine mass imbalance. Wind farm operators can save maintenance costs, minimize downtime of wind turbines, and increase the lifespan of turbine components by identifying and eliminating mass imbalances. Also, further investigation will allow us to apply our method to different kinds of wind turbines, and it is simple to incorporate into current monitoring systems as it supports prediction without installing additional sensors. In conclusion, our study demonstrates the potential of machine learning for predicting the percentage of mass imbalance of wind turbines. We believe that our approach can significantly benefit the wind energy industry and contribute to the development of sustainable energy sources.

En la actualidad, el crecimiento poblacional y las consecuencias medioambientales generadas por diversas actividades realizadas por el hombre están reduciendo las áreas cultivables en el mundo y afectando la disponibilidad de los recursos naturales como el agua. Debido a ello, surge la importancia de la aplicación de novedosas técnicas agrícolas como la Hidroponía que al ser soportadas por la tecnología ofrecerían el sostenimiento alimentario mundial del futuro, el desarrollo socioeconómico y la conservación del ecosistema. En nuestro país, la agricultura tradicional es la técnica más realizada intensivamente la cual origina un elevado consumo de agua y la utilización de pesticidas que dañan en el tiempo las áreas cultivables. Además, los procesos de cultivo son realizados manualmente y muchas veces sin asesoría técnica. La existencia de técnicas como la Hidroponía trae muchas ventajas comparadas a la agricultura tradicional, y mejor aún, al ser soportada por la tecnología incrementaría la calidad y la productividad sin dañar el ecosistema. Con ello, nuestro país podría abrirse a mercados competitivos e impulsar su desarrollo tecnológico para la producción de plantas. El objetivo de esta tesis se centra en el diseño de un sistema de monitoreo y control del pH de nutrientes minerales para un prototipo de cultivo hidropónico recirculante usando PLC y software Scada. Con el control del pH se optimiza la calidad del producto pues se entrega a la planta los nutrientes minerales necesarios para su crecimiento eficientemente. No requiere de la tierra ni de pesticidas. Debido al sistema recirculante de los nutrientes se obtiene un menor consumo de agua y mayor oxigenación de las raíces de las plantas. Por otro lado, el monitoreo remoto permite obtener datos del procesos en tiempo real, un mejor análisis del comportamiento de la planta durante su crecimiento, información histórica del comportamiento del sistema, notificaciones instantáneas mediante alarmas, mejor toma de decisiones ante fallas, posibilidad de integración con las redes de telecomunicación, integración a diferentes aplicativos de oficina basados en Windows y completo control del proceso desde un centro de supervisión.

[EN] Due to the rise of energy prices, the energy cost of pumping represents most of the total operation cost in water distribution systems. In addition, energy price varies according to the tariff structure. For these reasons, optimal real-time control of the pumping stations and the valve operation settings is required in order to minimize energy costs while controlling pressure in the network. To achieve this objective it is necessary to define an optimization model that results in a reliable operation scenario. Moreover, simulation of hydraulic models allows tracking the daily operation schedule of the water supply network. Its integration into a SCADA system is a valuable tool to aid the making of decisions. For this aim, the mathematical model must be calibrated, and regularly updated. Finally, to perform optimal control in real-time, it is necessary to define a demand forecast model to know in advance the state of the network for the following 24 hours. This thesis exposes a methodology for optimal real-time operation of a hydraulic network based on the development of a platform that allows the integration of hydraulic simulation models, forecast models and optimization algorithms in SCADA systems. With the aim of performing the most adjusted model to actual scenarios, a demand forecast model has been developed based on historical patterns obtained from the SCADA system. Finally, an optimization module has been developed to minimize the energy costs of pumping systems, which basically consists of two blocks. In the first block, the goal is to optimize the operating regime of pumps using a linear programming model to minimize the operating costs while maintaining the water levels in tanks within a threshold range. In the second block, once optimal pump operation is set, setting of pressure reducing valves is optimized in order to satisfy the total expected demand within the system's restrictions of maximum and minimum pressure, according to the pump operation. An important contribution of this thesis has been the replacement of the hydraulic model by an equivalent model based on parallelized architecture neural network (ANN), which significantly reduces the computation time, a very important aspect when a system for real-time optimization is implemented. The proposed methodology has been applied to the water supply network of Valencia and its metropolitan area, taking into account current energy tariff structure. Results prove the effectiveness of the proposed model in the search for feasible operation strategies, to be applied to a real distribution system with two water pumping stations, several tanks, and various regulation valves remotely operated. Many of the physical components of the system have been replaced by using ANN architecture, without affecting the pressure constraints at critical points. The achieved energy saving highlights the importance of applying optimization models as a mean of improving system energy efficiency. / [ES] Con el aumento de precios de la energía, el coste de la energía eléctrica utilizada por los sistemas de bombeo representa la mayor parte del coste total de la operación en los sistemas de distribución de agua. Por esta razón, y porque los precios de la energía son variables hora a hora, es necesario un control óptimo en tiempo real del régimen de operación de las estaciones de bombeo y el régimen de regulación de las válvulas, con el fin de minimizar los costes energéticos y al mismo tiempo controlar las presiones en la red. Para alcanzar este objetivo es necesario definir un modelo de optimización que dé como resultado un escenario de operación viable. Por otra parte, los modelos de simulación hidráulica permiten realizar el seguimiento del régimen de operación diaria de una red de abastecimiento de agua, y su integración en un sistema SCADA constituyen una herramienta de valiosa ayuda para la toma de decisiones. Para ello el modelo matemático deberá estar calibrado y permanentemente actualizado. Finalmente para llevar a cabo un control óptimo en tiempo real es necesario definir un modelo de previsión de demanda que permita anticipar el estado de la red para las próximas 24 horas. La presente tesis presenta una metodología de operación óptima en tiempo real de una red hidráulica basada en el desarrollo de una plataforma que permite la integración de modelos de simulación, los modelos de predicción y los algoritmos de optimización con los sistemas SCADA. Con vistas a realizar una optimización en tiempo real lo más ajustada a la realidad se ha adoptado un modelo de previsión de demanda basado en patrones históricos procedentes de los datos de consumos obtenidos a través del propio sistema SCADA. Finalmente se ha desarrollado un módulo de optimización para minimizar los costes energéticos del sistema de bombeo, el cual, consta básicamente de dos bloques. En el primer bloque el objetivo ha sido optimizar el régimen de operación de las bombas mediante un modelo por programación lineal con el objetivo de minimizar los costes de operación manteniendo los niveles en los depósitos dentro del rango prefijado. En el segundo bloque, una vez definido el estado de operación de las bombas, se han optimizado las consignas de las válvulas de regulación, consideradas como válvulas reductoras de presión, con tal de satisfacer la demanda total prevista cumpliendo las restricciones de presión máxima y mínima del sistema, de acuerdo con la operación de las bombas. Como una aportación importante de la tesis, a la hora de realizar las simulaciones hidráulicas de las diferentes soluciones propuestas por el optimizador, se ha sustituido el simulador hidráulico por un modelo equivalente basado en una arquitectura de red neuronal paralelizada (ANN), el cual permite reducir significativamente el tiempo de cálculo, aspecto de gran importancia cuando se trata de implantar un sistema de optimización en tiempo real. La metodología propuesta ha sido aplicada sobre la red a abastecimiento de agua a Valencia y su área metropolitana, considerando los bloques de tarifas eléctricas vigentes para el caso de estudio. La tesis doctoral presenta unos resultados que prueban la efectividad del modelo propuesto en la búsqueda de estrategias de operación viables para ser aplicado sobre un sistema de distribución de agua real compuesta por dos estaciones de bombeo, varios depósitos, y diversas válvulas de regulación motorizadas, en la que se han podido omitir muchos de los componentes físicos del sistema mediante el uso de una arquitectura ANN, pero sin perder de vista los puntos críticos donde se han establecido las restricciones del presión. La reducción del consumo eléctrico alcanzado, pone de manifiesto la importancia del modelo de optimización como instrumento de mejora de la eficiencia energética del sistema. / [CA] Amb l'augment de preus de l'energia, el cost de l'energia elèctrica utilitzada pels sistemes de bombament representa la major part del cost total de l'operació en els sistemes de distribució d'aigua. Per esta raó, i perquè els preus de l'energia són variables hora a hora, és necessari un control òptim en temps real del règim d'operació de les estacions de bombament i el règim de regulació de les vàlvules, a fi de minimitzar els costos energètics i al mateix temps controlar les pressions en la xarxa. Per a aconseguir este objectiu és necessari definir un model d'optimització que done com resultat un escenari d'operació viable. D'altra banda, els models de simulació hidràulica permeten realitzar el seguiment del règim d'operació diària d'una xarxa d'abastiment d'aigua, i la seua integració en un sistema SCADA contituyen una ferramenta de valuosa ajuda per a la presa de decisions. Per això el model matemàtic haurà d'estar calibrat i permanentment actualitzat. Finalment per a dur a terme un control òptim en temps real és necessari definir un model de previsió de la demanda que permeta anticipar l'estat de la xarxa per a les pròximes 24 hores. La present tesi presenta una metodologia d'operació òptima en temps real d'una xarxa hidràulica basada en el desenrotllament d'una plataforma que permet la integració de models de simulació, els models de predicció i els algoritmes d'optimització amb els sistemes SCADA. Amb vista a realitzar una optimització en temps real el més ajustada a la realitat s'ha adoptat un model de previsió de demanda basat en patrons històrics procedents de les dades de consums obtinguts a través del propi sistema SCADA. Finalment s'ha desenvolupat un mòdul d'optimització per minimitzar els costos energètics del sistema de bombament, el qual, consta bàsicament de dos blocs. En el primer bloc l'objectiu ha estat optimitzar el règim d'operació de les bombes mitjançant un model per programació lineal amb l'objectiu de minimitzar els costos d'operació mantenint els nivells en els dipòsits dins del rang prefixat. En el segon bloc, un cop definit l'estat d'operació de les bombes, s'han optimitzat les consignes de les vàlvules de regulació, considerades com vàlvules reductores de pressió, per tal de satisfer la demanda total prevista complint les restriccions de pressió màxima i mínima del sistema, d'acord amb l'operació de les bombes. Com una aportació important de la tesi, a l'hora de realitzar les simulacions hidràuliques de les diferents solucions proposades per l'optimitzador, s'ha substituït el simulador hidràulic per un model equivalent basat en una arquitectura de xarxa neuronal paralelizada (ANN), el qual permet reduir significativament el temps de càlcul, aspecte de gran importància quan es tracta d'implantar un sistema d'optimització en temps real. La metodologia proposada ha sigut aplicada sobre la xarxa a abastiment d'aigua a València i la seua àrea metropolitana, considerant els blocs de tarifes elèctriques vigents per al cas d'estudi. La tesi doctoral presenta uns resultats que proven l'efectivitat del model proposat en la busca d'estratègies d'operació viables per a ser aplicat sobre un sistema de distribució d'aigua real composta per dos estacions de bombament, uns quants depòsits, i diverses vàlvules de regulació motoritzades, en la que s'han pogut ometre molts dels components físics del sistema per mitjà de l'ús d'una arquitectura ANN, però sense perdre de vista els punts crítics on s'han establit les restriccions del pressió. La reducció del consum elèctric aconseguit, posa de manifest la importància del model d'optimització com a instrument de millora de l'eficiència energètica del sistema. / Bou Soler, V. (2016). Optimización en tiempo real del modo de operación de un abastecimiento de agua mediante técnicas metaheurísticas. Aplicación a la RED de suministro a Valencia y su área metropolitana [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/62692 / TESIS

Med höga belastningar inom dagens process- och tillverkningsindustri är det mycket vanligt med automatiserade processer, för att skapa dessa processer används oftast PLC eller SCADA system. System som dessa är ofta dyra varför det kan vara svårt för mindre företag att investera i och hålla systemen löpande uppdaterade. Därför skall det i detta projekt visas att det finns möjlighet att utveckla automatiserade processer till rimliga kostnader. Med hög efterfrågan av automationssystem är det också viktigt att i utbildningsyfte lära ut om denna teknik. För det krävs det enkla system för studenter att kunna konstruera och programmera mindre processer. Detta skall visas genom att i utvecklingsmiljön Codesys konstruera ett sorteringssystem med SoftPLC funktionsblock där programvaran i sin tur skall exekveras i en Raspberry Pi hårdvara. Genom SoftPLC gör man systemet kompatibelt för anslutning av ett stort antal I/O-enheter av olika slag. Detta ger en flexibilitet för företag att till rimlig kostnad löpande vidareutveckla befintliga system. Den utvecklade programvarans huvudsakliga uppgift är att skapa logiska samband och styrningar kopplade till den information som inhämtas från de till CPU-enheten anslutna programerabara distribuerade I/O-enheter. Programvarans funktionalitet konstruerades för att få ett objekt att längs ett löpande band färdas runt och sorteras beroende på dess material och färg utan extern hjälp. Den färdiga konstruktionen gjorde det möjligt för en kloss att ta sig runt utan extern hjälp. Med detta program var det möjligt för processen att kunna sortera svart, vit och metalliska klossar, för att sen placera ut klossarna på specifika löpband. Som slutsats konstateras att det är fullt rimligt att skapa modulära automatiserade processer med god precision till ett rimligt pris. Detta genom användande av open-source programvara som exekverar i på marknaden prisvärda CPU-enheter / With a higher workload in today’s process and manufacturing industry has it become more popular with automated systems and processes, were SCADA and PLC is the leading development system. Systems like this are often expensive and can because of that be hard to maintain for smaller companies to keep updated. In this project it will be possible to develop an automated process for reasonable cost. With high demand of automation system, it is also important in educational purposes to teach and develop such systems. Therefor it is important with simple system to build and program.  By using the developing tool Codesys build a sorting system with SoftPLC function block where this software will be executed on a Raspberry Pi.  With SoftPLC it will be possible to make it compatible for connection with vast majority of I/O-units. This makes it flexible for companies to continue developing their firmware for a lower cost. The developed software main task is to create logical connections and controls that is gathered from the CPU connections programmable I/O-units. The software was created for an object to be able to travel on conveyor belt and be sorted depending on its colour without any external help. The complete setup made it possible for an object to travel without any external help. With the software it was possible for the process to sort black, white and metallic colour on the object, to then be able to place these on specific conveyor belt depending on its colour. As a conclusion to this project, it is possible to make automated processes for a reasonable price with good precision. This by using open-source software which can be downloaded on low-cost CPU-units.

The power grid has changed a great deal from what has been generally viewed as a traditional power grid. The modernization of the power grid has seen an increase in the integration and incorporation of computing and communication elements, creating an interdependence of both physical and cyber assets of the power grid. The fast-increasing connectivity has transformed the grid from what used to be primarily a physical system into a Cyber- Physical System (CPS). The physical elements within a power grid are well understood by power engineers; however, the newly deployed cyber aspects are new to most researchers and operators in this field. The new computing and communications structure brings new vulnerabilities along with all the benefits it provides. Cyber security of the power grid is critical due to the potential impact it can make on the community or society that relies on the critical infrastructure. These vulnerabilities have already been exploited in the attack on the Ukrainian power grid, a highly sophisticated, multi-layered attack which caused large power outages for numerous customers. There is an urgent need to understand the cyber aspects of the modernized power grid and take the necessary precautions such that the security of the CPS can be better achieved. The power grid is dependent on two main cyber infrastructures, i.e., Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) and Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI). This thesis investigates the AMI in power grids by developing a testbed environment that can be created and used to better understand and develop security strategies to remove the vulnerabilities that exist within it. The testbed is to be used to conduct and implement security strategies, i.e., an Intrusion Detections Systems (IDS), creating an emulated environment to best resemble the environment of the AMI system. A DoS flooding attack and an IDS are implemented on the emulated testbed to show the effectiveness and validate the performance of the emulated testbed. / M.S. / The power grid is becoming more digitized and is utilizing information and communication technologies more, hence the smart grid. New systems are developed and utilized in the modernized power grid that directly relies on new communication networks. The power grid is becoming more efficient and more effective due to these developments, however, there are some considerations to be made as for the security of the power grid. An important expectation of the power grid is the reliability of power delivery to its customers. New information and communication technology integration brings rise to new cyber vulnerabilities that can inhibit the functionality of the power grid. A coordinated cyber-attack was conducted against the Ukrainian power grid in 2015 that targeted the cyber vulnerabilities of the system. The attackers made sure that the grid operators were unable to observe their system being attacked via Denial of Service attacks. Smart meters are the digitized equivalent of a traditional energy meter, it wirelessly communicates with the grid operators. An increase in deployment of these smart meters makes it such that we are more dependent on them and hence creating a new vulnerability for an attack. The smart meter integration into the power grid needs to be studied and carefully considered for the prevention of attacks. A testbed is created using devices that emulate the smart meters and a network is established between the devices. The network was attacked with a Denial of Service attack to validate the testbed performance, and an Intrusion detection method was developed and applied onto the testbed to prove that the testbed created can be used to study and develop methods to cover the vulnerabilities present.

SCADA-system (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) har under de senaste decennierna använts i stor utsträckning, med utmärkta resultat för nätverksdrift och -förvaltning. Kunder ställer emellertid krav på att SCADA-system ska kunna integrera externa komponenter för att möjliggöra utveckling av befintliga och nya affärsprocesser. Det innebär att dessa system utvecklas från en monolitisk infrastruktur till en löst kopplad och flexibel arkitektur. Således har nya behov uppstått för att förbättra systemets interoperabilitet, minska komplexiteten och förbättra underhållet. Föreliggande masterprojekt presenterar ett ramverk för att förutsäga systems interoperabilitetet (IPF); ett ramverk som stöder arkitekturprocessen under de tidiga stadierna av produktutveckling. Vidare har arbetet undersökt några alternativa arkitekturer, vilka har modellerats och verifierats med hjälp av ovannämnda ramverk. En första konceptuell arkitektur har utvecklats för att förbättra interoperabiliteten hos interna system, för att reducera kopplingen mellan det grundläggande SCADA-systemet och Energy Management-systemet (EMS). Därefter genererades en andra arkitektur som möjliggör integration av externa komponenter för att främja den externa interoperabiliteten. Resultat visar att de föreslagna arkitekturerna är korrekta (enligt IPF) och systemets driftskompatibilitet förbättras. Vidare förefaller den slutligt föreslagna lösningen vara mindre komplex än den nuvarande arkitekturen på lång sikt, men det skulle behövas en större insats och väsentliga förändringar för att uppgradera systemarkitekturen. / SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems have been widely used during the last decades delivering excellent results for the power network operation and management. However, some current customer requirements are for SCADA systems to integrate external components in order to perform advanced power network studies and develop both existing and new business processes. This novel viewpoint will make these systems evolve from a monolithic infrastructure towards a loosely coupled and flexible architecture. Hence, new needs have arisen with the aim of improving the system interoperability, reducing the complexity and enhancing the maintainability. This master´s thesis project presents an Interoperability Prediction Framework (IPF), that supports the architecture design process during the early stages of product development. In addition, this work has also investigated some alternative architectures, which have been modelled and verified using the previously mentioned framework. A first conceptual architecture has been designed to improve the internal system interoperability, reducing the coupling between the basic SCADA and the Energy Management System (EMS). Later, a second architecture that allows the integration of external components has been introduced to promote the external interoperability. Results show that the proposed architectures are correct (according to the IPF) and the interoperability of the system is improved. Furthermore, initial conclusions suggest that the final proposed solution would be less complex than the current architecture in the long term, although a large effort and substantial changes would be needed to upgrade the system architecture.

The automation of industrial processes has been one of the greatest innovations in the industrial sector. It allows faster and accurate operations of production processes while producing more outputs than old manual production techniques. In the beverage industry, this innovation was also well embraced, especially to improve its bottling processes. However it has been proven that a continuous optimization of automation techniques using advanced and current trend of automation is the only way industrial companies will survive in a very competitive market. This becomes more challenging for small to medium scale enterprises (SMEs) which are not always keen in adopting new technologies by fear of overspending their little revenues. By doing so, SMEs are exposing themselves to limited growth and vulnerable lifecycle in this fast growing automation world. The main contribution of this study was to develop practical and affordable applications that will optimize the bottling process of a SME beverage plant by combining its existing production resources to basic principles of the current trend of automation, Industry 4.0 (I40). This research enabled the small beverage industry to achieve higher production rate, better delivery time and easy access of plant information through production forecast using linear regression, predictive maintenance using speed vibration sensor and decentralization of production monitoring via cloud applications. The existing plant Siemens S7-1200 programmable logic controller (PLC) and ZENON supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system were used to program the optimized process with very few additional resources. This study also opened doors for automation in SMEs, in general, to use I40 in their production processes with available means and limited cost. / School of Computing / M.Tech (Engineering, Electrical)

The future power grid will effectively utilize renewable energy resources and distributed generation to respond to energy demand while incorporating information technology and communication infrastructure for their optimum operation. This dissertation contributes to the development of real-time techniques, for wide-area monitoring and secure real-time control and operation of hybrid power systems. To handle the increased level of real-time data exchange, this dissertation develops a supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system that is equipped with a state estimation scheme from the real-time data. This system is verified on a specially developed laboratory-based test bed facility, as a hardware and software platform, to emulate the actual scenarios of a real hybrid power system with the highest level of similarities and capabilities to practical utility systems. It includes phasor measurements at hundreds of measurement points on the system. These measurements were obtained from especially developed laboratory based Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) that is utilized in addition to existing commercially based PMU’s. The developed PMU was used in conjunction with the interconnected system along with the commercial PMU’s. The tested studies included a new technique for detecting the partially islanded micro grids in addition to several real-time techniques for synchronization and parameter identifications of hybrid systems. Moreover, due to numerous integration of renewable energy resources through DC microgrids, this dissertation performs several practical cases for improvement of interoperability of such systems. Moreover, increased number of small and dispersed generating stations and their need to connect fast and properly into the AC grids, urged this work to explore the challenges that arise in synchronization of generators to the grid and through introduction of a Dynamic Brake system to improve the process of connecting distributed generators to the power grid. Real time operation and control requires data communication security. A research effort in this dissertation was developed based on Trusted Sensing Base (TSB) process for data communication security. The innovative TSB approach improves the security aspect of the power grid as a cyber-physical system. It is based on available GPS synchronization technology and provides protection against confidentiality attacks in critical power system infrastructures.

The diploma thesis is focused on the creation of a control interface for a polygon simulating the electrical distribution network of the Czech Republic, where communication between substations is realized by IEC 60870-5-104 protocol. The theoretical part of the thesis explains the basic principles, properties and possibilities of communication standards IEC 60870 and IEC 61850. The next part is focused on the actual implementation and subsequent implementation of the control interface, including the implementation of the IEC 61850-80-1 module for data transfer between the mentioned standards. The last part describes the created behavior scenarios or the analysis of communication itself.