El presente estudio tiene como objetivo conocer los factores que contribuyeron o limitaron la sostenibilidad del Proyecto Inclusión Digital (PID), ejecutado por CEDRO durante los años 2012-2017 en la Región Huánuco, analizando: a) las estrategias implementadas para promover el uso de servicios digitales; b) la participación de los actores clave para alcanzar sus objetivos y asegurar la sostenibilidad; y c) el aporte de los telecentros en época de COVID-19, todo esto con el fin de proponer recomendaciones y una propuesta de mejora. La investigación es cualitativa con la aplicación de encuestas y entrevistas semiestructuradas. La muestra de las encuestas estuvo conformada por 194 usuarios de telecentros en los ámbitos de seis telecentros de la región Huánuco: Hermilio Valdizán, La Morada, Las Palmas, Palo de Acero, Paraíso y Sachavaca. Adicionalmente se entrevistó a diez personas de las cuales seis fueron agentes comunitarios y cuatro representantes de CEDRO. Como principales hallazgos se encontró que los telecentros han sido importantes para las localidades donde se instalaron, pues han contribuido a que la mayor parte de los pobladores incorporen herramientas digitales útiles para sus vidas cotidianas dejando de lado la exclusión digital y acercándolos cada vez más a la “ciudadanía digital”. Los sujetos de derecho mencionan que los telecentros, además, han influenciado positivamente los procesos productivos, comerciales y de servicios, así como el acceso a oportunidades educativas, laborales, informativas y comunicacionales, con ahorros de tiempo y dinero. Si bien la mayor parte de los telecentros continuó funcionando una vez transferidos a las municipalidades, algunos tuvieron dificultades. La sostenibilidad de los telecentros se apoyó sobre cuatro pilares: a) la voluntad política de las autoridades municipales; b) el mantenimiento de un paquete de servicios adecuado a las necesidades poblacionales; c) la veeduría de la población a través de los comités de aliados; y d) el soporte técnico que sigue brindando CEDRO. Aunque los telecentros no fueron diseñados para operar en épocas de inestabilidad o emergencia, como la pandemia de COVID-19, pasados los primeros meses, los telecentros retomaron su accionar ofreciendo a la población la posibilidad de contar con un espacio de soporte tecnológico para alternativas educativas, comerciales, financieras y comunicacionales aportando al desarrollo personal, familiar y comunitario. / The objective of this study is to know the factors that contributed or limited the sustainability of the Digital Inclusion Project (PID), executed by CEDRO during the years 2012-2017 in the Huánuco Region, analyzing: a) the strategies implemented to promote the use of digital services; b) the participation of key stakeholders to achieve its objectives and ensure sustainability; and c) the contribution of telecentres in the time of COVID-19, all this in order to propose recommendations and a proposal for improvement. The research is qualitative with the application of surveys and semi-structured interviews. The survey sample consisted of 194 telecentre users in the areas of six telecentres in the Huánuco region: Hermilio Valdizán, La Morada, Las Palmas, Palo de Acero, Paraíso and Sachavaca. Additionally, ten people were interviewed, six of whom were community agents and four were CEDRO representatives. As the main findings, it was found that telecentres have been important for the localities where they were installed, since they have contributed to the incorporation of digital tools useful for the daily lives for most of the inhabitants, putting aside digital exclusion and bringing them closer and closer to the "Digital citizenship". The subjects of law mention that telecentres have also positively influenced production, commercial and service processes, as well as access to educational, employment, informational and communication opportunities, with savings of time and money. Although most of the telecentres continued to operate once transferred to the municipalities, some had difficulties. The sustainability of the telecentres was based on four pillars: a) the political will of the municipal authorities; b) the maintenance of a package of services adapted to the needs of the population; c) the oversight of the population through the committees of allies; and d) the technical support that CEDRO continues to provide. Although the telecentres were not designed to operate in times of instability or emergency, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, after the first months, the telecentres resumed their operations offering the population the possibility of having a technological support space for educational, commercial, financial and communicational alternatives contributing to personal, family and community development.

El presente trabajo relee la novela Aves sin nido de Clorinda Matto desde una perspectiva jurídico-legal con el Derecho Positivo vigente en 1889, año en que se publicó. La novela cuestiona el statu quo de la época con el propósito de trastornarlo. La novela, por lo tanto, no solo resultó ser innovadora y atrevida en el plano sociocultural, sino que, según la Ley de Imprenta de 1823, debió ser considerada como subversiva y pudo ser llevada a juicio. Esta nueva dimensión nos permite afirmar que la autora se atrevió a publicar un texto que resultó incómodo a muchas instancias del poder, el religioso en particular, con la conciencia de su parte de poder ser enjuiciada y encarcelada. Se analiza porqué la novela Aves sin nido era un libro subversivo que pretendía y aspiraba a subvertir el statuo quo a través de crear conciencia personal y social en sus lectores y a través de ellos y con ellos incidir en la sociedad a fin de crear cambios positivos en la estructura política-jurídica, religiosa y social que redundaran en aliviar la vida de los indígenas y mujeres quienes eran vulnerables a los abusos y crímenes cometidos por los curas, autoridades civiles y militares en los pueblos chicos del Perú. Para todo lo anterior se analiza la novela Aves sin nido y el contexto en que vivía Matto cuando publicó dicha novela. Se analiza también comparativamente con la novela La cabaña del Tío Tom de la escritora norteamericana Harriet Beecher Stowe y Los Tiempos difíciles y Oliver Twist del británico Charles Dickens. Esta tesis cumple el deseo de Clorinda Matto expresado en el Proemio, consistente en que el lector Juzgue y Falle sobre el contenido y pretensiones de cambio de la novela Aves sin nido. / Tesis

In recent years, there has been a growing commitment to studying the economic lives of the poor by better understanding their psychological lives (Banerjee and Duflo, 2007; Schilbach et al., 2016). These developments stem from the failure to empirically detect poverty traps, which have been at the core of the development literature for decades (Dean et al., 2017). Instead, empirical studies document the existence of very large rates of returns to investment, which, however, are not matched by observed consumption growth rates (Kremer et al., 2019). Several behaviors of the poor, which do not fit with traditional models, puzzled economists. Why do poor micro-entrepreneurs keep borrowing at extremely high interest rates instead of saving some of their profit to borrow less with each passing day (Ananth et al., 2007)? If using fertilizer has such high rates of return, why don't poor farmers purchase it (Duflo et al., 2008)? If the poor remain poor because they do not get enough calories, why do they spend their money on other things besides food (Banerjee and Duflo, 2007)? Such questions led to the rise of the subfield of Behavioral Development Economics, which applies insights from psychology and behavioral economics to study the economic behavior of the poor; trying to explain why and how it departs from standard economic models. Behavioral biases, studied extensively in Behavioral Economics, may be much more consequential for the poor. Failing to resist to the temptation of a hedonistic reward after a hard day of work will have very different implications for a poor person than for a rich one. This thesis aims to contribute to this new strand of literature, in particular to one of its branches titled "the psychology of poverty", which studies the impact poverty has on cognitive function and economic behavior. One influential theory in this field is the scarcity/mental bandwidth theory (Mullainathan and Shafir, 2013), which states that poverty implies not only lack of financial resources, but also lack of mental resources to focus on other things besides pressing concerns. At any time, a poor person's mind will be preoccupied with worries about bills, school fees or health problems; and how to best manage all of them with very limited resources. While this makes the poor better at decisions regarding the pressing issue at hand (Mullainathan and Shafir, 2013), it also makes them neglect other important domains which may not appear urgent enough (Shah et al., 2012, 2015). While the theory may help explain many puzzling behaviors of the poor, up to now there has been little evidence on real-world economic outcomes. The first two chapters of this thesis try to bring the framework closer to real-world economic decisions even though restricted to the lab setting. The main challenge with studying the psychology of poverty outside the lab is the fact that even exogenous changes in income will affect several other channels besides mental bandwidth, making it very challenging to pin down the precise mechanism. Given this, the first two chapters are limited to varying mental bandwidth in a lab setting, keeping income fixed. The novel aspect is that the decisions participants make mimic closely everyday life purchasing decisions, involving real products. I note however, that due to limited funding and ethical considerations, in both chapters decisions are only weakly incentivized: only 1% of participants actually receive the goods they selected. The first chapter explores the relationship between the psychology of poverty, investment in human capital, and financial incentives. Empirical evidence indicates that the poor are less attentive parents, investing less in the human capital of their children (McLoyd, 1998; Evans, 2004). This contributes to the inter-generational transmission of poverty because investing in human capital has extremely high rates of return, highest in early childhood (Cunha and Heckman, 2007; Cunha et al., 2010). The question is why don't the poor invest more? Traditional answers to this question put the blame on lack of knowledge of parenting practices, wrong beliefs on the expected returns or lower altruism. We propose an alternative explanation based on the scarcity theory. Poor parents may fail to invest the required time and resources in their child because their minds are preoccupied with other more urgent concerns. When there is uncertainty about how the next bill will be paid, spending time doing educational activities with the child may shift out of focus. When such behaviors keep repeating on a regular basis, a gap emerges between poor and non-poor children in the amount of cognitive and emotional stimulation they receive. The challenge is how to test this hypothesis. Given the identification issues with disentangling such channels with observational data, we bring it to the lab. Parents of toddlers, living in the UK, are invited to participate in an online experiment. First, they are asked to answer how their family would deal with various hypothetical financial scenarios which vary in severity (hard for the treatment group, easy for the control group). Among the treated, the scenarios aim to bring financial worries to mind, trying to capture what people living in poverty experience on a regular basis. After completing the scenarios, parents receive a budget of pounds 30 to be spent as they choose in an experimental market on 3 types of goods: necessities, child investment goods, and luxury goods. Half of parents are incentivized to purchase more child investment goods by being offered a 50% discount. This treatment investigates if financial worries change how parents respond to such incentives, and is motivated by the results in Das et al. (2013) which find that accounting for household re-optimization in response to a policy is crucial when evaluating its effects. We find that the incentive increases investment in human capital among lower income parents only when financial worries are not salient. When worries become salient, low income parents do not invest more but instead use the additional money to increase their demand of necessities. In addition, they also lower their demand for luxury goods to zero. When no discount is offered, we do not find financial worries to lower investment, which is likely to be explained by floor effects. Among higher income parents, financial worries do not affect behavior. The effects among lower income participants are driven by those who were further away from their last paycheck at the time of the experiment - an indicator of real world monetary scarcity. This finding increases the external validity of our main results. The second chapter departs from studying the human capital of children, focusing instead on the human capital of adultsootnote{However, the behavior studied is likely to have negative externalities also on children (e.g. domestic violence).}. Addictive (or temptation) goods have been at the core of academic and policy debates for decades. With Becker and Murphy (1988), addiction was rationalized as a utility maximizing decision where the individual fully internalizes the costs of consuming such goods. In this framework, the only scope for intervention is to balance out the externalities -- the costs that individuals place on society through consumption decisions (e.g. healthcare costs). Gruber (2001) questioned theoretically and empirically the rational framework, showing that with inconsistent time preferences, individuals do not fully internalize the cost of their behavior. Further studies have confirmed these findings which increased the scope of policy interventions (Gruber and Kőszegi, 2004; O’Donoghue and Rabin, 2006; Allcott et al., 2019a). The most widely used policy tools to limit the over-consumption of temptation are "sin" taxes, popular among governments because they bring large revenues. However, such taxes have sparked debates regarding their effects on income distribution. Since the poor tend to spend a higher share of their budget on temptation, they are likely to pay a higher cost. On the other hand, they are also the ones expected to benefit more in terms of health by consuming less. Traditionally, such taxes were placed on tobacco and alcohol. Recently, several governments have started adding taxes also on the consumption of unhealthy foods, such as sugary drinks and beverages. Crucial to determining the effect of the tax is the elasticity of demand with respect to price and the degree to which individuals are not internalizing their choices (Allcott et al., 2019a). The second chapter integrates the economics of temptation with the scarcity theory, and investigates if financial worries affect (i) the demand for temptation and (ii) the elasticities of demand with respect to price (sin taxes). The first question is not straightforward in the scarcity framework. While poverty is scarcity of financial resources, it is also scarcity of immediate gratification. The poor have stressful lives and jobs which are often less rewarding and highly physically demanding. Compensating for these struggles is harder since they can only access a small set of potential alternatives to addictive goods (e.g. going to nice restaurant and travelling are not really in the choice set of the poor). Following a similar design as in the first chapter but with a less specific population (adults living in the UK), we randomly trigger financial worries before asking participants to choose between necessities and temptation goods in an experimental market. The basket of temptation goods offered includes tobacco, alcohol and unhealthy foods and we simulate "sin taxes" by randomly increasing the price of temptation by 10% or 20%. We find that triggering financial worries lowers the demand for temptation but also dampens demand elasticities. The effects are stronger among low income participants. When financial worries are salient, their demand curve is actually slightly upward sloping. The finding is puzzling: financial worries appear to limit over-consumption of temptation, but they also hurt the poor the most when additional taxes are introduced. We find suggestive evidence that both effects are mediated by an increased focus on urgent necessities. The first two chapters integrated the scarcity framework into public policies. The results are very consistent across studies and have clear policy implications. Among the poor, when monetary concerns are top of mind: (i) incentivizing investments in human capital may not achieve its desired outcome, (ii) (dis)incentivizing consumption of temptation through new taxes may harm the poor the most since they do not lower their demands in response to price increases, which leads, through taxation, to a transfer of funds from the poor to the nonpoor without having any corrective effects (see Bernheim and Rangel, 2004; Bernheim and Taubinsky, 2018). However, I must note that both chapters make only speculative policy recommendations given that they lack the normative counterfactual. Further research is needed to rigorously establish the welfare implications of financial worries. The third chapter takes a step back from economic decisions to studying how violence exposure affects cognitive function in children. Unfortunately violence and poverty are closely linked in a vicious cycle. Economically deprived neighborhoods are in general also more violent. In addition to monetary concerns, the minds of the poor are likely to be preoccupied with safety concerns. This study attempts to apply the framework in Mullainathan and Shafir (2013), focusing on security concerns instead of monetary ones. While the link between the scarcity framework and violence as scarcity of security is novel and up for debate, the chapter is closely connected with the literature on the impact of emotions on cognition and decision making (Loewenstein and Lerner, 2003; Lerner et al., 2003, 2015; Callen et al., 2014; Bogliacino et al., 2017). In a lab-in-the-field experiment, primary school children in El Salvador are randomly assigned to recall episodes of violence exposure before or after taking cognitive tests. I find that recalling violence exposure before taking the tests, increases cognitive performance by 0.2 standard deviations, effect significantly stronger for children reporting higher exposure. The estimates contrast previous findings on the effect of violence and cognitive function (Sharkey, 2010; Sharkey et al., 2012; Bogliacino et al., 2017) and call for further research in the field.

El presente estudio busca construir un marco analítico sobre el proceso estratégico aplicable al fundraising en organizaciones no gubernamentales de desarrollo (ONGD) orientadas a la educación. Se examinan diferentes enfoques teóricos sobre el proceso estratégico y su contribución a las estrategias de fundraising en estas organizaciones, sobre cuya base se delimita un marco analítico específico. Luego se describen las dinámicas que caracterizan a estas ONGD, se identifican los factores contextuales que influyen sobre sus estrategias de financiamiento, y finalmente se hace una caracterización de las principales ONGD locales. Esta investigación es relevante para comprender teóricamente de qué manera el proceso estratégico puede mejorar la gestión del financiamiento de estas organizaciones, un aspecto fundamental para su sostenibilidad

El presente artículo científico tiene como objetivo mostrar aquellos fundamentos en torno a la posibilidad de modificar los artículos 4° y derogación del inciso 6 del artículo 407° de nuestra Ley General de Sociedades. En la investigación se utilizó la metodología cualitativa, puesto que, se realizó un análisis documental, utilizando la recolección de datos hallados en fuentes virtuales bibliográficas, ya sean revistas académicas, científicas, libros, artículos jurídicos y cualquier otro tipo de materiales escritos como tesis y periódicos, estos orientados a la búsqueda de resultados para el problema de investigación planteado. Entre los resultados se obtuvo que si bien la norma societaria menciona que para conformar una sociedad se requiere como mínimo de dos personas cuya determinación será la pluralidad de socios, y, al perder esta condición se convierte en sobrevenida, se cumpliría con ello la aceptación de la sociedad unipersonal, restando aquel carácter importante de la pluralidad societaria y promoviendo la modificación de los artículos ya mencionados. / This scientific article aims to show those fundamentals around the possibility of modifying articles 4 ° and repeal of paragraph 6 of article 407 ° of our General Law of Companies. In the research, the qualitative methodology was used, since a documentary analysis was carried out, using the collection of data found in virtual bibliographic sources, whether academic and scientific journals, books, legal articles and any other type of written materials such as theses and newspapers, these oriented to the search for results for the research problem posed. Among the results it was obtained that although the corporate norm mentions that to form a company requires at least two people whose determination will be the plurality of partners, and, when losing this condition becomes supervened, the acceptance of the sole proprietorship would be fulfilled, subtracting that important character of the corporate plurality and promoting the modification of the aforementioned articles.

In popular culture, religious motifs often manifest through metaphors and symbols intertwined with religious terms and figures. Notably, the realm of hip hop music exhibits a profound resonance with religious themes, a resonance seen throughout history. How artists present these metaphors and symbols vary markedly, based on religious comprehensions and artistic expression. This study undertakes a textual analysis of religious references within the context of hip hop music. The material is based on songs by the artist Kendrick Lamar, a preeminent figure in the hip hop music industry. The primary objective of this essay is to examine Lamar's use of religious references in his music by addressing the following questions: what metaphors does he use, and what functions do they serve in his songs. To examine this, Robert Tinajero's hip hop thematization provides the theoretical framework for this essay. Lamar shows in his lyrics many similarities with Tinajeros themes, for instance his faith in God and mistrust in organized religion. The analysis also revealed new themes such as self-reflection and conflict between sin and forgiveness

Atmosphärendruckplasmen sind aufgrund ihrer vergleichsweise einfachen Anlagentechnik, potentiell geringen Betriebs- und Investitionskosten sowie ihrer Flexibilität bezüglich Substratgröße seit vielen Jahren von großem Interesse. Die Nutzung von Plasmaquellen mit hoher Precursoranregungseffizienz und ausgedehnter Beschichtungszone ist in diesem Zusammenhang besonders vorteilhaft. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird deshalb erstmals eine neuartige Langlichtbogenplasmaquelle vom Typ LARGE (Long Arc Generator) zur plasmagestützten Synthese von Schichten bei AP (Atmosphärendruck) eingesetzt. Bei der Remoteaktivierung des Precursors erweisen sich insbesondere sauerstoff- sowie stickstoffhaltige Plasmagase als geeignet, um einen signifikanten Anteil der Plasmaenergie in den Remotebereich zu transferieren. Die entwickelte bogenbasierten PECVD (Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapour Deposition) unter Atmosphärendruckbedingungen ist durch die Erzeugung hochenergetischer Plasmen gekennzeichnet, der Precursor wird stark fragmentiert und ursprüngliche Bindungen des Precursormoleküls werden vollkommen aufgebrochen. Die Ergebnisse der Gasphasencharakterisierung mittels optischer Emissions- sowie Infrarotspektroskopie lassen beim Prozess der Precursorfragmentierung im Remoteplasma auf eine zentrale Bedeutung metastabiler sowie dissoziierter Spezies schließen. Weiterhin sind hohe Plasmaleistungen, Molekulargasanteile im Plasmagas und große Plasmagasflüsse für eine wirkungsvolle Remoteaktivierung des Precursors von Vorteil. Einen wichtigen Aspekt des Verfahrens stellt darüber hinaus die Möglichkeit der Synthese sauerstofffreier Schichtmaterialien dar. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass sowohl der genutzte Atmosphärendruckreaktoraufbau mit seinem Gasschleusenkonzept, als auch die Gasreinheit des verwendeten Prozessgases zu keiner nennenswerten Einlagerung von Sauerstoff in die Schicht führt. Die Schichthärte synthetisierter Siliziumnitrid-Schichten lässt sich ohne zusätzliche Substratheizung durch Prozessparameteroptimierung bis auf eine Härte von 17 GPa steigern. Die dynamische Abscheiderate ist mit 39 nm∙mm/s ebenfalls für eine technische Anwendung ausreichend hoch. Eine eingehende Analyse aller Daten legt den Schluss nahe, dass das Schichtwachstum bei der Atmosphärendruck Remote-PECVD häufig kinetisch gehemmt ist und nicht im thermodynamischen Gleichgewicht stattfindet. Der Wachstumsprozess ist in diesem Fall durch das Phänomen des DLG (Diffusion Limited Growth) gekennzeichnet. Homogennukleation bzw. Gasphasennukleation spielt anders als bislang angenommen auch bei Atmosphärendruckbedingungen keine bzw. eine nur untergeordnete Rolle und ist damit nicht limitierend für die erzielbare mechanische und chemische Stabilität der gebildeten Schichten. Mit steigender Diffusionslimitierung des Schichtbildungsvorganges wird eine Zunahme der Schichtrauheit beobachtet, daraus und aus dem Zuwachs an strained sowie dangling Bonds in der Schicht resultiert eine gesteigerte Affinität der synthetisierten Schichten gegenüber Sauerstoff. Als Schlüsselparameter bezüglich Schichtmorphologie sowie Topographie wird der DLG-Quotient angesehen, welcher das Verhältnis aus Oberflächendiffusionskoeffizient und Auftreffrate schichtbildender Spezies auf dem Substrat darstellt. Damit wurden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit die entscheidenden und verfahrenslimitierenden Aspekte identifiziert und die Grundlage für die weitere Optimierung dieses und anderer Remote-AP-PECVD-Verfahren geschaffen. In ähnlicher Weise wie dies auch durch die Bereitstellung einer verbesserten thermischen Aktivierung des Diffusionsprozesses schichtbildender Spezies auf der Substratoberfläche geschieht, lässt sich mit Hilfe eines niedrigen Stickingkoeffizienten eine Diffusionslimitierung des Schichtbildungsvorgangs bei AP-PECVD unterdrücken. In diesem Zusammenhang besitzt insbesondere Ammoniak im Remotegas einen günstigen Einfluss auf die entstehende Schichtmorphologie und Konformalität der Beschichtung.

Les travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit sont axés sur le développement et la caractérisation de modules technologiques sur semiconducteurs à large bande interdite à base de nitrure de gallium (GaN), pour la réalisation de transistors et de cathodes froides. Ils ont été réalisés au sein du laboratoire III-V lab, commun aux entités : Alcatel - Thales - CEA Leti. Notre projet de recherche a bénéficié d'un soutien financier assuré par Thales Electron Devices (TED) et l'Agence Nationale de la Recherche ( ANR ). Concernant les transistors HEMT III-N, nos investigations se sont focalisées sur le développement des parties actives des transistors, incluant principalement la structuration des électrodes de grilles, l'étude de la passivation des grilles métalliques, ainsi que l'étude de diélectriques de grille pour la réalisation de structures MIS-HEMT.Les transistors MOS-HEMT « Normally-off » réalisés présentent des performances comparables à l'état de l'art, avec une densité de courant de drain maximum comprise entre 270 mA et 400 mA / mm, un ratio ION / IOFF > 1100, et des tensions de claquage > 200V. Les tensions de seuil sont comprises entre + 1,8 V et + 4 V. Nos contributions au développement des cathodes froides ont permis de démontrer une première émission dans le vide à partir de cathodes GaN, avec une densité de courant maximale de 300 µA / cm2 pour une tension de polarisation de 40 V / The results presented in this manuscript relate to technological developments and device processing on wide bandgap III-N semiconductor materials. They have been focused on III-N HEMT transistors and GaN cold cathodes. They have been realised within the III-V lab, which is a common entity between: Alcatel - Thales - CEA Leti. They have been financially supported by Thales Electron Devices company (TED) and the French National Research Agency ( ANR ). Regarding III-N HEMTs, our investigations have been focused on the development of device gate processing, which includes : the structuration of gate electrodes, the study of device passivation, and the realization of Metal-Insulator-Semiconductor High Mobility Electron Transistors ( MIS-HEMTs ). The “ Normally-off ” MOS-HEMT structures we have realized exhibit performances comparable to the state of the art, with a maximum drain current density between 270 and 400 mA / mm, a ION / IOFF ratio > 1.100, and a breakdown voltage > 200V. The threshold voltage values range between + 1,8 V and + 4V. We have also been able to demonstrate prototype GaN cold cathodes providing a maximum current density of 300 µA / cm2, emitted in vacuum for a bias voltage around 40 V

Atmosphärendruckplasmen sind aufgrund ihrer vergleichsweise einfachen Anlagentechnik, potentiell geringen Betriebs- und Investitionskosten sowie ihrer Flexibilität bezüglich Substratgröße seit vielen Jahren von großem Interesse. Die Nutzung von Plasmaquellen mit hoher Precursoranregungseffizienz und ausgedehnter Beschichtungszone ist in diesem Zusammenhang besonders vorteilhaft. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird deshalb erstmals eine neuartige Langlichtbogenplasmaquelle vom Typ LARGE (Long Arc Generator) zur plasmagestützten Synthese von Schichten bei AP (Atmosphärendruck) eingesetzt. Bei der Remoteaktivierung des Precursors erweisen sich insbesondere sauerstoff- sowie stickstoffhaltige Plasmagase als geeignet, um einen signifikanten Anteil der Plasmaenergie in den Remotebereich zu transferieren. Die entwickelte bogenbasierten PECVD (Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapour Deposition) unter Atmosphärendruckbedingungen ist durch die Erzeugung hochenergetischer Plasmen gekennzeichnet, der Precursor wird stark fragmentiert und ursprüngliche Bindungen des Precursormoleküls werden vollkommen aufgebrochen. Die Ergebnisse der Gasphasencharakterisierung mittels optischer Emissions- sowie Infrarotspektroskopie lassen beim Prozess der Precursorfragmentierung im Remoteplasma auf eine zentrale Bedeutung metastabiler sowie dissoziierter Spezies schließen. Weiterhin sind hohe Plasmaleistungen, Molekulargasanteile im Plasmagas und große Plasmagasflüsse für eine wirkungsvolle Remoteaktivierung des Precursors von Vorteil. Einen wichtigen Aspekt des Verfahrens stellt darüber hinaus die Möglichkeit der Synthese sauerstofffreier Schichtmaterialien dar. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass sowohl der genutzte Atmosphärendruckreaktoraufbau mit seinem Gasschleusenkonzept, als auch die Gasreinheit des verwendeten Prozessgases zu keiner nennenswerten Einlagerung von Sauerstoff in die Schicht führt. Die Schichthärte synthetisierter Siliziumnitrid-Schichten lässt sich ohne zusätzliche Substratheizung durch Prozessparameteroptimierung bis auf eine Härte von 17 GPa steigern. Die dynamische Abscheiderate ist mit 39 nm∙mm/s ebenfalls für eine technische Anwendung ausreichend hoch. Eine eingehende Analyse aller Daten legt den Schluss nahe, dass das Schichtwachstum bei der Atmosphärendruck Remote-PECVD häufig kinetisch gehemmt ist und nicht im thermodynamischen Gleichgewicht stattfindet. Der Wachstumsprozess ist in diesem Fall durch das Phänomen des DLG (Diffusion Limited Growth) gekennzeichnet. Homogennukleation bzw. Gasphasennukleation spielt anders als bislang angenommen auch bei Atmosphärendruckbedingungen keine bzw. eine nur untergeordnete Rolle und ist damit nicht limitierend für die erzielbare mechanische und chemische Stabilität der gebildeten Schichten. Mit steigender Diffusionslimitierung des Schichtbildungsvorganges wird eine Zunahme der Schichtrauheit beobachtet, daraus und aus dem Zuwachs an strained sowie dangling Bonds in der Schicht resultiert eine gesteigerte Affinität der synthetisierten Schichten gegenüber Sauerstoff. Als Schlüsselparameter bezüglich Schichtmorphologie sowie Topographie wird der DLG-Quotient angesehen, welcher das Verhältnis aus Oberflächendiffusionskoeffizient und Auftreffrate schichtbildender Spezies auf dem Substrat darstellt. Damit wurden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit die entscheidenden und verfahrenslimitierenden Aspekte identifiziert und die Grundlage für die weitere Optimierung dieses und anderer Remote-AP-PECVD-Verfahren geschaffen. In ähnlicher Weise wie dies auch durch die Bereitstellung einer verbesserten thermischen Aktivierung des Diffusionsprozesses schichtbildender Spezies auf der Substratoberfläche geschieht, lässt sich mit Hilfe eines niedrigen Stickingkoeffizienten eine Diffusionslimitierung des Schichtbildungsvorgangs bei AP-PECVD unterdrücken. In diesem Zusammenhang besitzt insbesondere Ammoniak im Remotegas einen günstigen Einfluss auf die entstehende Schichtmorphologie und Konformalität der Beschichtung.

Bibliography: leaves 118-124 / Did Christ, in the incarnation, take a fallen or unfallen human nature? This question, in its various forms, has occupied the Christian Church for as long as it has existed. For the Seventh-day Adventist church, to which tradition I belong, the question centres on whether Christ as a human being had sinful tendencies or not. This question has divided the church into two main camps, with one camp saying he did, and the other saying he did not. And the debate goes on. It is from the Seventh-day Adventist church tradition that I picked up on this debate, following it up to mainstream Christianity and motivating this research. My research seeks to identify the causes of the debate. Its premise is that unless the specific causes of the debate are clearly identified and appropriately addressed, it is difficult, if not impossible, to conclude it. For a close analysis, two scholars, each representing one side, are picked and examined: Pannenberg, representing the fallen nature position, and Hatzidakis, representing the unfallen nature position. Their respective arguments are gleaned, compared and analysed; and their differences, causes and possible solutions are pointed out. The findings are then applied to the Seventh-day Adventist church debate and to Christianity at large. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / M. Th. (Systematic Theology)