Este estudo tem por finalidade analisar as representações relacionadas ao feminino durante o período medieval averiguando a existência ou não de uma associação entre as características atribuídas às mulheres e o pecado da luxúria. Neste intuito, a pesquisa utilizará fontes variadas a fim de contextualizar a concepção sobre o feminino, valendose especialmente do “Livro das Confissões” de Martin Perez, compilado por monges do Mosteiro de Alcobaça em 1399. A preocupação com o pecado permeia o imaginário medieval e se traduz em uma série de discursos que visam orientar as relações sociais e explicar a realidade. O pensamento e as práticas identificadas durante o medievo sofrem uma série de transformações com o passar do tempo, sendo um exemplo o estabelecimento da confissão auricular, bem como as modificações existentes na apresentação dos pecados capitais. Assim, para a adequada compreensão do feminino e do masculino neste momento histórico é fundamental a reflexão sobre o pecado, suas possibilidades de manifestação e as formas de evitá-lo, uma vez que a reflexão sobre este permite a proposta de determinados modelos de pensar e agir. A realidade feminina em suas diferentes esferas de atuação, especialmente nos âmbitos do matrimônio e da maternidade, e sua vinculação ao pecado sob a análise de gênero, permite compreender mais profundamente as sociabilidades, bem como aspectos políticos, econômicos e culturais aos quais estavam submetidos os sujeitos que vivenciaram o período medieval. / This study aims at analyzing representations related to the feminine in the mediaeval period, searching for the existence or not of some association between characteristics given to women and the sin of luxury. With this aim, the research uses different resources in order to contextualize the conception of the feminine and it also takes advantage, mainly, of “Livro das Confições” (Book of Confessions) of Martin Perez, organized by monks of the Alcobaça Monastery in 1399. Worries concerning sin passed through the mediaeval imaginary and were made up of a range of discourses which intended to guide social relationships and apply the reality. Thought and practices identified along the mediaeval context suffered a number of transformations as time passed by. An example of this is the institution of the auricular confession and also modifications observed in the presentation of capital sins. Thus, for an adequate understanding of the feminine and the masculine in that historic moment, it is fundamental to make a reflection about sin, its possibilities of manifestation and ways of avoiding it, in that the reflection about it allows the suggestion of certain models of thinking and acting. The feminine reality, with its diversified range of action, especially marriage and motherhood, and its connection with sin, under gender analysis, allows a deeper understanding of social behaviors as well as well as political, economical and cultural aspects to which were submitted the subjects who lived in that period.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:26:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leosir S Massarollo Jr.pdf: 712870 bytes, checksum: fa67c40181a6d9d19a55a0fe53880d2d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-03 / The following study aims to investigate the influence of religion and subjectivity in the core of Søren A. Kierkegaard philosophical conception, mainly in the works Frygt og baeven (1843) (Fear and Trembling); Begrebet Angest (1844) (The Concept of Dread) and Sygdommen till doeden (1849) (The Sickness Unto Death). The Danish philosopher relies on concepts of faith / sin and objectivity / subjectivity to clarify his positions; in his analysis and conclusions it can be observed the direct influence of Ethics and Psychology, since it is an investigation about myself . Kierkegaard, from synthesis of what the individual is and its relations with harmony s divinity, in such relationship, the author affirms the existence as a constant process of edification. This process, inherent in the act of being, will have its analysis in Ethics and Psychology, but it will be fully expressed only in the subjectivity inclined to religious; which makes the Dogam, in many cases, the base of Kierkegaard investigation. Because it is a synthesis of the finite and infinite, temporal and eternal, freedom and necessity, dialectical myself radiates both finite infinity. This nature of man transcends the objective analysis, conducting the investigation in meanders in which the Dogmatic should match the "mechanism" of assessment. Having as modus aprendi the individualization, since Dogam demands isolation, the existence philosophy relies on its own developments to the edification of myself . With this conception, the individual is understood as a more elevated category from Kierkegaard s thoughts. This will result in the mutual abandon of systems and crowds, because in retirement, according to the Danish philosopher, the individual learns something that any science can teach: the edification. This will constitute in the comprehension and acceptance of the existence that allows the areas of life, initializing with Ethics and going forward with Dogam. The methodology used has as purpose, ultimately, the analysis of the inner from subjective reactions capable of expose the tension of existence, such as the desperation, interiority, faith, sin and others. The submission or elevation of the men will be constant observed in Kierkegaard s investigations. With this notion, the individual establishes alone the edification progress, guiding in its reality in the conditioned divinity synthesis. A path is open to the individuality as herald of the truth, as unrestricted statement and love for life. To achieve this statement, Kierkegaard has the faith as the last human passion, capable of conducting the synthesis and sublimate its concerns. In this sense, we can understand the philosophy proposed by Kierkegaard as a return do the myself in its deep religious implications. / O objetivo do presente trabalho consiste na investigação da influência das noções de religião e de subjetividade no cerne da concepção filosófica apresentada por Søren A. Kierkegaard, principalmente nas obras Frygt og baeven (1843) (Temor e tremor); Begrebet Angest (1844) (O conceito de angústia) e Sygdommen till doeden (1849) (O desespero Humano A doença mortal). O filósofo dinamarquês vale-se das concepções de fé/pecado e objetividade/subjetividade para esclarecimento de suas posições; em suas análises e conclusões observa-se influência direta da Ética e da Psicologia, já que se trata de uma investigação sobre o eu . Kierkegaard, a partir da síntese que constitui o indivíduo, da sua relação com a divindade e da harmonia em tal relação, afirma a existência como um constante processo de edificação. Este processo, inerente ao ato de ser, terá sua análise na Ética e na Psicologia, mas se manifestará de maneira plena apenas na subjetividade inclinada à religiosidade; o que torna a Dogmática, em muitos casos, a base da investigação kierkegaardiana. Por ser uma síntese de finito e infinito, temporal e eterno, liberdade e necessidade, a dialética do eu irradia tanto finitude quanto infinitude. Esta natureza do indivíduo transcende a análise objetiva, conduzindo a investigação a meandros em que a Dogmática deverá corresponder ao mecanismo de apreciação. Tendo como modus operandi a individualização, uma vez que a Dogmática exige o isolamento, a filosofia da existência vale-se de seus próprios desdobramentos para a edificação do eu . Com esta concepção, compreende-se o indivíduo como a categoria mais elevada do pensamento kierkegaardiano. Isto acarreta o abandono simultâneo de sistemas e multidões, pois no recolhimento, segundo o filósofo nórdico, o indivíduo aprende algo que nenhuma ciência pode ensinar: a edificação. Esta consistirá na compreensão e aceitação da existência que permeia os âmbitos da vida, iniciando com a Ética e aprofundando-se com a Dogmática. A metodologia utilizada possui como proposta, em última instância, a análise da interioridade a partir de reações subjetivas capazes de expor a tensão da existência, tais como o desespero, a angústia, a fé, o pecado, entre outras. Para tanto, Kierkegaard analisa tais reações não apenas de maneira objetiva, mas de modo a transportá-las à existência, voltando-se assim à natureza última do indivíduo: sua relação com a divindade. A submissão ou elevação do homem será a constante observada nas investigações kierkegaardianas. Com esta noção, o indivíduo instaura por si o avanço da edificação, pautando-se em sua realidade de síntese condicionada à divindade. Abre-se caminho para a individualidade como arauto da verdade, como afirmação irrestrita e amor à vida. Para atingir tal afirmação, Kierkegaard dispõe da fé como derradeira paixão humana, capaz de conduzir a síntese e sublimar suas inquietações. Neste sentido, podemos compreender a filosofia proposta por Kierkegaard como o retorno do eu em suas implicações religiosas profundas.

Le De gratia noui Testamenti (= epistula 140), lettre-traité composée par l’évêque d’Hippone au début de l’année 412, présente la pensée d’Augustin sur les rapports entre grâce divine et liberté humaine d’une manière remarquablement synthétique – en raison de ses circonstances de rédaction tout d’abord, qui le placent à la croisée de polémiques très diverses, et de son originalité littéraire, qui le rattache simultanément à plusieurs genres. Cette thèse comporte trois parties. Nous proposons tout d’abord une introduction au traité, afin d’en présenter les principaux aspects – dont les problèmes historiques qu’il pose, les questions littéraires qu’il soulève et les aperçus qu’il offre sur la pensée d’Augustin. Nous en avons ensuite, à partir d’une étude de sa tradition manuscrite, établi l’édition (qui corrige celle du CSEL, datant du début du XXe siècle) et la traduction. Enfin, notre commentaire s’attache à éclairer les passages problématiques de la lettre, pour en dégager les principaux intérêts historiques, littéraires et théologiques. / The De gratia noui Testamenti (= epistula 140), which is both a treatise and a letter composed by the Bishop of Hippo Regius at the beginning of year 412, presents Augustine’s thoughts on the connections between divine grace and human freedom in a remarkably synthetic way, first because of the circumstances in which it was written, which place it at the junction of very different debates, and secondly because of its originality on a literary point of view, which links it to several genres. This thesis comprises three parts. First, we propose an introduction to the treatise, which presents its main aspects – among which, the historical problems it poses, the literary questions it raises and the insight it offers into Augustine’s way of thinking. Then we have established the edition (which corrects that of the CSEL, which dates from the beginning of the 20th century) and the translation from a study of its manuscript tradition. Finally, our commentary strives to enlighten the debatable passages of the epistle in order to highlight its main historical, literary and philosophical interests.

(in English): The Master thesis depicts a concept of interpersonal relationships in a novel Cecilia Valdés by the Cuban writer Cirilo Villaverde. It describes author's life and circumstances which accompanied the origin of the novel. The thesis introduces a plot of the novel, analyses the main characters and their role in the novel. It deals with a theme of the novel as a genre in general and informs about Indian and Costumbrism novel as well. It follows historic events in Cuba at the time when the novel was issued. Knowledge of the historic events is necessary for comprehension of the novel in its broader sense. The thesis examines Cecilia Valdés from the point of a concept of interpersonal relationships, deals with relationships among black people, mulattoes and white people. It analyses a relationship between the main characters which is greatly influenced by different racial origin. The topic of slavery is introduced in connection with a plot of the novel. The Master thesis compares a novel Cecila Valdés with other significant Hispano- American novels which carry similar aspects, namely with Cumandá o un drama entre salvajes by Juan León Mera and Aves sin nido by Clorinda Matto de Turner. The thesis mainly focuses on interpersonal and partner relationships in these novels which are influenced...

Please read the abstract in the thesis. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2013 / Old Testament Studies / unrestricted

Due to the short period that some photovoltaic technologies have taken part on the solar energy market, it is crucial to evaluate the long term stability of solar cells belonging to those technologies in order to ensure a minimum lifetime of their performance. Accelerated degradation tests are thus carried out to achieve such goals. The present study analyzes the encapsulation effects on co-evaporated manufactured Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS) solar cells under damp heat conditions, consisting in 85 °C and 85 % relative humidity, during an approximated period of 1000 hours. The experimental procedure has been carried out at Solliance Solar Research facilities. Since the encapsulation packages play a critical role as a protection to achieve long term stability of the solar cells and modules, several packaging structures and materials has been taken into study. Thus, eighteen types of mini modules were manufactured including different combinations of encapsulants, front sheet foils, thin film protective barriers and CIGS cells from different manufacturers. The design of these mini modules and the manufacturing process to obtain them is also presented in this work. Various characterization techniques were carried out in order to acquire the required information about the solar cells and encapsulants performance along the damp heat degradation process. The results exposed that encapsulation packages including thin film barriers between the encapsulant and the front sheet foil allowed a longer solar cell lifetime due to their remarkable protection against moisture ingress. Moreover, the degradation of the molybdenum layer included in the CIGS cells was found as principal cause of efficiency decrement and end of performance of solar cells protected by regular encapsulant and front sheet foils. Some other findings in relation with the evaluated components are shown along the present study.

Att utveckla ett hälsofrämjande och förebyggande arbetssätt i skolor är något som gynnar alla i verksamheten, framförallt elever som inte når skolans kunskapskrav. Den här studien handlar om lärares uppfattning om arbetet med extra anpassningar både på individnivå och i samverkan på skolorna. Den handlar också om hur lärarna uppfattar att extra anpassningar förändras samt hur lärarna uppfattar att elevernas förståelse av sitt eget lärande förändras av ett ämnesövergripande arbetssätt och om detta kan vara ett bidrag till att arbeta hälsofrämjande och förebyggande.Syftet har varit att undersöka hur skolor med ämnesövergripande inriktning arbetar med extra anpassningar i teoretiska och estetiska ämnen. För att undersöka detta har frågeställningarna handlat om hur lärare uppfattar sitt eget och skolans arbete med extra anpassningar, hur de uppfattar att de extra anpassningarna förändras i ett ämnesövergripande arbetssätt samt hur de uppfattar att arbetssättet förändrar elevernas förståelse av sitt eget lärande.Studien är en kvalitativ studie där empirin består av semistrukturerade intervjuer med lärare på två skolor med ämnesövergripande inriktning. Hermeneutiken har utgjort metodansats utifrån den hermeneutiska spiralens samspel mellan del och helhet för att utveckla ny förståelse och kunskap. Studiens teoretiska utgångspunkt har varit ett relationellt perspektiv. Relationer och relationellt perspektiv är centralt i ett hälsofrämjande och förebyggande arbetssätt, alltså att både den psykiska och fysiska miljön hos individ och grupp är av vikt.Resultatet visar att i ämnesövergripande arbete uppfattar lärarna att de extra anpassningarna förändras, men även att elevernas förståelse av kunskapen förändras. Lärarna uttrycker att det är lättare för eleverna att visa sina förmågor och kunskaper när de får använda fler sinnen, men även att det underlättar för lärarna att se deras förmågor.

This thesis is a critical inquiry into the response to the Rwandan genocide of 1994 by Christians and Muslims. Structured around the thesis that Muslims resisted the genocide better than Christians, it explores the historical, cultural, political and theological causes that motivated and explain the actions of both faith communities in the face of genocide. The first chapter offers a critique of the dominant colonial perspective from which the topic of religion and genocide has been studied so far. It presents pre-colonial Rwandans as evolving in a complex spiritual universe, Gakondo, where religion, morality and politics were closely linked. The rise of a centralised state and sacred monarchy resulted in the theological marginalisation of the Rwandan divinity Imana and the deformation of the political conscience of the Rwanda subject. The second and the third chapter deal respectively with the beginnings of Christianity and Islam in Rwanda within the context of colonization. They show the genealogy of Christianity’s political ambivalence and Islam’s marginalisation, both which played an important role in the genocide of 1994. One significant contribution of the second chapter is to problematise the epistemological confusion between Rwandan Christianity and Roman Catholicism. Chapter four suggests a framework for the understanding of ‘Rwanda 94’ as an instance of evil. It offers a critique of the epistemic hijacking that characterises research in the Rwandan events. The chapter argues for a historical and naturalistic approach to the study of ‘Rwanda 94’, which should be qualified as ‘autocide’ instead of genocide because of the intimacy between victims and perpetrators. Chapter five and six tackle the thesis that Muslims resisted the genocide better than Christians. Examination of the factual data and revisionist discourses in post-genocide Rwanda lead to the conclusion that the imputation of success to Islam and failure to Christianity is operated by virtue of expectations on both faith communities. More specifically, chapter six provides a theological reading of Christianity’s shortcomings as sin. Chapter seven addresses the paradoxical phenomenon of religious blossoming in post-genocide Rwanda and argues that it is faith-based resistance to genocide shown by many Muslims and individual Christians which made ‘God-talk’ possible and ensured the survival of institutional religion. Chapter eight gives a summary and critique of the process of reconciliation in post-genocide Rwanda. It argues that Islam and Christianity need to develop an alternative model of reconciliation that challenges and moralises the State-engineered politics of reconciliation.

Please read the abstract in the dissertation. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Psychology / unrestricted

The challenge of the just war theory in the post-modern era is compounded by technologic advances in warfare and the friction among state actors in a decentralized state system. The inquiry of this investigation on just war is the extent of its validity in an era that extols the sciences and human reason on the one hand and economic necessity on the other as the standard by which state actors regulate their political objectives. The thesis Just war; unjust consequences examines the longevity of the just war tradition, its moral necessity throughout history and its indispensable application in the nuclear age. Chapter 2 examines the moral foundations of the ‘two kingdoms’, which formulates the background of the just war theory, from the biblical account of the great controversy between good and evil to the formation of modern church/state relations. Within the ancient and contemporary setting, ecclesiastical and theological traditions have provided a public platform to establish moral parameters in regards to state actor intent and post-modern application, such as the U.S.-Iraq war. Chapter 3 investigates Augustine’s enduring contribution to the moral and historical formation and longevity of the just war theory. From its earliest development to its modern antecedent the just war theory has been an integral aspect of the philosophical and theological analysis distinguishing ‘why’ and ‘how’ wars are fought and the import of moral parameters to manage international conflict. Chapter 4 examines Reinhold Niebuhr’s contribution to the realist tradition and U.S. foreign policy in the 20th and 21st centuries. This section examines the impact of the modern state actor’s intent for war. The primary issue is that the classical formulation that identifies human nature as the catalyst of social disorder and war is superseded by the scientific method, which adheres to the viewpoint that war is complicated by numerous economic and political factors. Hans Morgenthau’s realist tradition of international relations theory, which advocates that humankind is the centric disruptive force by its abuse of power at all levels of human interaction especially among nations was eventually eclipsed by Kenneth Waltz’s neorealist school of thought, which shifted the culpability of war from the egocentricities of human nature to the disproportions of economic and military power among competing state actors in a decentralized state system. This shift in international relations theory within the framework of weapons of mass destruction contested the validity of the just war tradition in the nuclear age. Chapter 5 reasserts the Christian realist tradition’s viewpoint that the perpetrator for war is the individual actor within collective competitive self-interest, epitomized by the state actor. The classical model is reinstated as a plausible cause for war. It is within this framework that a contemporary adaptation of the just war moral theory is provided to contest the contemporary complexities of warfare in the 21st century. Chapter 6 investigates the practical challenges of modern warfare. The background of Operation Iraqi Freedom reveals the complications of state actor competition in international politics, and the necessity of moral parameters to thwart unwarranted state actor aggression. Finally, Chapter 7 reiterates, the prolonged necessity of the just war tradition in both the ancient and modern eras and, the import of moral parameters to thwart unwarranted state actor aggression and provides a reformulation of the just war moral theory to challenge the viewpoint that deems the utility of weapons of mass destruction as viable national security alternative and its tactical application in warfare. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2014 / gm2015 / Practical Theology / PhD / Unrestricted