Tesis por compendio / [ES] El trabajo de investigación realizado en esta tesis se ha centrado en la aplicación de técnicas recientes e innovadoras en el estudio de la percepción de productos sin gluten. Primero, se estudió cómo tratar la información que hay en Twitter para conocer las opiniones de los consumidores sobre "sin gluten". Los temas más relevantes fueron 5 productos (pan, tarta, galleta, pizza, cerveza), situaciones de consumo, recomendaciones, lugares y aspectos relacionados con la celiaquía. Para explorar automáticamente la información de Twitter, se estudió utilizar redes de co-ocurrencia, que fueron útiles para interpretar los tweets, representar los aspectos más relevantes (ocurrencia) y ponerlos en contexto y en relación con otros (co-ocurrencia). Se observó que es posible automatizar sin un pre-tratamiento manual, permitiendo analizar de forma efectiva gran cantidad de información disponible online. Después, se estudiaron diferentes panes comerciales sin gluten en cuanto al comportamiento en boca para entender mejor los factores involucrados en la percepción de textura. Los panes (5 sin gluten; 2 normales) se caracterizaron en cuanto a propiedades mecánicas, estructura, fragmentación, saliva incorporada y consistencia y adhesividad del bolo. Las sensaciones de textura variaron a lo largo de la masticación, dependiendo de su estructura inicial, propiedades mecánicas, fragmentación, formación de bolo o actividad oral. Posteriormente, se estudió cómo los cambios en la estructura de panes sin gluten obtenidos por modificaciones en panificación (tiempo de fermentación e hidratación) afectan al procesamiento y actividad oral y las sensaciones de textura, que variaron principalmente según el tiempo de fermentación. Especialmente al principio, las diferencias en las sensaciones de textura se explicaron por las diferencias en la estructura y fragmentación en boca. Por último, se estudió la atención visual (con eye-tracking) y la respuesta de consumidores celíacos a paquetes de pan sin gluten, observando que el tipo de marca y la presencia del logo de certificación sin gluten influían en lo que miran. Todos los panes les dieron confianza, sin afectar la presencia del logo, pero condicionando lo que miran. El tipo de marca afectó la confianza y la expectativa de aceptabilidad, que fueron más altas para marcas específicas de sin gluten. La aceptabilidad también se explicó por otras características de cada pan. Se estudió la atención visual (eye-tracking) y las motivaciones de niños celíacos y sus padres al comprar galletas en comparación con los no celíacos. El patrón de fijación cambió en niños y padres: los niños celíacos se fijaron más en ingredientes, palabras y símbolos sin gluten, y menos en la imagen de las galletas; los padres de niños celíacos se fijaron más en ingredientes y símbolo sin gluten, y menos en la imagen de la galleta, nombre, dibujo e información nutricional. Para todos los niños y padres, lo más importante fue elegir una galleta que les gustara, pero solo los niños celíacos mostraron interés en la marca y por probar un producto nuevo. Otro motivo importante para los padres fue la salud, pero por diferentes atributos (padres de celíacos: certificación sin gluten o lista corta de ingredientes; padres de no celíacos: bajo en azúcar o grasa). El precio o la confianza fueron relevantes solo para los padres de niños celíacos. Esta Tesis ha aportado conocimiento sobre el uso y la practicidad de técnicas recientes en ciencia sensorial y del consumidor. La investigación confirma que se puede conseguir una comprensión plena de la compleja respuesta del consumidor recabando información desde perspectivas muy distintas. Sin embargo, para responder a cuestiones específicas en investigación, cada una de estas técnicas (análisis de las redes sociales, estudio del procesado oral de los alimentos o la técnica eye-tracking) puede contribuir de forma individual a entender mejor la aceptabilidad o la elección de alimentos del consumidor. / [CA] El treball de recerca realitzat en esta tesi s'ha centrat en l'aplicació de tècniques recents i innovadores en l'estudi de la percepció de productes sense glútens. Primer, es va estudiar com tractar la informació que hi ha en Twitter per a conéixer les opinions dels consumidors sobre "sense glútens". Els temes més rellevants van ser 5 productes (pa, pastís, galeta, pizza, cervesa), situacions de consum, recomanacions, llocs i aspectes relacionats amb la celiaquia. Per a explorar automàticament la informació de Twitter, es va estudiar utilitzar xarxes de co-ocurrència, que van ser útils per a interpretar els tuits, representar els aspectes més rellevants (ocurrència) i posar-los en context i en relació amb uns altres (co-ocurrència). Es va observar que és possible automatitzar sense un pre-tractament manual, permetent analitzar de manera efectiva gran quantitat d'informació disponible en línia. Després, es van estudiar diferents pans comercials sense glútens quant al comportament en boca per a entendre millor els factors involucrats en la percepció de textura. Els pans (5 sense glútens; 2 normals) es van caracteritzar quant a propietats mecàniques, estructura, fragmentació, saliva incorporada i consistència i adhesivitat de la bitla. Les sensacions de textura van variar al llarg de la masticació, depenent de la estructura inicial, propietats mecàniques, fragmentació, formació de bitla o activitat oral. Posteriorment, es va estudiar com els canvis en l'estructura de pans sense glútens obtinguts per modificacions en panificació (temps de fermentació i hidratació) afecten el processament i activitat oral i les sensacions de textura, que van variar principalment segons el temps de fermentació. Especialment al principi, les diferències en les sensacions de textura es van explicar per les diferències en l'estructura i fragmentació en boca. Finalment, es va estudiar l'atenció visual (amb eye-tracking) i la resposta de consumidors celíacs a paquets de pa sense gluten, observant que el tipus de marca i la presència del logotip de certificació sense gluten influïen en el que miren. Tots els pans els van donar confiança, sense afectar la presència del logotip, però condicionant el que miren. El tipus de marca va afectar la confiança i l'expectativa d'acceptabilitat, que van ser més altes per a marques específiques de sense glútens. L'acceptabilitat també es va explicar per altres característiques de cada pa. Es va estudiar l'atenció visual (eye-tracking) i les motivacions de xiquets celíacs i els seus pares en comprar galetes en comparació amb no celíacs. El patró de fixació va canviar en xiquets i pares: els xiquets celíacs es van fixar més en ingredients, paraules i símbols sense glútens, i menys en la imatge de les galetes; els pares de xiquets celíacs es van fixar més en ingredients i símbol sense gluten, i menys en la imatge de la galeta, nom, dibuix i informació nutricional. Per a tots els xiquets i pares, el més important va ser triar una galeta que els agradara, però només els xiquets celíacs van mostrar interés en la marca i per provar un producte nou. Un altre motiu important per als pares va ser la salut, però per diferents atributs (pares de celíacs: certificació sense gluten o llista curta d'ingredients; pares de no celíacs: baix en sucre o grassa). El preu o la confiança van ser rellevants solo per als pares de xiquets celíacs. Esta Tesi ha aportat coneixement sobre l'ús i la practicitat de tècniques recents en ciència sensorial i del consumidor. La investigació confirma que es pot aconseguir una comprensió plena de la complexa resposta del consumidor recaptant informació des de perspectives molt diferents. No obstant això, per a respondre a qüestions específiques en investigació, cada una d'estes tècniques (anàlisis de les xarxes socials, estudi del processament oral dels aliments o la tècnica eye-tracking) pot contribuir de manera individual a entendre millor l'acceptabilitat o l'elecció d'aliments del consumidor. / [EN] The research of this thesis is focused on the application of recent and innovative techniques to study the perception of gluten-free products. First, it was studied how to manage the information available on Twitter to get consumers' opinions about "gluten-free". The most relevant topics when talking about gluten-free on Twitter were five products (bread, cake, cookie, pizza, beer), situations of consumption, recommendations, places, and aspects related to coeliac condition. To automatically explore the information from Twitter, the possibility to use co-occurrence networks was studied. Co-occurrence networks were useful for interpreting tweets' content, representing the most relevant aspects mentioned (occurrence) and putting them into context and in relation to others (co-occurrence). It was found that automated without manual pre-treatment of text is possible, as an efficient analysis of big amounts of online data. Secondly, different commercial gluten-free breads were studied in terms of in-mouth behaviour to better understand the factors involved in texture perception. The breads (5 gluten-free; 2 regular) were characterised regarding mechanical properties, structure, fragmentation, saliva incorporated, and bolus consistency and adhesiveness. Texture sensations varied along mastication, depending on their initial structure, mechanical properties, fragmentation pattern, bolus formation or oral activity. Subsequently, it was studied how changes in structure of gluten-free breads achieved by modifications in breadmaking (fermentation time and hydration) affect oral processing, oral activity and texture sensations. Oral behaviour and texture perception varied mostly according to the fermentation time. Especially at the beginning, differences in texture sensations were explained by the differences in structure and how it fragmented in mouth. Lastly, visual attention (with eye-tracking technique) and response of coeliac consumers to gluten-free bread packages were studied, finding that the type of brand and presence of gluten-free certification logo influenced the visual behaviour. All gluten-free breads were perceived as trustworthy, not being affected by the presence of gluten-free certification logo, but conditioning the visual behaviour. The type of brand affected trust and expected acceptability, being both higher for brands specific of gluten-free. Liking was also explained by other individual characteristics of breads. Visual behaviour and motivations of coeliac children and their parents when purchasing biscuits were studied in comparison to non-coeliac ones. Eye-tracking showed that fixation pattern changed for coeliac children and their parents. Coeliac children fixated more on ingredients, gluten-free words and symbols, and less on biscuit image. Parents of coeliac children fixated more on ingredients and the gluten-free symbol, and less on biscuit image, product name, cartoon, and nutritional information. For all children and parents, liking was the most important reason for choosing a biscuit, but only coeliac children showed interest in brand and unknown products. Other important motivation for parents was health, but the attributes were different (parents of coeliac group: having gluten-free certification or a short ingredients list; parents of non-coeliac group: low sugar or fat contents). Price or trust were relevant motivations only for parents of celiac children. On overall, this Thesis provided knowledge about the usage and practicality of recent techniques or approaches in sensory and consumer science. This investigation confirms that a full understanding of complex consumer's response can be achieved by gathering consumer's information from different perspectives. However, for answering specific research questions, these different tools (social media exploration, food oral processing approach or eye-tracking technique) can individually contribute to better understand consumer acceptability or food choice. / Puerta Gil, P. (2022). Novel Techniques in Sensory and Consumer Research Applied to Understand Gluten-Free Products Perception [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/182293 / TESIS / Compendio

This dissertation argues that early modern writers such as William Shakespeare, Thomas Middleton, George Herbert, John Milton, and Andrew Marvell played a critical role in the transition from the Neoplatonic philosophy of beauty to Enlightenment aesthetics. I demonstrate how the Protestant Reformation, with its special emphasis on the depravity of human nature, prompted writers to critique models of aesthetic judgment and experience that depended on high faith in human goodness and rationality. These writers in turn used their literary works to popularize skepticism about the human mind's ability to perceive and appreciate beauty accurately. In doing so, early modern writers helped create an intellectual culture in which aesthetics would emerge as a distinct branch of philosophy.

The thesis explores the subject of purgatory and its relative value for modern people. It summarises: 1. The manner in which biblical texts used to underpin the doctrine; 2. The history of the doctrine within the Roman Catholic Church and the reaction to it during the Reformation and beyond; and 3. Contemporary formulations of purgatory and purgatory-like ideas. The thesis argues, from several perspectives, that a modern formulation of the doctrine is: 1. Reasonable; 2. Biblically consistent; 3. Meets the criteria of an established Tradition at practice within the Church; and 4. Is capable of assisting people in understanding and appreciating the existential questions of death and the after life. The thesis is approached from the angle of a Legal Counsel presenting an argument for acceptance of the thesis. / SYS THEOLOGY & THEOL ETHICS / MTH (SYSTEMATIC THEOLOGY)

The reading of four contemporary novels, namely: Credo by Melvyn Bragg, The Catastrophist by Ronan Bennett, Everything You Need by A.L. Kennedy and American Gods by Neil Gaiman explores the prominent position of mythification and remythification in contemporary literature. The discussion of Bragg's novel examines the significance of Celtic mythology and folklore and to what extent it influenced Christian mythology on the British Isles and vice versa. The presentation of the transition from a cyclical, pagan to a linear, Christian belief system is analysed. My analysis of Bennett's novel supports the observation that political myth as myth transformed contains elements and qualities embodied by sacred myths and investigates the relevance of Johan Degenaar's observation that "[p]ostmodernism emphasises the fact that myth is an ambiguous phenomenon" and practices an attitude of "eternal vigilance" (1995: 47), as is evident in the main protagonist's dispassionate stance. My reading of Kennedy's novel explores the bond that myth creates between the artist and the audience and argues that the writer as myth creator fulfils a restorative function through the mythical and symbolic qualities embedded in literature. Gaiman's novel American Gods focuses on the function of meta/multi-mythology in contemporary literature (especially the fantasy genre) and on what these qualities reveal about a society and its concerns and values. The thesis contemplates how in each case the original myths were substituted, modulated or transfigured to be presented as metamyth or myth transformed. The analysis shows that myth can be used in various ways in literature: as the data or information that is recreated and transformed in the creative process to establish a common matrix of stories, symbols, images and motifs which represents a bond between the author and the reader in terms of the meaning-making process; to facilitate a spiritual enrichment in a demythologized world and for its restorative abilities. The study is confirmed by detailed mythical reference. / English Studies / (D. Litt. et Phil. (English))

The genre affiliation is a postmodern study: Virtual Reality (VR) becomes a comprehensive concept, in the face of modernism's illusion, when rhetoric validates all discourses. All is VR. The study is in three sections with an overall introduction and conclusion: the first section introduces VR in its postmodern setting, the second section establishes the postmodern timeless/spaceless paradigm of HyperReality in which all Hermeneutics are being done from, the last section draws the paradigm into the Creatio Ex Nihilio discourse of the Scriptures. The proposed theological model is an intratextual theological model, however when YAHWEH precedes language then all discourses become intratextually part of the Biblical discourse. Human creativity is a metaphorical journey; the Fall was the outset of two languages, one in the presence of YAHWEH, while the other one void of this presence led to a nihilistic abstract constellation. Sin in VR is the unbiblical appropriation of this constellation. / Thesis (M.Th.)

Revelation is God's Word addressed to the human being and so speaks of God in relation to the person and the world. Revelation can therefore only be fully understood, proclaimed and lived through an encounter with the world and its conceptions. To understand the evolution of human consciousness and the creation of the soul, we look to the sources of revelation (scripture and tradition) in dialogue with secular anthropology. The latter's paradigm of development and growth is not foreign to the former's understanding of conversion and growth in grace . The image of God, which characterises the human person, is shown to be an emergent likeness, which is created and drawn to its fullness by God. This accounts for Pius XII' s insistence that the soul is created immediately by God, who is responsible for the physical dynamics that bring forth consciousness and the personal dynamics that empower the human soul to develop. / Philosophy Practical &Systematic Theology / M.Th (Systematic Theology)

The letter to the Romans conveys a message of God's love and how through his grace, he has prepared a way to liberate mankind from a life of sin to a life of righteousness. But the way the message is presented, this grace may easily be misunderstood as an encouragement for people to live in sin. In Chapter 6:1-14, a concise but detailed outline of the message of the epistle unfolds into two main sections, namely, the Indicative and the Imperative. Key statements in these sections are: 'How can we who have died to sin, continue to live in it?' (6:2), and 'Consider yourselves dead to sin and alive to God' (6:11). Failure to distinguish the separate meanings of these statements may lead to the conclusion that the pericope encourages libertinism. In outlining the:meaning of this expression, 'We have died to sin ... ', I hope to make a contribution for a better understanding of the message of this pericope, namely: The grace of God that enables believers to live a righteous / Biblical and Ancient Studies / M.A. (Theology)

This study discusses true and false conversions and the use of the Ten Commandments in evangelism, viewed from the starting point of a Christian ethical perspective. The use of the Ten Commandments in Evangelism is affirmed by Jesus Himself and also by Jesus’ apostles after His ascension to heaven. The validity of the Ten Commandments is eternal. The modern evangelist has been caught by the snares of Satan with regards to the Ten Commandments. The power of the Ten Commandments in evoking a true sense of sin is being undermined by a sly plan of Satan that causes enmity between the Law and grace. It has basically brought about two schools of thought: those who use the Ten Commandments, and those who reject it. Those who use the Ten Commandments, however, run the risk of using the law in an illegitimate way, and this is termed as “legalism”. On the other hand, those who reject the Ten Commandments are guilty of “Antinomianism”, that literally means “anti-law”. Consequently, all the underlying principles, which God had laid down for the use of the Ten Commandments, are being blatantly disregarded. Instead, the workings and efficacy of the Ten Commandments are exclusively replaced by love and grace. False conversions are the result in both cases. Satan achieves his goal. In opposition to this is the legitimate use of the Ten Commandments as the only means of preventing false conversions. God designed the Ten Commandments in such a way as to firstly reveal His holiness as the only standard that a sinner must meet. As the standard requires absolute holiness and perfection, it brings about a sense of sin. This is because no person can fulfill the standard. Without a true sense of sin, no person can be saved. Within the framework of the Ten Commandments, evidence of the person’s love towards God is comprised through the upholding of the Ten Commandments. The Ten Commandments cannot save anyone, but if the person loves Jesus, they will keep His commandments; a sign of true conversion. The goal of this study was to determine whether any guidelines can be composed to help Evangelists prevent or minimize false conversions, in a Biblically justified manner. The research indicates that without the use of the Ten Commandments during evangelism, many false conversions will ensue. The conclusion of this research is that false conversions can be prevented or minimized through the legitimate use of the Ten Commandments during evangelism. / Thesis (PhD (Ethics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

The main topic of this thesis is the subjective experience of anxiety. The author has attempted to secede from the strictly psychological level, therefore there are authors dealing with the overlap of human existence included. As a result, the thesis is also a partly philosophical view of anxiety. However, given the focus of the author, the greater part of the work is based on the psychological view. In the practical part, the hypothesis that the consciousness of the meaning of life has a certain influence on the experience of anxiety was confirmed. However, this effect is not as large and as clear as Frankl describes in his work.

La presente investigación busca determinar los factores que influenciaron en la evolución de las exportaciones de las tablillas y frisos para parqué sin ensamblar del Perú a la República Popular de China durante los años 2009 - 2017. En el primer capítulo, se estudiarán conceptos relacionados al comercio exterior, desde las teorías de liberalización hasta acuerdos comerciales como el de Perú con China; aspectos relacionados a las tablillas y frisos para parqué, factores críticos de éxito, internos y externos. Entendemos que la firma del Tratado de Libre Comercio origina la desgravación, lo cual significa que los productos de ambos países tendrán una eliminación progresiva, parcial o total de los aranceles para ambos mercados. De acuerdo a lo mencionado anteriormente y relacionándolo con la teoría del liberalismo comercial, entendemos que luego de 9 años desde la entrada en vigencia del Tratado, encontramos en base al modelo de estudio cualitativo que existen otros factores que tienen más relevancia con respecto a la firma del TLC, los cuales se desarrollarán más adelante. Asimismo, en el segundo capítulo se expondrá el planteamiento de la investigación tanto como el problema, hipótesis y objetivos principales y específicos. En el tercer capítulo se expondrá el método de investigación cualitativo exploratorio porque se quiere conocer mediante datos empíricos, cuales eran para los entrevistados los factores determinantes en la evolución de las exportaciones de las tablillas y frisos para parqués sin ensamblar, todo ello con a través del recojo y el análisis sistemático de datos. Además, mediante esta investigación cualitativa se determinará la muestra, categorías, procedimiento, procesamiento de los resultados, la clasificación de las categorías y las limitaciones que se presentaron en la investigación. En el cuarto capítulo se presentan los hallazgos de la investigación en relación con las entrevistas realizadas a cada participante. Se analizó de manera empírica la información y se plasmó en tablas de acuerdo con el número de menciones por factor para determinar a los que tuvieron mayor influencia en la evolución de las exportaciones. Finalmente, en las conclusiones se presenta el factor que tuvo mayor impacto para luego determinar si se cumplieron los objetivos de la investigación y la hipótesis. / The present investigation seeks to determine the factors that influenced the evolution of the exports of the slats and friezes for parquet without assembling from Peru to Popular Republic of China during the years 2009 - 2017. In the first chapter, concepts related to foreign trade will be studied, from liberalization theories to trade agreements such as Peru with China; Aspects related to the slats and friezes for parquet, critical success factors, internal and external. We understand that the signing of the Free Trade Agreement results in the elimination of tariffs, which means that the products of both countries will have a progressive, partial or total elimination of tariffs for both markets. According to the aforementioned and related to the theory of commercial liberalism, we understand that after 9 years since the entry into force of the Treaty, we find based on the qualitative study model that there are other factors that have more relevance with respect to the signature of the FTA, which will be developed later. Also, in the second chapter the research approach will be exposed as well as the main and specific problem, hypothesis and objectives. In the third chapter the method of exploratory qualitative research will be exposed because we want to know through empirical data, which were for the interviewees the determining factors in the evolution of the exports of the slats and friezes for parquet without assembling, all with the I collect and systematic data analysis. In addition, this qualitative research will determine the sample, categories, procedure, processing of the results, the classification of the categories and the limitations that were presented in the investigation. In the fourth chapter, the findings of the research are presented in relation to the interviews conducted with each participant. The information was analyzed in an empirical way and was reflected in tables according to the number of mentions by factor to determine those that had the greatest influence on the evolution of exports. Finally, in the conclusions, the factor that had the greatest impact is presented to determine if the objectives of the research and the hypothesis were met. / Tesis