Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva och jämföra skattning av känslan av sammanhang och tilltro till sin egen förmåga hos patienter med stroke respektive kronisk njursvikt. Metod: Frågeformulären GSE och SOC användes för att mäta tilltro till sin egen förmåga samt känsla av sammanhang hos patienter med stroke (n=63) och patienter med kronisk njursvikt (n=54). Deltagarna valdes ut från diagnosregistret ICD 10 från ett landsting i Mellansverige. Resultat: Båda patientgrupperna skattade högst på delskalan SOC-begriplighet och lägst på delskalan SOC-meningsfullhet. Det fanns signifikanta skillnader mellan yngre och äldre patienter med stroke gällande skattning av delskalan begriplighet. Det fanns dock inga signifikanta skillnader mellan yngre och äldre patienter med kronisk njursvikt. Båda patientgrupperna skattade tilltron till sin egen förmåga ungefär lika högt. Slutsats: Resultatet av denna studie visar att äldre strokepatienter upplever sig ha större begriplighet än yngre patientervilket kan bero på livserfarenhet vilket stämmer överens med tidigare studier. Det fanns inga skillnader mellan hur patientgrupperna skattade tilltron till sin egen förmåga, så skattningen verkar bero på det kroniska sjukdomstillståndet snarare än den specifika sjukdomen. Det beskrivs även i tidigare forskning. Kunskap om hur patienter med kroniska sjukdomar använder sig av copingresurser kan leda till att sjuksköterskor blir bättre på att använda sig av patienternas inre och yttre resurser för att utveckla kvaliteten på omvårdnad. Nyckelord: Kronisk njursvikt, stroke, känsla av sammanhang, tilltro till sin egen förmåga, GSE, SOC / Aim: The aim of the study was to describe and compare the sense of coherence and self-efficacy of patients with stroke and chronic kidney disease. Methods: The questionnaires GSE and SOC was used to measure the sense of coherence and self-efficacy of patients with stroke (n=63) and patients with chronic kidney disease (n=54). The study groups were chosen from the international classification of disease (ICD-10) from a county in Central Sweden. Results: Both of the study groups rated highest on the comprehensibility sub-scale and lowest on the meaningfulness sub-scale. There were significant differences between younger and older patients with stroke regarding the comprehensibility sub-scale. There were no significant differences between younger and older patients with chronic kidney disease. Both of the studygroups estimated self-efficacy comparable the same. Conclusion: The result of this study shows that elderly stroke patients perceive to have greater intelligibility than younger patients, which may be caused by life experience which is consistent with previous studies. There were no differences in how patient groups estimated confidence in their own ability, so how they estimate appears to be due to chronic illness rather than a specific disease.It is also described in previous research. Knowledge of how patients with chronic diseases are using copingresources can lead to getting better at making use of patients ' internal and external resources to develop the quality of nursing care. Keywords: Chronic kidney disease, stroke, sense of coherence, self-efficacy, GSE, SOC / LVO-projekt

Ce mémoire propose une analyse de la théorie de la volonté en relation avec le mal dans la pensée de Thomas d’Aquin. Le mal est une privation d’être et l’être est identique au bien. La volonté est une forme intellectuelle d’appétit, ainsi que la gouvernante des puissances inférieures, mais aussi de la raison qui est à la fois son principe. L’appétit est un mouvement vers ce qui est le bien d’une nature, il est donc difficile d’accepter que la volonté puisse élire son contraire qui est le mal. La thèse de Platon selon laquelle le mal n’est désiré que par ignorance est écartée, puisque le propos de Thomas est d’expliquer le consentement en faveur du mal connu. Or, si le mal peut être voulu, on ne peut le vouloir sans le référer au bien. Ainsi, le libre arbitre, bien qu’ayant Dieu pour principe, est le principe du premier mauvais choix. La compréhension de la problématique passe par la division de ce qui appartient à l’extérieur de la volonté et ensuite à l’intérieur. De soi, un acte extérieur peut être immoral, comme le vol, mais la volonté d’une intention bonne qui choisit cet acte devient mauvaise, bien qu’elle garde le mérite de sa bonne intention. Son choix mauvais est parfois dû à une certaine ignorance, mais, puisque nous n’ignorons pas toujours le mal, il faut attribuer une faiblesse à la volonté, car elle n’accomplit pas pleinement sa nature. Quand elle répète ses actes de faiblesse à l’égard du mal, elle se dispose à accueillir l’habitus de la malice, et alors elle cherche d’elle-même le mal. Aucun de ces principes, cependant, ne peut s’appliquer à l’homme originel ni au diable. Ceux-ci n’auront pour principe de leurs choix que l’orgueil dans le libre exercice de la volonté. / This paper proposes to analyse the theory of will in interaction with evil in Thomas Aquinas’s thought. Evil is a privation of being, and being is identical to good. The will is an intellectual form of appetite, as well as the governor of lower faculties and of reason, which is also its principle. Appetite is a movement towards the good of a nature; it is therefore difficult to accept that will could elect its opposite, which is evil. Plato’s thesis consisting of attributing the will towards bad to ignorance is discarded, because Thomas’s explanation concerns the consent towards evil witch is known. Now, if evil can be wanted, we cannot want it without referring it to good. In that way, free will, though having God for principle, is the principle of the first bad choice. The comprehension of the problem has to go through the division of that which belongs to the will’s exterior and to it’s interior. In itself, an exterior act can be immoral, like stealing, but the good intentioned will that choses this act then becomes evil, keeping nonetheless the merit of its good intention. The bad choice is sometimes attributable to ignorance, but since we do not always ignore evil, we have to accuse a certain weakness in the will for not being able to fulfill its nature. When it repeatedly acts weakly towards evil, it makes itself available for the mischievous habitus, and it then, on its own, searches the evil act. None of these principles, though, can apply to the original man or for the devil. They will not have any other principle for their choice than that of pride in the free exercise of their will.

The aim of this study is to examine the meaning and the morality of suicide through the history of philosophy. To this aim, firstly, the historical evaluation of the concept of suicide is explained in detail. The effects of sociological and the religious transformations on the meaning of suicide are analyzed. Afterwards, the moral theories about suicide are discussed. The anti-suicide arguments about suicide in the history of philosophy are classified under three parts mainly. These anti-suicide arguments &mdash / that suicide is a violation of our duties to God, to the society and to the self &mdash / are handled and explained in detail with their counter arguments. Then, the problem of the permissibility of suicide is analyzed and whether suicide is morally permitted under some conditions or it is absolutely forbidden is discussed. Next, the philosophical meaning of suicide in literature is investigated by analyzing the meanings that are given to suicide by Dante iv and Dostoevsky. In the conclusion, a brief summary is given, and the moral theories about suicide are criticized. ,

《罪羊人》是一部獨立集資並用高畫質數位單眼反射相機 （HD-DSLR）所攝製而成的原創劇情短片，從發想編寫到後製完成共歷經了一年多的時間，內容取材自創作者二十多年的生命經驗，將人生中的喜好、痛苦、感動、疑惑給整理融合並壓縮提煉出來，主題是關於罪惡、宗教和寬恕，故事敘述一名因醫療疏失而入獄服刑的救護車司機，出獄後依然擺脫不了罪惡感，進而陷入信仰混亂的洗罪過程，在經過一連串的掙扎，最後仍舊無法逃離循環的枷鎖，人與神似乎都不是罪惡難題的完美解答。 在文獻探討部分，本片因借用義大利西部片的老電影片段來當作情感連結和隱喻，於是回顧了互文理論和電影類型，另一方面本片也觸及了心理學、哲學和宗教儀式的主題，所以在負罪感以及猶太新年贖罪期也有所著墨，並列舉了三部相關電影長片作品來作評析比較，分別是韓國李滄東導演的《密陽》、德國法提阿金導演的《天堂邊緣》和墨西哥阿利安卓崗札雷伊納利圖導演的《靈魂的重量》。在作品呈現部分，分別從敘事、類型、選角、場勘、美術、服裝、表演、攝影、燈光、剪輯、配樂、聲音，將每個環節重點敘述和分析一次，包含思維想法、製作過程等等皆會融合納入不同段落，以期忠實呈現創作者的心靈。 / The Teshuvah is an independently-funded original narrative short film, which is shot by HD-DSLR camera. The creator taps into his real-life experience over the past 20 years and more, aggregating and distilling all the love, fondness, pain, affections and confusions, with its theme is set on sin, religions and forgiveness. The story tells an ambulance driver, who serves for his sentence in prison as he was convicted of medical negligence, haunted by his feeling of guilt after he came out of prison. He eventually becomes trapped by a chaos of seeking redemption from religious belief. After all his struggling, he still cannot escape from the shackle of life`s circulation, and it seems that either human or God(s) could provide a perfect answer to the riddle of crime. As for Literature Review, Intertextuality and movie genres are covered since the film has borrowed from old spaghetti-western movie clips to function as a metaphor of affections bound, while other topics like psychology, philosophy, and religious rituals are also referred to; hence, the feeling of guilt and Jewish Ten Days of Penitence are also depicted. Three other relevant feature films are listed herein to serve the purpose of critical analysis and comparison. They are Secret Sunshine by South Korean director Lee Chang-Tung, The Edge of Heaven by German director Fatih Akin, and 21 Grams by Mexican director Alejandro González Iñárritu. In the respect of presentations of film works, this thesis goes through every essential phase, outlines and provides analysis on narration, genres, casting, location hunting, arts, costumes, acting, shooting, lighting, editting, original music, and sounds. It also indicates that mindsets, production process and so on are also incorporated into different chapters of a film to faithfully represent its creators mind.

This study, Death shadowed by life: Accountability in popular interpretations of suicide in Sweden 1850–1900, draws inspiration from the perspective of new cultural history, exploring ideas of accountability and the relationship between life and death in interpretations of suicide in late 19th century rural Sweden. The sources used in this study consist of records of popular belief and practice that were collected in the early 20th century. In historical writings suicide is often treated as an isolated act which was by default morally condemned. In this work the perspective is broadened, analysing the self-killing act in relation to understandings of the self-murderer’s earlier life as well as to related types of death. I argue that the definition of suicide, in the context here examined, had less to do with the intention and agency of the person who killed themself than with the context of the person’s earlier life. The main aspect when classifying deaths, both accidental and intentional, as suicides was the presence of sinful acts in the past. Furthermore, suicide was part of an even wider category of deaths caused by sinful acts in life. However, as opposed to these other kinds of death, suicide was understood as the ultimate proof of sinful behaviour. Finally, I suggest that sin in this context had a pragmatic facet that intertwined with, but did not depend on, moral judgment. This study thus sheds new light on the stigmatization of suicide.

Hadriaan Beverland (1650-1716) was banished from Holland in 1679. Why did this humanist scholar get into so much trouble in the most tolerant part of Europe in the seventeenth century? In an attempt to answer this question, this thesis places Beverland's writings on sex, sin, Scripture, and scholarship in their historical context for the first time. Beverland argued that lust was the original sin and highlighted the importance of sex in human nature, ancient history, and his own society. His works were characterized by his erudite Latin, satirical style, and disregard for traditional genres and hierarchies in early modern scholarship. Dutch theologians disliked his theology and exegesis, and hated his use of erudition to mock their learning, morality, and authority. Beverland's humanist colleagues did not support his studies either, because they believed that drawing attention to the sexual side of the classics threatened the basis of the humanist enterprise. When theologians asked for his arrest and humanist professors left him to his fate, Dutch magistrates were happy to convict Beverland because he had insolently accused the political and economic, as well as the religious and intellectual elite of the Dutch Republic, of hypocrisy. By restricting sex to marriage, in compliance with Reformed doctrine, secular authorities upheld a sexual morality that was unattainable, Beverland argued. He proposed honest discussion of the problem of sex and suggested that greater sexual liberty for the male elite might be the solution. Beverland's crime was to expose the gap between principle and practice in sexual relations in Dutch society, highlighting the hypocrisy of a deeply conflicted elite at a precarious time. His intervention came at the moment when the uneasy balance struck between Reformed orthodoxy, humanist scholarship, economic prosperity, and patrician politics, which had characterized the Golden Age of the Dutch Republic, was disintegrating, with unsettling consequences for all concerned. Placing Beverland's fate in this context of change provides a fresh perspective on the intellectual environment of the Republic in the last decades of the seventeenth century.

Submitted by Noeme Timbo (noeme.timbo@metodista.br) on 2017-01-25T13:38:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo Cruz.pdf: 1065817 bytes, checksum: c89d4c886e6d9f4f04095b666ec92c44 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-25T13:38:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo Cruz.pdf: 1065817 bytes, checksum: c89d4c886e6d9f4f04095b666ec92c44 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This paper presents a study on C. S. Lewis’ Space Trilogy — that embraces Out of the Silent Planet, Perelandra, and That Hideous Strength. We analize the theological concepts used by the author, specially the Original Sin doctrine and its relations with the concept of moral imagination, developed by the american thinker Russell Kirk. / O presente trabalho apresenta um estudo da obra Triologia Cósmica de C. S. Lewis — composta pelas obras Além do Planeta Silencioso, Perelandra e Essa força medonha —, analisando os conceitos teológicos utilizados pelo autor, sobretudo a doutrina do Pecado Original, e suas relações com o conceito de Imaginação Moral, desenvolvido pelo filósofo americano Russell Kirk.

La presente investigación busca responder algunas preguntas que plantean las dos foto-novelas de Mario Bellatin: Shiki Nagaoka: una nariz de ficción (2001) y Demerol: sin fecha de caducidad/El baño de Frida Kahlo (2008). Parto de que la problematización de la representación realista ha sido un eje vertebral a lo largo del proyecto narrativo de Bellatin, como se ha estudiado ya, para sostener que ambas foto-novelas complejizan dicho problema, al explorar, específicamente, los dispositivos de la biografía que la construyen como un discurso. En el primer capítulo, analizo cómo Shiki Nagaoka promete ser una biografía y estudio crítico acerca de un escritor, pero, a su vez, deshace esta promesa al tener un personaje imposible que nunca llega a mostrarse ni con la foto ni con el relato: su nariz, demasiado grande para ser real, lo marca como un cuerpo grotesco velado en las imágenes y desplazado constantemente por el narrador. En el segundo capítulo, me ocupo de Demerol como un libro-objeto que radicaliza aún más las posibilidades de representación del sujeto, al hilvanar dos secciones aparentemente inconexas a partir de la fragmentaria representación de un cuerpo espectral. En resumidas cuentas, ambos textos, a través de la fotografía y el lenguaje escrito, exploran los dispositivos de la representación y sugieren nuevas posibilidades de imaginarla. / Tesis

Este estudo tem por finalidade analisar as representações relacionadas ao feminino durante o período medieval averiguando a existência ou não de uma associação entre as características atribuídas às mulheres e o pecado da luxúria. Neste intuito, a pesquisa utilizará fontes variadas a fim de contextualizar a concepção sobre o feminino, valendose especialmente do “Livro das Confissões” de Martin Perez, compilado por monges do Mosteiro de Alcobaça em 1399. A preocupação com o pecado permeia o imaginário medieval e se traduz em uma série de discursos que visam orientar as relações sociais e explicar a realidade. O pensamento e as práticas identificadas durante o medievo sofrem uma série de transformações com o passar do tempo, sendo um exemplo o estabelecimento da confissão auricular, bem como as modificações existentes na apresentação dos pecados capitais. Assim, para a adequada compreensão do feminino e do masculino neste momento histórico é fundamental a reflexão sobre o pecado, suas possibilidades de manifestação e as formas de evitá-lo, uma vez que a reflexão sobre este permite a proposta de determinados modelos de pensar e agir. A realidade feminina em suas diferentes esferas de atuação, especialmente nos âmbitos do matrimônio e da maternidade, e sua vinculação ao pecado sob a análise de gênero, permite compreender mais profundamente as sociabilidades, bem como aspectos políticos, econômicos e culturais aos quais estavam submetidos os sujeitos que vivenciaram o período medieval. / This study aims at analyzing representations related to the feminine in the mediaeval period, searching for the existence or not of some association between characteristics given to women and the sin of luxury. With this aim, the research uses different resources in order to contextualize the conception of the feminine and it also takes advantage, mainly, of “Livro das Confições” (Book of Confessions) of Martin Perez, organized by monks of the Alcobaça Monastery in 1399. Worries concerning sin passed through the mediaeval imaginary and were made up of a range of discourses which intended to guide social relationships and apply the reality. Thought and practices identified along the mediaeval context suffered a number of transformations as time passed by. An example of this is the institution of the auricular confession and also modifications observed in the presentation of capital sins. Thus, for an adequate understanding of the feminine and the masculine in that historic moment, it is fundamental to make a reflection about sin, its possibilities of manifestation and ways of avoiding it, in that the reflection about it allows the suggestion of certain models of thinking and acting. The feminine reality, with its diversified range of action, especially marriage and motherhood, and its connection with sin, under gender analysis, allows a deeper understanding of social behaviors as well as well as political, economical and cultural aspects to which were submitted the subjects who lived in that period.

A presente dissertação visa apresentar a pesquisa desenvolvida no curso de Mestrado em Geografia na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul junto a moradores de rua da cidade de Porto Alegre/RS. Os moradores de rua, por viverem no espaço urbano, sem um domicílio ou refúgio próprio, são pessoas que têm um perspectiva totalmente diferente do espaço do que as pessoas domiciliadas. Mesmo a Geografia, habituada à questão do território enquanto categoria central, tem dificuldade de acessar essa percepção. São eles os habitantes urbanos que tem uma relação mais frágil com o espaço. Porém, mesmo sem ter nenhuma espécie de posse sobre o terreno, os moradores de rua estabelecem certas relações com espaço, uma vez que têm preferências por habitar e circular em certas partes específicas da cidade. Apesar disso, esses espaços não lhes são de livre escolha, mas sim submetidos à rede de controle espacial do Poder Público e dos hábitos sociais, que relegam certos espaços à marginalidade, onde os moradores de rua são permitidos a ocupar. Ainda assim, essas ocupações são efêmeras, pois são eles constantemente expulsos, mantendo um constante trânsito no espaço urbano em busca de locais para sua ocupação. Estarão eles, assim, estabelecendo alguma espécie de território? Esse é o principal problema que trazemos à reflexão nesse trabalho. Ainda, perguntamos: de que forma eles se enxergam no espaço urbano, como definem seus locais de estadia, de que maneira se relacionam com seu entorno? Para buscar essas respostas foi desenvolvido trabalho semanal junto ao Jornal Boca de Rua - jornal exclusivamente escrito por moradores de rua de Porto Alegre - em uma pesquisa participante, com acompanhamentos e observações, além da participação em diversos eventos relativos ao tema e aplicação de entrevistas e questionário aos indivíduos em situação de rua. Estabeleceremos algumas relações e conceitos acerca da espacialização/territorialização dos moradores de rua na cidade, analisando os limites simbólicos constituídos entre o eu e o outro, através das suas relações simbólicas de poder, cultural e socialmente construídas com base nos valores hegemônicos da sociedade. Se os moradores de rua, nesse meio, conseguem ou não estabelecer uma espécie de território na cidade ao se dispor agrupadamente no espaço urbano, de maneira ordenada e deliberada, mesmo que transitória e efêmera, é o que responderemos ao final dessa pesquisa. Procedemos nessa investigação através da análise da transição entre o que chamamos de subespaços - espaços marginalizados e subutilizados na cidade - ao território paradoxal - aquele formado pela imposição social da marginalidade ante os valores hegemônicos, que se dá como contradição a eles, mas também por eles condicionado, numa relação de variação entre centro e margem, insiders e outsider, de acordo com sua temporalidade/espacialidade. / This dissertation presents the research developed in the course of Masters in Geography at the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul with the homeless people of Porto Alegre city - RS/Brazil. The homeless, because they live in the urban space, without a home or shelter of their own, are people who have a totally different perspective of the space than domiciled people have. Even Geography, accustomed to the question of the territory as a central category, have difficulty to access such perception.. They are the urban inhabitants who have a weaker relationship with the space. But even without having any kind of ownership over the terrain, the homeless establish certain relations with space, since they have preferences for living and circulating in specific parts of the city. Nevertheless, these spaces are not of their free choice, but underwent spatial control of the government and social habits that relegate certain spaces where the homeless are allowed to occupy. Still, these occupations are ephemeral, because they are constantly evicted, maintaining a constant-traffic in urban areas in search of locations for their occupation. Are they thus establishing some kind of territory this way? This is the main problem that we bring to reflection in this work. Still, we ask: how do they see themselves in the urban space, how do they define their places to stay, how do they relate to their surroundings? To get these answers a weekly work was developed at the Boca de Rua newspaper- a newspaper exclusively written by homeless people of Porto Alegre - in a participant research, with follow ups and observations, as well as participation on different events related to the theme and application of questionnaire and interviews with the people in homeless situation. We will establish some relation and concepts about the process of spatialization / territorialization of the homeless in the city, analysing the invisible limits composed between self and other by symbolic relations of power, cultural and socially constructed and based in hegemonic values of the society. If the homeless people, in this enviroment, can form or not a kind of territory in the city when putting themselves together into the urban space by an orderly and deliberate way, even if transient and ephemeral, that is what we will respond at the end of this research. We did this investigation through analysis of the transition of that we call subspaces - marginalized and subutilized spaces on the city - to the paradoxical territory - that formed by the social imposition of marginalization in front of hegemonic values, and also as a contradiction to them, but also by it conditioned, in a relation of variation between the center and margin, insiders and outsiders, according to its temporality / spaciality. / Esta disertación tiene como objetivo presentar las investigaciones desarrolladas en el curso de Maestría en Geografía de la Universidad Federal de Rio Grande do Sul con los moradores en situación de calle en la ciudad de Porto Alegre/RS - Brasil. Los moradores en situación de calle, porque viven en áreas urbanas, sin un hogar o abrigo propio, son personas que tienen una perspectiva del espacio totalmente diferente de las personas con hogar. Mismo la Geografia, acostumbrada a la cuestión del territorio como una categoría central, tiene dificultades de acceder a la dicha percepción. Son ellos los habitantes de las ciudades que tienen una relación más vulnerable con el espacio. Pero incluso sin tener ningún tipo de propiedad sobre la tierra, los sin techo establecen cierta relación con el espacio, ya que tienen preferencias para vivir y circular en determinadas partes de la ciudad. Sin embargo, estos espacios no son de su libre elección, pero son sometidos a la red de control espacial del gobierno y a los hábitos sociales que relegan a ciertos espacios a la marginalidad, donde se permite a las personas sin hogar para ocupar. Aún así, estas ocupaciones son efímeras porque son expulsados constantemente, manteniendo un tráfico constante en las zonas urbanas en busca de localizaciones para su ocupación. ¿Están estableciendo de este modo una especie de territorio? Este es el principal problema que traemos a la reflexión en este trabajo. Aún preguntamos: ¿cómo se ven a sí mismos en el espacio urbano, cómo definen sus lugares de estancia, cómo se relacionan con su entorno? Para obtener estas respuestas se desarrolló un trabajo semanal con el Periódico Boca de Rua - diario escrito exclusivamente por las personas sin hogar de Porto Alegre - en una investigación participativa con acompañamientos y observaciones, así como la participación en diversos eventos relacionados con el tema y la aplicación de entrevistas y cuestionario a las personas en la calle. Vamos a tratar de establecer algunas relaciones y conceptos acerca de la espacialización / territorialización de los moradores en situación de calle en la ciudad, el análisis de los límites simbólicos formados entre yo y el otro, a través de sus relaciones de poder simbólico, cultural y socialmente construidas sobre la base de los valores hegemónicos de la sociedad. Si las personas sin hogar, en ese ambiente, lo pueden o no establecer una especie de territorio en la ciudad a ser agrupadamente dispuestos en el espacio urbano, de una manera ordenada y deliberada, aunque transitoria y efímera, es lo que vamos a responder al final de esta investigación. Haremos esta búsqueda a través del análisis de la transición entre lo que llamamos subespacios - espacios marginados y subutilizados de la ciudad - al territorio paradójico - formado por la imposición social de la marginalidad en contra de los valores hegemónicos, que se da como una contradicción a ellos, sino también por ello condicionado, en una relación de variación entre el centro y el margen, los de adentro y los de afuera, de acuerdo con su temporalidad / espacialidad.