Les protéines de liaison à l'ARN (PLA) s'assemblent en complexes cytoplasmiques avec les ARNm pour contrôler la traduction locale des ARNm et le transport axonal. Ces processus sont essentiels au maintien de la survie des neurones et leur déficience est impliquée dans le développement de nombreuses maladies neurodégénératives, telles que la SLA. Il a été montré ultérieurement que la déplétion nucléaire de TDP-43, liée à la SLA, entraîne l'accumulation d'une variante épissée alternativement de la ribonucléoprotéine nucléaire hétérogène A1 (hnRNP A1). Cette isoforme, appelée hnRNP A1B, possède une région désordonnée (RID) et, dans le contexte neuronal, localise dans les neurites et dans le noyau, alors que la hnRNP A1 localise majoritairement dans le noyau. Ceci appui l'hypothèse que la hnRNP A1B peut avoir une fonction cytosolique dans les neurones qui n'est pas partagée avec la hnRNP A1. En outre, les hnRNP A1 et hnRNP A1B sont mutées dans de rares cas de SLA familiale, dont certaines mutations sont spécifiques à la hnRNP A1B. Jusqu'à présent, la littérature se concentre sur l'isoforme hnRNPA1 tandis que peu est répertorié sur la fonction de la hnRNP A1B. Ainsi, cette étude vise à déterminer et caractériser la fonction cytosolique de la hnRNP A1B dans les neurones. Puisque très peu est répertorié sur la hnRNP A1B, il a fallu tout d’abord déterminer des partenaires d’interaction. Ainsi, une immunoprécipitation utilisant un anticorps spécifique à la hnRNP A1B suivi d'une spectrométrie de masse (IP-MS) a été réalisée sur la moelle épinière de souris. Les résultats soulèvent que de nombreux interacteurs de la hnRNP A1B sont associés au trafic intracellulaire dépendant du cytosquelette. Les interactions avec KLC1/KIF5C/Myh9/DyncIHI ont été validées par des tests d'immunoprécipitation et de colocalisation. Aussi, l’impact de certains mutants hnRNP A1B associés à la SLA ont été étudiées au niveau des interactions avec les protéines motrices. Des expériences visant à évaluer comment la hnRNP A1B peut être transportée, ainsi que réguler le transport, sont en cours. Les résultats confirment que la hnRNP A1B peut avoir une fonction cytosolique dans les neurones pour le transport axonal/dendritique de l'ARNm. Des études futures exploreront cette nouvelle fonction dans le contexte de la SLA. / RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) assemble into cytoplasmic complexes with mRNAs to control mRNA local translation and axonal transport. These processes are essential for maintaining neuronal survival and their impairment is implicated in the development of many neurodegenerative diseases, such as ALS. We have discovered that TDP-43 depletion, linked to ALS, drives the accumulation of an alternatively spliced variant of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (hnRNP A1). This isoform, termed hnRNP A1B, has an elongated prion-like domain (PrLD) and is present in neuronal processes, while hnRNP A1 is not. This finding supports a hypothesis that hnRNP A1B may have a cytosolic function in neurons that is not shared with hnRNP A1. In addition, hnRNP A1 and hnRNP A1B are mutated in rare cases of familial ALS with some mutations specific to hnRNP A1B. To date, the literature has mostly focused on the hnRNPA1 isoform and little is known about hnRNP A1B function. Thus, this study aims to identify and characterize the cytosolic function of hnRNP A1B in neurons. Since very little is known about hnRNP A1B, it was first necessary to identify interaction partners of the protein. Thus, immunoprecipitation using an antibody specific to hnRNP A1B followed by mass spectrometry (IP-MS) was performed on mouse spinal cord. Our results show that many hnRNP A1B interactors are associated with cytoskeletal-dependent intracellular trafficking. We then proceed to validate the interactions with the motor proteins KLC1/KIF5C/Myh9, by immunoprecipitation and proximity ligation assays. In addition, some hnRNP A1B ALS mutants were studied in the context of these interactions. Experiments to evaluate how hnRNP A1B may be transported, as well as regulate transport are currently underway. Our findings support that hnRNP A1B may have a cytosolic function in neurons in mRNA axonal/dendritic transport. Future studies will explore this novel function in the ALS context.

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The aim of the study is to find out to what extent Swedish learners of English, in the first year of upper secondary school, make prepositional errors in their written production, and to what extent these errors can be attributed to negative transfer, overgeneralization and simplification by conducting an Error Analysis. A comparison between gender and type of program, academic and vocational, is made to find out in which type of program most errors appear and if there is any difference in terms of gender.  The data is annotated from the Swedish Learner English Corpus (SLEC), which consists of argumentative essays written by Swedish learners of English, and it consists of 24 randomly selected texts based on the variables binary gender, type of program, Swedish as their L1, school year, and English course. All the texts selected are written by students in the first year of upper secondary school studying the course English 5. The results of the study reveal that Swedish learners of English struggle with prepositional usage. In total, 649 prepositions were identified in the 24 texts. Out of these, 72 (11.09%) were used incorrectly. The most frequently used prepositions involved in these errors are of, for, in, to, and with. Most errors appear when prepositional phrases function as post-modifiers in noun phrases. Substitution is, by far, the most common type of error found, meaning that the students replace the correct preposition with an incorrect one. The results thus show that the students seem to be aware that a preposition should be used although they fail to choose the correct one. Female students make more prepositional errors than male students; similarly, students attending vocational programs make more prepositional errors than students attending academic programs. Most errors are cases of overgeneralizations, followed by negative transfer from Swedish, and simplification. However, many of the errors can still be attributed to negative transfer which suggests that, even though Swedish and English are similar languages which could lead to positive transfer, this does not seem to fully apply to prepositions.

Name of the thesis is "Effects of the Teaching Czech as a Second Language" and in its first part presents theoretical introduction to the field of study, empirical researches of student's productive skills (Czech as a foreign language) follow (speaking, writing). First part is focused on theoretical knowledges of second language acquisition, options and approaches to exploration of language's errors and approach and viewing of errors and mistakes in general, especially in foreign researches and literature. Bigger attention is paid to selected analyzes, those are basic instruments for making of practical part of the thesis. It is especially error analysis (EA) and analysis of fluency and accuracy. Because the thesis's topic is concerned to effects of teaching and affecting factors, there are defined terms of pedagogy and psychology in theoretical part. In practical part there is presented empirical execution of mentioned analyzes, its comparison, evaluation and making conclusions in relation to appointed variables, or rather determinants, which enter the education process. Beside these instruments the research uses questionnaires and evaluation sheets for (self)reflection of student and lecturer. The aim of the thesis firstly is mapping of student's interlanguage progress thanks to case study, and...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T11:07:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tonia Leigh Wind.pdf: 1184142 bytes, checksum: 44a648012c70583d5cd712e731f0b082 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-20 / O objetivo principal desta pesquisa é analisar o segmento denominado literatura infantil sob a perspectiva das tradições culturais decorrentes da prática de leitura no Brasil e nos EUA; da influência desta espécie literária no processo de formação do indivíduo, e dos percalços linguísticos enfrentados na tradução de livros estrangeiros para o mercado nacional. Para tanto, far-se-á uma apresentação do contexto histórico-cultural da espécie literária, de suas raízes nos contos orais indo-europeus até chegar ao que se considera a nascença da literatura infantil brasileira no Século XX. Como complemento ao estudo cultural, avaliar-se-á obras canônicas e textos doutrinários usando como suporte teórico da narrativa e da literatura em geral: Gaston Bachelard, Peter Hunt, Ana Maria Machado, Terry Eagleton, Nelly Novaes Coelho, Regina Zilberman, Marisa Lajolo, entre outros. Um enfoque especial será dado ao conceito norte-americano e brasileiro de cultura de leitura e mediadores de leitura para comparar o processo de formação do indivíduo em ambos os países. Como parte desta abordagem, será mostrada uma análise dos conceitos de multiculturalismo e pluriculturalismo as quais serão apresentadas para apontar sua importância e influência no leitor dentro da sociedade. O último capítulo da pesquisa dar-se-á sobre o tema tradução e suas implicações linguístico-culturais enfrentados pelo tradutor literário, assim como a migração do hábito de leitura dentro das salas de aulas de L2 para fomentar a aquisição de uma segunda língua. Analisar-se-á aspectos do texto original que se perdem numa adaptação ou tradução dando uma ênfase especial aos conceitos de domesticação e estrangeirização para melhor atender às necessidades do leitor final usando como suporte as teorias tradutórias de George Steiner, Lawrence Venuti, Eugene Nida, Jeremy Munday, John Milton, Mona Baker, Zohar Shavit, Susan Bassnett, Riitta Oittinen, entre outros. Como base de análise literária, o corpus desta pesquisa será composto de alguns exemplos de cânones, focando especificamente dois livros norte-americanos e suas traduções brasileiras: Where the Wild Things Are (Onde Vivem os Monstros) de Maurice Sendak e Mr. Peabody´s Apples (As Maçãs do Sr. Peabody) da Madonna.

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En Europe, suite à la fermeture de nombreux sites sidérurgiques, une utilisation croissante de laitiers de haut-fourneau d’origine et d’âge variés voit le jour depuis plusieurs années. Cette évolution conduit à une diversification de la composition chimique et minéralogique des laitiers. Connaître l’influence de ces caractéristiques sur la réactivité des laitiers utilisés en substitution du clinker dans les ciments de haut-fourneau (CEM III) devient, dès lors, primordial pour assurer les performances de tels ciments. Dans ce contexte, le présent travail a pour but d’investiguer l’influence de la composition chimique et de l’âge des laitiers sur leur réactivité tant par des essais physico-mécaniques que par une caractérisation physico-chimique et minéralogique de CEM III/B à différentes échéances d’hydratation. L’effet néfaste du vieillissement des laitiers est clairement mis en exergue et son impact diffère selon la composition chimique de départ du laitier. Les ions aluminium engendrent une accélération de l’hydratation et une amélioration des résistances physico-mécaniques à jeune âge mais, à long terme, ils conduisent à une perte de ces dernières. Concernant l’influence des ions titane dans les laitiers, la tendance générale observée est une diminution des performances physico-mécaniques. Sur base de ces résultats, une évaluation de la représentativité de moyens accélérés d’estimation de la réactivité des laitiers est effectuée. Il est mis en évidence que seules les mesures de résistances physico-mécaniques classiques permettent d’évaluer correctement la réactivité des différents laitiers. Une évaluation de la détermination de la teneur en constituants de CEM III/B par la méthode Rietveld est menée par comparaison avec la méthode de dissolution sélective de la norme EN 196-4 et le dosage des constituants par pesée. Moyennant une utilisation adaptée de cette méthode, les résultats obtenus à l’aide de celle-ci sont très encourageants. In Europe, following the closure of many steel plants, an increased use of blast furnace slag (BFS) of various age and origin was born for several years. This evolution leads to a diversification of the chemical and mineralogical composition of the BFS. Knowing the influence of these characteristics on the reactivity of slag used in substitution of clinker in blast-furnace cement (CEM III) becomes, therefore, crucial to ensure the performance of such cements. In this context, this work aims to investigate the influence of chemical composition and age of BFS on their reactivity by both physico-mechanical and physico-chemical and mineralogical characterization of CEM III/B at different times of hydration. The adverse effect of ageing of BFS is clearly highlighted and its impact varies depending on the chemical composition of the BFS. Aluminum ions generate an acceleration of the hydration and improve mechanical strength at early age, but at long term, they lead to a loss of the strength. Regarding the influence of titanium ions in the BFS, the general trend is a decrease of the physical and mechanical performance. Based on these results, an assessment of the representativeness of accelerated means of estimating, the BFS reactivity is done. It is emphasized that only measures of physical and conventional mechanical strength can accurately assess the reactivity of different BFS. An evaluation of the determination of the amount of CEM III/B components by the Rietveld method is based upon comparison with the selective dissolution method from the EN 196-4 norm and components determination by weight. Through appropriate use of this method, the results obtained are very encouraging.

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