Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:19:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008 - Antonio Carlos de Almeida Guedes.pdf: 505445 bytes, checksum: b6b1c55bca3516d99a394491972c194a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-09-09 / The Corporate Social Responsibility started as a response to the consumers growing demands in relation to the corporations role and their performance in the market. The implementation of the Corporate Social Responsibility, allowed the company to go beyond its work as an economical agent with the mission of producing wealth, and to become itself a social agent, part of the society, which should also be accountable for the other. Therefore, nowadays the company cannot just look for the obtaining of the profit, but it should be aware to the obligations to its interaction with the society, such as the environmental preservation, the creation and maintenance of jobs, the contribution for the professional development, the quality of the goods and services, among other activities not legally assumed, but important for the continuity of the company as well. Thus, the Corporate Social Responsibility has been used by large corporations in several sectors of the economy and, in addition of having an ethical and committed performance, it is a great competitive advantage as well. / A Responsabilidade Social Corporativa surgiu como resposta ?s crescentes exig?ncias dos consumidores em rela??o ?s organiza??es e sua atua??o no mercado. A implanta??o da Responsabilidade Social Corporativa fez com que a empresa fosse al?m de um agente econ?mico com a miss?o de produzir riqueza, tamb?m um agente social, um componente da sociedade que tamb?m deve prestar contas aos demais. Portanto, atualmente a empresa n?o pode apenas buscar a obten??o do lucro, deve tamb?m atentar-se ?s obriga??es inerentes ao seu conv?vio com a sociedade, tais como a preserva??o ambiental, a cria??o e manuten??o de empregos, a contribui??o para a forma??o profissional, a qualidade dos bens e servi?os, entre outras atividades que n?o est?o legalmente assumidas, mas que s?o important?ssimas para a continuidade da empresa. A Responsabilidade Social Corporativa vem sendo utilizado por grandes corpora??es nos mais diversos setores e demonstra ser al?m de atua??o ?tica e comprometida, tamb?m uma grande vantagem competitiva.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:26:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Diego Gama Amaral.pdf: 2116166 bytes, checksum: c0fad1ed2553d19a7e2dcb304533dab4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-18 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / This work aimed to analyze the process of organizational learning under a social lens in a network of enterprises, relating such process to the premises of social learning for sustainability (SLfS). The purpose was to articulate the theory of social learning in these two approaches: a broader one, namely, the sustainability, and a more restricted one, that is, the organizational environment, based on a project of social development. The theoretical reference adopted for such study was based on studies focused on SLfS and on discussions regarding the social dimension of sustainability. As for the organizational context, the study recovered the concept of social learning within organizations, seeking to relate such concept to the critical elements of SLfS as well as to the barriers of organizational learning. To achieve such goal, the option was to choose a project built and maintained by means of social interactions among actors that experienced challenges and, hence, needed to dialogue and collaborate among themselves so to as to attain the same objectives. Accordingly, it was carried out a case study involving a network of popular ventures managed by Programa Mulher Empreendedora housed by Instituto Consulado da Mulher (ICM). This is the main social program of the trademark Consul , which is anchored in sustainability projects developed by such company. The main technique in the data gathering was the nonparticipant observation, which was complemented by documentation analyses and semi-structured interviews. With respect to the analysis of qualitative data, it was utilized the interpretative procedures inspired by Flores (1994). The results depicted similarities among the factors that promote social learning, considering the perspective of sustainability as well as that of organizational. The critical elements observed in the studies on sustainability (reflection and critical thinking; participation and engagement; negotiation and collaboration; systemic thinking; and communication) were corroborated in the interactions in the networks of enterprises, considering the social learning in the organizations. The questioning and dialogues among the entrepreneurs, coupled with the commitment to the businesses, had important roles for the learning process as the problems and solutions were discussed with transparency and on a democratic fashion. The adoption of new approaches and the changes in behavior were the results of learning processes derived from the daily and practical experiences. Moreover, the relation among the five structural factors of the Program contributed to advance the learning process among the participants: (i) the mutual help among the ventures within the supply chain; (ii) the setting of the networks of ventures; (iii) the exchange of experience among the participants; (iv) the facilitation from the social educator; and (v) the stimulus for the process of reflection-action. The social educator in charge of assisting the ventures had an important function to encourage questioning and dialogue in the entrepreneurs, given the social and cultural context of the participating: low income and low literacy women. For the conception of social learning, a greater integration of the ventures in the network of experiences exchanges may reduce the effect of the fragility existing in the Program: the turnover of the entrepreneurs. At the end of the study, theoretical and practical subsidies were provided so that social development programs can be enhanced based on a more intelligible knowledge about the learning process among the participating actors. / Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar o processo de aprendizagem organizacional sob a lente social em uma rede de empreendimentos, relacionando-o com os pressupostos da aprendizagem social para sustentabilidade (ASpS). O propósito foi articular a teoria da aprendizagem social nessas duas óticas, uma mais ampla, a sustentabilidade, e outra mais restrita, o ambiente organizacional, a partir de um projeto de desenvolvimento social. O referencial teórico desta pesquisa respaldou-se nos estudos voltados à ASpS e nas discussões sobre a dimensão social da sustentabilidade. No que tange ao contexto organizacional, resgatou-se o conceito da aprendizagem social nas organizações, buscando relacioná-lo aos elementos críticos da ASpS, assim como às barreiras da aprendizagem organizacional. Para tanto, optou-se pela escolha de um projeto construído e mantido por meio de interações sociais entre diferentes atores que vivenciaram desafios e, portanto, precisaram dialogar e colaborar entre si para alcançar os mesmos objetivos. Desta forma, foi conduzido um estudo de caso em uma rede de empreendimentos populares pertencente ao Programa Mulher Empreendedora do Instituto Consulado da Mulher (ICM). Trata-se da principal ação social da marca Consul, que está ancorada nos projetos de sustentabilidade da empresa. A observação não participante foi a principal técnica de construção de dados, complementada por análises documentais e entrevistas semiestruturadas. Em se tratando da análise de dados qualitativos, utilizou-se os procedimentos interpretativos inspirados em Flores (1994). Os resultados descreveram semelhanças entre os fatores que promovem a aprendizagem social, tanto na perspectiva da sustentabilidade, quanto na organizacional. Os elementos críticos observados nos estudos de sustentabilidade (reflexão e pensamento crítico; participação e engajamento; negociação e colaboração; pensamento sistêmico; e comunicação) foram ratificados nas interações das redes de empreendimentos, à luz da aprendizagem social nas organizações. Os questionamentos e os diálogos entre as empreendedoras, aliado ao comprometimento com os negócios, assumiram papeis importantes para aprendizagem na medida em que problemas e soluções eram discutidos com transparência e de forma democrática. A adoção de novas práticas e as mudanças de comportamento foram resultados dos aprendizados oriundos da vivência diária e da experiência prática. Além disto, a relação entre cinco fatores estruturais do Programa contribuiu para impulsionar a aprendizagem entre os participantes: (i) a ajuda mútua entre os empreendimentos na cadeia de suprimentos; (ii) a formatação da rede de empreendimentos; (iii) a troca de experiências entre os participantes; (iv) a facilitação do Educador Social; e (v) o estímulo ao processo de reflexão-ação. O Educador Social, responsável pela assessoria aos empreendimentos, teve uma importante função de estimular o questionamento e diálogo das empreendedoras, haja vista o contexto sociocultural das mulheres participantes: pessoas de baixa renda e pouca escolaridade. Na concepção da aprendizagem social, uma maior integração dos empreendimentos da rede para troca de experiências, pode diminuir os efeitos da fragilidade presente no Programa: a rotatividade das empreendedoras. Ao final do trabalho, procurou-se fornecer subsídios teóricos e práticos para que projetos de desenvolvimento social possam ser alavancados a partir de um conhecimento mais claro sobre o processo de aprendizagem entre os atores envolvidos.

In a time where some 2.4 billion Internet users exist worldwide, children are increasingly impacted by the Internet's influence, both directly and indirectly. With technology now playing a significant role in childhood learning and social development, many unforeseen shifts are occurring that will ultimately impact lifespan development. Although researchers have provided mixed results concerning the impact of the Internet on learning and social development, the body of evidence indicates that veteran K-8 educators who are comfortable and experienced with the Internet view it more favorably. This grounded theory study systematically generated the multisystem technological engagement theory (MSTET) to explain the impact of the Internet on childhood learning and social development. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 14 self-identified veteran K-8 educators. Analysis of the data was conducted using a 3-tiered method of coding that was verified through the process of triangulation and member-checking. Results of this study indicate that the veteran K-8 educators perceived the Internet's impact as positive, given a specific set of conditions: experience and comfort with the Internet, collaboration with parents, a healthy balance between face-to-face and online social interactions, boundaries, and maximization of benefits from available information and resources. These findings may enhance social change initiatives by providing an evidence basis for both targeted instruction and school counseling practice that facilitates healthy K-8 learning and social development in the Internet Age.

Students are referred to alternative schools such as the Disciplinary Alternative Education Program (DAEP) for violations against the student code of conduct. Students who are referred and attend DAEPs are more likely to make failing grades and drop out of school permanently. However, a lack of understanding existed about why some students repeatedly receive referrals to the DAEP.The purpose of this case study was to gain an understanding about why some students are repeatedly being sent to the DAEP in a school district in north central Texas. The conceptual framework was based on Catalano and Hawkins' social development theory which posited that through consistent socialization, children learn prosocial or antisocial behavior patterns from the social units to which they are bonded. In this study, 14 purposefully selected classroom teachers participated in one-on-one conversational interviews to explore teachers' perceptions about why some students are repeatedly sent to the DAEP. Inductive analysis was used for coding and identifying emerging concepts, themes, and events. Six major themes emerged from analysis of the data: school structure, classroom/behavior management, class size, student labeling, extracurricular activities, and teacher-student relationships. The results illustrate the need for changes to disciplinary policies, new transition procedures, and improved staff training. This study may contribute to positive social change by suggesting strategies that schools could use to decrease the number of referrals to the DAEP. In turn, by decreasing the number of referrals school failure and dropout rates would decrease and as a result enable youth to eventually become productive members of society.

With the reproduction of severe deprivation among the campesinado in Latin America as a starting-point,the report explores the mechanisms of impoverishment in the eastern rural region of the department of Cauca in Colombia and the forms of resistance initiated by the Regional Indigenous Council of Cauca (CRIC). It is postulated that the continued existence of poverty derives its root-causes not from lacking integration of the traditional sector of the national economy into the modern sector, but from the processes through which the poor indigenous staple-food producer and agricultural worker by way of his actual participation within the capitalistic system is continously deprived of his energy and capacity by the power elite as he himself lacks the means to realize his own developmental power* Sham-participation, refering to the dysfunctionality of systemic participation performed by the poor who lack access to the bases for accumulating social power, is a concept applied to understand these mechanisms. Participation per se does not necessarily correspond to influence and power. Rather, systemic political participation can give legitimacy to the very system and to those structural conditions oppressing the indigenous small-holders and workers and consequently contributes to the consolidation of the transfer-process of power and thereby the reproduction of deprivation. Thus the poor indigenous population in Cauca cannot expect to be given access to the fundaments of social power. Thus the elements of real participation and the conditions for resisting deprivation are less likely to be obtained only through the creation of new institutions and channels for popular participation# In the case of the indigenous movement in Colombia, the problem is rather to revoke the repression of the indigenous organizations which have emerged from below and instead promote their spontaneous mobilization. / digitalisering@umu

M. Tech. Business Information Systems / The adoption of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) solutions offer several potentials for most organisations (private and public) such as enabling effectiveness, efficiency, competitive advantage among others. As a result, we have seen several IT solutions implemented not only by private sectors but also by the backbone of public entities in the drive for efficiencies in service delivery such as the South African (SA) government. The SA government adopted Open Source Software (OSS) with the aim to reduce IT services cost, less dependencies on imported technology, skills, and flexibility. The SA government was less successful in achieving this aim due to OSS implementation challenges. These challenges among other things include support, funding, training, awareness, and human factors. In the midst of the OSS challenges, a potential alternative to address the same objectives aimed by OSS is Cloud Computing adoption. Cloud Computing is the latest phenomena that promises better potentials especially IT cost reduction, effectiveness and efficiency of IT services. The purpose of this study is to explore the feasibility of Cloud Computing adoption in SA government as a cost effective approach for IT services.

Darbe buvo siekiama nustatyti paauglių priklausomybę sukeliančių medžiagų vartojimo sąsajas su šeimos, bendraamžių ir asmeniniais veiksniais. Tyrime dalyvavo 290 dviejų Vilniaus ir keturių Telšių vidurinių bei pagrindinių mokyklų (16 – 18 metų amžiaus) mokinių. Tyrime naudota anketa, kurią sudaro klausimai apie alkoholio ir kitų priklausomybę sukeliančių medžiagų vartojimo dažnumą, alkoholio ir kitų narkotikų vartojimo rizikingumui įvertinti naudojama Knight, Sherritt ir kt. (2002) parengta Crafft skalė. Paauglių priklausomybę sukeliančių medžiagų vartojimo šeimos, bendraamžių ir asmeniniai veiksniai matuojami klausimynu sudarytu, remiantis Hawkins, Catalano (1992) metodikos “Bendruomenės, kurios rūpinasi, jaunimo klausimynas” (angl. Communities That Care Youth Survey) šeimos, bendraamžių ir asmenine skalėmis. Pagal tyrimo rezultatus, paauglių alkoholio nevartojimo arba reto vartojimo galimybę didino mažiau išreikštas aštrių pojūčių siekimas, mažiau išreikštas psichoaktyvias medžiagas vartojančių draugų veiksnys, mažiau išreikštos palankios nuostatos į psichoaktyvių medžiagų vartojimą, iš šeimos veiksnių – mažiau išreikštos tėvų palankios nuostatos į psichoaktyvių medžiagų vartojimą. Kitų nei alkoholis ir tabakas medžiagų nebandymo galimybę didino mažiau išreikštas aštrių pojūčių siekimas, mažiau išreikštas psichoaktyvias medžiagas vartojančių draugų veiksnys, mažiau išreikštos palankios nuostatos į psichoaktyvių medžiagų vartojimą ir labiau išreikštas psichoaktyvių medžiagų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of the study was to assess adolescent substance use association with individual, peer, family factor. The subjects of the study were 290 adolescent (age 16-18) from two schools in Vilnius and four schools in Telšiai. Study questionnaire contains questions about alcohol and other substance use frequency. For evaluation of risks of alcohol and other substance use Knight, Sherritt et al. (2002) prepared Crafft scale was used. Adolescent addictive substance use family, peer and individual factors are measured by questionnaire based on Hawkins, Catalan (1992) questionnaire - Communities That Care Youth Survey family, peer and individual scales. According to the results of the research, adolescents no or low alcohol use possibility was increased by lower expression of sensation seeking, by lower expression of friends’ use of drugs factor, by lower expression of favourable attitudes towards drug use, from family factors - lower expression of favourable parental attitudes favourable towards drug use. Possibility of not trying other then alcohol and tobacco substances was increased by lower expression of sensation seeking, by lower expression of friends’ use of drugs factor, by lower expression of favourable attitudes towards drug use and higher expression of perceived risks of drug use, also by female sex. Non risky alcohol and other substance use possibility was increased by lower expression of sensation seeking, by lower expression of friends’ use of drugs factor, by lower... [to full text]

Lietuvoje vyrauja dideli ir augantys tarpregioniniai skirtumai, kurie matomi ne tik tarp pirmaujančių ir atsiliekančių regionų, bet ir tarp regionų lyderių. Todėl iškyla dilema ar regioninė politika suformuluota ir nukreipta taip, kad ateityje bus pajėgi ne tik skatinti regionų plėtrą, bet ir mažinti netolygumus. Regiono plėtra yra sudėtingas procesas, kuriam suprasti ir paaiškinti tikslinga naudoti ekonominius modelius. Iš ekonominių modelių įvairovės darbe pasirinkta naudoti pritaikytą regionų augimui neoklasikinį augimo modelį, nes būtent šis modelis aiškina regionų netolygaus augimo priežastis, vietinių išteklių pagrindu. Darbą sudaro dvi dalys. Pirmoje dalyje „Regioninė plėtra ir regioninė politika: teoriniai ir taikomieji aspektai“ aprašomos regiono ir regioninės plėtros koncepcijos, teorijos, žmogiškųjų išteklių, kapitalo ir technologijų pažangos įtaka regionų vystymuisi. Šioje dalyje pateikiami regioninės politikos pagrindiniai teoriniai aspektai bei aprašomos regioninės politikos priemonės regionų plėtrai skatinti. Antroje darbo dalyje „Vilniaus ir Alytaus regionų plėtros tyrimas“ socialinių-ekonominių rodiklių pagalba įvertinama Vilniaus ir Alytaus regionų sanglauda ir techninės pažangos augimo modelio pagrindu identifikuojamos netolygaus regionų augimo priežastys. Be to, analizuojama Lietuvos regioninė politika, politikos tikslai ir įgyvendinimo priemonių efektyvumas. Šioje darbo dalyje išskiriama Lietuvos regionų augimo skatinimo specifika, analizuojama Europos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Regional development becomes important issue of the European Union and Lithuania regional politics, because only developed region can entrench the secured position in the globalized world. Moreover, regional development is closely related with people and their well-being. In order to achieve this, stable and coordinated regional development is needed. This should be done by integrating effective regional policy instruments. Regional development is complexible process. So, economical models is needed and used to explain regional development. From variety of economical models the neoclassical growth model was chosen to explore the causes of widening regional growth disparities. The work consists of two parts. The first part deals with general theoretical and adaptable aspects of the region, its development as well as the regional growth and development models for regional development. In this part the explanation of impact of human resources, capital and technical progress is given. Also, this part proposes the theoretical overview about regional policy, including the conception of regional policy, the instruments which influence regional development. In the second part economical and social indicators are used for analysis of Vilnius and Alytus regions, the convergence of regions is evaluated and regional growth disparities between Vilnius and Alytus regions is evaluated by using neoclassical growth model. The second part analyzes the regional policy and its goals of... [to full text]

The main objective with this study was to investigate so called odd purposes acceptable when registrating property along with how social development affects these purposes, furthermore to investigate how the cadastral surveyors estimates a foreseeable time. Tradition and praxis is used for several obvious purposes such as housing, farming, forests, offices and industry. Praxis is yet to be defined regarding more unique purposes. There is no mention in the law about which purposes are found acceptable to assure the demands on suitability are met. Cadastral authorities are responsible for making sure the division into property units is uniform and rule of law-accordingly. This study illustrates the issue of how the cadastral operation applies the rules to support a uniform application of the rule. A legal method, a survey analysis, an interview analysis and a case study were methods used in the study to answer the purpose and research questions. The legal method was used to learn more about the legal position. The survey was performed in order to gather data and information about which purposes previously have been regarded as odd by the cadastral surveyors. To obtain an understanding about and background to the selected odd purposes, an interview study was conducted with the cadastral surveyors. The intent of the case study was to form a base and insight in how the odd purposes are valued. The result of the legal method showed proof of how to interpret the prerequisite in the law. The survey provided information about which odd purposes are used in dividing of property. The interview study was based on the results from the survey and the information gathered from it. Answers regarding the background to the cadastral procedures were given, as well as the concept purpose, its origin and the evaluation of the time concept foreseeable time. The case study provided a background to the decision making and history about the debate as well as how purpose has been a question when making assessments. The most important conclusion made was that the prerequisite, intended function, current circumstances and requirements determine an acceptable purpose. The same factors determine the assessment of foreseeable time and as a result the concept varies from case to case. Social development causes the conditions for dividing into property units to be interchangeable, as a result the possible purposes changes with them. A more uniform application of the rule, considering the prerequisites, intended function, current circumstances and requirements should so be applied. / Huvudsyftet med studien var att undersöka vilka ”udda” ändamål som kan godtas vid fastighetsbildning med delsyften om hur samhällsutvecklingen påverkar ändamålen och att undersöka hur förrättningslantmätarna bedömer ”överskådlig tid”. Tradition och praxis finns för ett flertal ändamål som kan anses vara självklara, till exempel bostad, jordbruk, skog, kontor och industri. För mer udda ändamål är praxis oklar. Lagen talar inte om vilka ändamål som kan anses vara godtagbara för att kraven om lämplighet ska anses uppfyllda. Lantmäterimyndigheterna har till uppgift att ansvara för en enhetlig och rättssäker fastighetsindelning. Studien belyser frågan om hur lantmäteriverksamheten tillämpar reglerna idag för att ge stöd åt en enhetlig rättstillämpning. Metoder som använts i studien för att besvara syfte och forskningsfrågor var en juridisk metod, en enkätstudie, en intervjustudie och en rättsfallsstudie. Den juridiska metoden användes för att få kunskap om rättsläget. Enkätstudien genomfördes för att samla data och information om ändamål som förrättningslantmätarna ansett vara ”udda”. För att få förståelse och en bakgrund till förrättningarna av de utvalda ”udda” ändamålen genomfördes en intervjustudie med förrättningslantmätarna. Rättsfallsstudien syftade till att få en grund och inblick i hur ”udda” ändamål bedömts. Resultatet av den juridiska metoden visade på hur rekvisiten i lagen ska tolkas. Enkätstudien gav information för vilka ”udda” ändamål det fastighetsbildats. Intervjustudien grundade sig på enkätstudiens resultat och den information som lämnats. Den gav svar på förrättningarnas bakgrund, begreppet ändamålet och dess tillkomst och bedömningen av tidsbegreppet ”överskådlig tid”. Rättsfallsstudien gav en bakgrund till besluten och om hur diskussionerna förts samt huruvida ändamålet varit föremål för bedömning. Den viktigaste slutsatsen var att det är rekvisiten, den tilltänkta funktion, den rådande situation och behoven som avgör vilket ändamål som är godtagbart. Samma faktorer avgör bedömningen av överskådlig tid som i och med det varierar från fall till fall. Samhällsutvecklingen medför att förutsättningarna för fastighetsbildning är föränderliga och därmed förändras också möjliga ändamål. En enhetlig rättstillämpning bör därmed ske utifrån rekvisiten, den tilltänkta funktion, den rådande situation och behoven.

本文的章節架構與寫作層次，基本上就是為了回答研究問題：「越南勞動輸出政策的實質內容是什麼，為何它可以有效地運作？」這一切得以有效運作就是因為國家透過「團結」（đoàn kết）的知識生產將國家民族、農村文化、家庭倫理連貫起來，唯有團結的國家、農村和家庭，個人才有存在的價值，這也是移工自我管理技術的根源。勞動輸出政策便是透過國家、農村和家庭三位一體的團結論述使之與移工主體接合，以形塑出具有生產性的移工主體。而「康莊」（khang trang）指的就是，越南勞動輸出政策下經濟成長和社會發展相結合，所帶來的消除貧窮與地方發展的具體表現。 第二章主要是描述「勞動輸出的歷史過程與跨國移工的形成」。1986年底越南共產黨決議實行革新（đổi mới）之後，國家的政治與經濟制度轉向商品市場化，革新的內容是「社會主義定向市場經濟」。國家因為開放私人資本，導致所有權多種型態的出現，國營企業不再是國家主要的經濟部門，各種新的經濟機會因而出現。結構上的政治經濟制度變遷帶來經濟機會的出現和戶籍制度的鬆動，農村內部的長子繼承制和農民土地的喪失，形成了一股將農民推向跨國勞動輸出的出路。革新之後，勞動輸出政策作為一項重要和長期的發展策略，是有助於國家的工業化和現代化，初期成果除了解決部分國內就業問題，也為國家增加稅收與外匯，因此在政府全力推動政策下，海外勞工的數量不斷成長。 第三章主要是討論「國家對跨國移工主體的治理」。「國家―移工」間的權力關係不全然是傳統上由國家支配一切的權力關係，而是一種Foucault指涉的牧養權力關係，是建立在各種微觀運作機制之上。這部分先討論巨觀的國家勞動輸出政策，側重在國家制訂的各種法律和規範，並且指出勞動輸出政策可以有效運作的第一個制度安排是：「勞動出口公司」，這些勞動出口公司的功能和性質儼然就是國家管理的一環。第二個制度安排是：「基層代理人」，農村基層幹部的多重身份是涵蓋國家與社會部門（例如身兼共黨、政府和祖國陣線等群眾組織幹部），透過上下互相隸屬的職務關係（例如身兼村長和社黨委或是身兼村老人會主席和社老人會常委），結合地方和家庭的社會資本連帶，成為國家政策在基層推動的堅定基礎。 第四章主要分析了「勞動輸出下的跨國移工與社會發展」。越南勞動輸出政策的成功，不僅是從經濟成長方面來肯定它的，也是因為與社會發展的結合，具體表現出來的就是消除貧窮的政策目標。國家優先選送貧窮縣地區的政策對象出國工作，希望將經濟成長的果實分配到貧窮地區，落實越南社會主義國家的團結（đoàn kết）互助理念。海外移工透過匯款remittance和返鄉return home，為地方帶來各式各樣的發展型態，例如：匯款活絡了地方金融；蓋房子不僅改善了個人健康衛生，也創造許多地方就業機會；增加子女教育投資；有更充裕的資金進行微型創業等。 對移工及其家庭來說，勞動輸出政策可以增加收入、投資子女教育、改善衛生健康、降低生存風險、增加儲蓄、促進微型創業等；對農村來說，可以消除貧窮、減少社福支出、增進基礎建設、活絡地方金融等；對國家來說，可以為國家賺取外匯、解決國內就業問題、提升人力資本和融入國際社會等。在國家鼓勵勞動輸出的政策下，地方上的黨支部書記、村長、祖國陣線各組織幹部等莫不以此為發展地方的可行方式。在政府機關、基層幹部和移工及其家庭眼中，勞動輸出政策無疑是一條邁向繁榮經濟、消除貧窮和改善生活的「康莊大道」。 / The key research question of this dissertation is: ‘What is the substance of Vietnam’s labor-export policy and why it works effectively?’. To summarize my findings, the policy of labor export works through ‘đoàn kết’ (the notion of solidarity) that denotes one’s value is based on one’s family, village, and nation. For Vietnamese migrant workers, ‘đoàn kết’ becomes the core of self-management and shapes them into productive subjects. Vietnam’s labor-export policy thus makes articulation with its migrant workers. Furthermore, ‘khang trang’ (thriving villages), under the labor-export policy, means economic growth, social development, poverty elimination, and local development. Firstly, the historical process of labor export and the formation of transnational migrant workers are described. The ‘đổi mới’ (Renovation Policy) had drawn up market economy under socialist direction that implemented by the Communist Party of Vietnam at the end of the year 1986. State owned enterprises are no longer the only type of economic entity and there are new economic opportunities for private capital and investments. The household registration and primogeniture system have been loosed. The labor-export policy was carried out as an important and long-term strategy. Meanwhile, the loss of land pushes farmers to find a way out—working overseas. The growing numbers of overseas workers brings help for the country’s industrialization and modernization; the increasing remittances and national revenue also solves some domestic employment problem. Secondly, the governance of migrant workers by the state is discussed. The power relationship between migrant workers and the state is what Foucault has indicated as “pastoral power relationship” basing on micro-mechanism. The macro-perspective of labor export policy is emphasized on the laws and regulations made by the state. There are two important implements for the labor export policy to be effective. One is the ‘Công ty xuất khẩu lao động’ (labor export company) which functions as national administration. The other is ‘grassroots cadre’ who partakes in the political and social departments, and also shares the social capital with locals and family ties. They become the main personnel for promoting the labor-export policy. Thirdly, the transnational migrant workers and social development under the labor-export policy is analyzed. The economic growth and social developments were linked with the successful labor-export policy. The goal of the policy is to eliminate poverty and it works. Based on the notion of ‘đoàn kết’, the workers form poor areas are prioritized to work abroad for improving their income. In addition, overseas remittance from migrant workers brings a wide range of local developments such as increasing consumption, improving the healthy environments, creating employment opportunities, having more money investing on children’s education and starting their own business. In a word, the policy of labor export brings benefits to migrant workers and their families to the villages, and to the nation. This policy is undoubtedly a move that leads to economic prosperity, poverty eliminating and improving the lives of migrant workers.