As interações tróficas de 31 espécies de peixes e 2 de lulas da Baía do Araçá, São Sebastião (SP), foram investigadas por meio dos isótopos estáveis de carbono (δ13C) e nitrogênio (δ15N). Os valores de δ13C das espécies variaram entre -17,2‰ e -12,1‰, e os de δ15N, entre 10,0‰ e 14,5‰. Os valores de δ13C dos produtores e consumidores permitiram indicar que as espécies analisadas participam das teias tróficas, pelágica e bentônica, e têm como base da cadeia alimentar o fitoplâncton, os microfitobentos e a matéria orgânica dos sedimentos. Maiores valores de δ13C nos peixes e lulas foram registrados no verão, associados a valores mais altos na base. As posições tróficas das espécies variaram entre 3,18 e 4,72, indicando que atuam como consumidores secundários e terciários. A composição da dieta dos peixes, avaliada pelo modelo de mistura isotópica, apontou elevada contribuição de presas como Polychaeta, Tanaidacea e Ophiuroidea, grupos com alta abundância na Baía do Araçá e no Canal de São Sebastião. A ingestão de presas disponíveis no interior da baía e no canal evidenciou a importância desses peixes e lulas como carreadores de nutrientes, realizando tanto acoplamento pelágico-bentônico, como entre as regiões sublitoral e entremarés da Baía do Araçá. / The trophic interactions of 31 fish species and 2 squid species of the Araçá Bay, São Sebastião (São Paulo, Brazil), were investigated through carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) stable isotopes. The δ13C of the species ranged from -17.2‰ to -12.1‰, and the δ15N, from 10.0‰ to 14.5‰. The δ13C data of the producers and consumers indicated that the species analysed are part of the pelagic and benthic trophic webs, and have phytoplankton, microphytobenthos and organic matter from the sediment as the base of the food web. Higher values of δ13C were registered in the summer, linked to the higher values at the base. The trophic positions of the species varied between 3.18 e 4.72, an indication that they act as secondary and tertiary-quaternary consumers. The diet composition of fish, evaluated trough the isotope mixing model, showed high contribution of prey, such as Polychaeta, Tanaidacea and Ophiuroidea, groups highly abundant in the Bay and the adjacent São Sebastião Channel. The intake of available prey in the intertidal region and in the Channel revealed the importance of the fish and squid as nutrient pathway links, coupling the pelagic-benthic systems and the sublittoral and intertidal regions of the Araçá Bay.

Sr₃Ru₂O₇ is a quasi-two-dimensional metal and has a paramagnetic ground state that is heavily renormalised by electron-electron correlations and magnetic exchange interactions. Inextricably linked to this renormalisation is the metamagnetism of Sr₃Ru₂O₇ - a rapid rise in uniform magnetisation over a narrow range of applied magnetic field. Knowledge of the zero-field physics is essential to any description of the metamagnetism. Light may be shed on the enigmatic ground state of Sr₃Ru₂O₇ by doping the crystal lattice with foreign cations: this is the primary purpose of the original research referred to in this thesis, in which studies of some of the electronic properties of crystals of cation-doped Sr₃Ru₂O₇ are reported. Single crystals of Sr₃(Ru[subscript(1-x)]Ti[subscript(x)])₂O₇ and Sr₃(Ru[subscript(1-x)]Cr[subscript(x)])₂O₇ have been synthesised in an image furnace and some of the properties of these crystals have been measured. Evidence that indicates the emergence of a spin density wave as a function of Ti-doping in Sr₃(Ru[subscript(1-x)]Ti[subscript(x)])₂O₇ is presented. Time-dependent magnetic irreversibility has been observed in samples of Sr₃(Ru[subscript(1-x)]Cr[subscript(x)])₂O₇, thus hinting at the involvement of the RKKY mechanism in these materials. Regarding cation doping out of the conducting RuO₂ planes, samples of (Sr[subscript(1-y)]La[subscript(y)])₃Ru₂O₇ have been grown and investigated. Both the Sommerfeld coefficient and the Fermi liquid A coefficient of (Sr[subscript(1-y)]La[subscript(y)])₃Ru₂O₇ are found to decrease as a function of y (0 ≤ y ≤ 0.02); these observations point towards a reduction in the thermodynamic mass of the Landau quasiparticles. Results from magnetoresistance and magnetisation measurements indicate that the metamagnetism of the (Sr[subscript(1-y)]La[subscript(y)])₃Ru₂O₇ series probably cannot be explained by a rigid band-shift model. Also, some aspects of these data imply that the metamagnetism cannot be fully accounted for by a spin fluctuation extension to the Ginzburg-Landau theory of uniform magnetisation.

Nous avons réalisé des couches minces de Co sur un substrat semi-conducteur (Si(111)) par voix électrochimique, en mode potentiostatique et en mode galvanostatique, et étudié leurs propriétés topographiques (AFM, MEB) et magnétique (RMN, effet Kerr, SQUID), afin de relier ces propriétés aux modes de croissance et aux conditions de dépôt à priori identiques conduisent à des morphologies et donc des propriétés magnétiques très différentes. Nous avons développé une approche rigoureuse avec un contrôle systématique de la qualité du substrat de départ pour clarifier les modes de nucléation et de croissance en fonction du potentiel appliqué en chronoampérométrie. Une transition d’un mode de nucléation instantanée vers un mode de nucléation progressive en fonction du potentiel appliqué est mise en évidence. La modélisation à l’aide du modèle de Scharifker-Hills des modes de nucléation et de croissance est cohérente avec les images de topographie AFM. La croissance est tridimensionnelle du type Volmer-Weber et l’aimantation est orientée dans le plan. Par RMN et également X-Ray Photoemission Spectroscopy (XPS), nous montrons qu’une couche d’hydroxyde de cobalt magnétiquement morte se forme à l’interface avec le Si. En mode galvanostatique, des grains avec des facettes parfaitement cristallisés présentent des domaines magnétiques localisés dans la plupart des ilots. Nous avons également effectué une étude très critique des techniques de dépôt/arrachage employées dans la littérature montrant que celle-ci sont inadaptées aux substrats semi-conducteur, un dépôt subsistant sur la surface quel que soit la technique d’arrachage choisie. / We have deposited thin layers of Co on a semiconductor substrate Si(111), by electrochemical method, in potentiostatic and galvanostatic mode, and we have studied their topographic properties (AFM, MEB) and magnetic (RMN, effet Kerr, SQUID). Thanks to these different techniques, we could relate these properties to the growth modes and to the a priori identical deposition conditions, which lead to different morphologies and therefore different magnetic properties. We have developed a rigorous approach with a systematic control of the quality of the substrate in order to clarify the nucleation and growth modes as a function of the potential applied in chronoamperometry. A transition from an instantaneous nucleation mode to a progressive nucleation mode as a function of the applied potential is highlighted. Modeling with Scharifker-Hills model of nucleation and growth modes is consistent with AFM topography images. The growth is three-dimensional of a Volmer-Weber type and the magnetization is oriented in the plane. By NMR and also X-Ray Photoemission Spectroscopy (XPS), we could show that a layer of magnetically dead cobalt hydroxide layer forms at the interface with Si. In galvanostatic mode, grains with perfectly crystallized facets have magnetic domains located in most of the islands. We have also carried out a very critical study of the deposition / tearing techniques used in the literature showing that they are unsuitable for semiconductor substrates, a deposit remaining on the surface whatever the tearing technique chosen.

Au cours de ce travail de thèse, nous avons montré le rôle du ligand organique pour moduler les propriétés électroniques de complexes de métaux de transition mono- et polynucléaires.<br />La première partie de ce travail étudie tout d'abord l'influence des effets électroniques (donneurs et accepteurs) des ligands chélatants sur les propriétés électrochimiques de complexes mononucléaires de Fe(III). Nous avons également montré qu'il est possible de moduler les propriétés optiques de complexes polynucléaires à valence mixte FeIIBS(FeIIIHS)x (x = 4 et 6). Enfin, un modèle a été proposé pour expliquer l'origine de l'interaction ferromagnétique au sein d'un des premiers composés de la chimie de coordination, le bleu de Prusse dont les complexes FeIIBS(FeIIIHS)x sont des modèles.<br />La deuxième partie concerne l'étude de l'anisotropie magnétique au sein de complexes mononucléaires de Ni(II). Ce travail montre qu'il est possible d'influencer l'amplitude et la nature (axiale, planaire ou rhombique) de l'anisotropie magnétique grâce au choix des ligands chélatants.<br />Enfin, une modulation de l'énergie des états de spin de systèmes binucléaires en jouant sur les ligands pontants et périphériques permet de mettre en évidence le croisement de deux niveaux MS issus de deux états S différents sous l'action d'un champ magnétique extérieur. Ainsi il est possible d'accéder aux propriétés d'anisotropie dans les états excités de complexes polynucléaires possédant un état fondamental de spin S = 0.

No description available.

MnSi(111) films were grown on Si(111) substrates by solid phase epitaxy (SPE) and molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) to determine their magnetic structures. A lattice mismatch of -3.1% causes an in-plane tensile strain in the film, which is partially relaxed by misfit dislocations. A correlation between the thickness dependence of the Curie temperature (TC) and strain is hypothesized to be due to the presence of interstitial defects. The in-plane tensile strain leads to an increase in the unit cell volume that results in an increased TC as large as TC = 45 K compared to TC = 29.5 K for bulk MnSi crystals. The epitaxially induced tensile stress in the MnSi thin films creates an easy-plane uniaxial anisotropy. The magnetoelastic coefficient was obtained from superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry measurements combined with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) data. The experimental value agrees with the coefficient determined from density functional calculations, which supports the conclusion that the uniaxial anisotropy originates from the magnetoelastic coupling. Interfacial roughness obscured the magnetic structure of the SPE films, which motivated the search for a better method of film growth. MBE grown films displayed much lower interfacial roughness that enabled a determination of the magnetic structure using SQUID and polarized neutron reflectometry (PNR). Out-of-plane magnetic field measurements on MBE grown MnSi(111) thin films on Si(111) substrates show the formation of a helical conical phase with a wavelength of 2?/Q = 13.9 ± 0.1 nm. The presence of both left-handed and right-handed magnetic chiralities is found to be due to the existence of inversion domains that result from the non-centrosymmetric crystal structure of MnSi. The magnetic frustration created at the domain boundaries explains an observed glassy behaviour in the magnetic response of the films. PNR and SQUID measurements of MnSi thin films performed in an in-plane magnetic field show a complex magnetic behaviour. Experimental results combined with theoretical results obtained from a Dzyaloshinskii model with an added easy-plane uniaxial anisotropy reveals the existence of numerous magnetic modulated states that do not exist in bulk MnSi. It is demonstrated in this thesis that modulated chiral magnetic states can be investigated with epitaxially grown MnSi(111) thin films on insulating Si substrates, which offers opportunities to investigate spin-dependent transport in chiral magnetic heterostructures based on this system.

Le nord du système du Courant de Humboldt (NHCS), le long des côtes péruviennes, est l'une des régions océanique les plus productives au monde. Il représente moins de 0.1% de la surface des océans mondiaux mais contribue actuellement à plus de 10% des captures mondiales en poissons, avec l’anchois Engraulis ringens comme espèce emblématique. Comparé aux autres systèmes d’upwelling de bord Est, la forte productivité en poissons ne peut être expliquée par une productivité primaire plus élevée. Par contre, le NCHS est la région où El Niño, et la variabilité climatique en général est la plus notable. D’autre part, les eaux de surface oxygénées recouvrent une zone de minimum d’oxygène extrêmement intense et superficielle. L’objectif principal de ce travail est de mieux comprendre les relations trophiques au sein du NHCS en combinant l'analyse de contenus stomacaux et d'isotopes stables. Cette étude se focalise sur une variété d’organismes allant des bas niveaux trophiques comme le zooplancton aux prédateurs supérieurs (oiseaux et les otaries à fourrure). Elle combine des études de contenus stomacaux ponctuelles et sur le long terme d’espèces clés telles que l’anchois et la sardine Sardinops sagax et une analyse plus globale, basée sur l'utilisation d'isotopes stables et considérant l’ensemble du réseau trophique dans les années récentes (2008 – 2012). Les analyses des contenus stomacaux d'anchois et de sardine ont permis de revisiter l'écologie de ces espèces. En effet, bien que le phytoplancton domine largement les contenus stomacaux en termes d’abondance numérique, le zooplancton est de loin la composante alimentaire la plus importante pour ces deux espèces en termes de carbone. Dans le cas de l’anchois, les euphausiacés contribuent à plus de 67.5% du carbone ingéré, suivis par les copépodes (26.3%). Sélectionner les proies les plus grandes telles que les euphausiacés procure un avantage énergétique pour l’anchois dans cet écosystème où les carences en oxygène imposent de fortes contraintes métaboliques aux poissons pélagiques. La sardine se nourrit de zooplancton plus petit que l’anchois (copépodes plus petits et moins d’euphausiacés). Ainsi, la compétition trophique entre les sardines et les anchois est minimisée dans le NSCH par le partage de la ressource zooplancton selon sa taille, comme cela a déjà été montré dans d’autres écosystèmes. Ces résultats remettent en question la compréhension première de la position des petits poissons pélagiques (zooplanctonophage et non phytoplanctonophage) dans la chaine trophique ce qui implique de reconsidérer le fonctionnement et les modèles trophiques du NCHS. Afin d’obtenir une compréhension plus globale de la position trophique relative des principaux composants du NHCS une approche basée sur des analyses d’isotopes stables (δ13C et δ15N) a été utilisée. Pour ce faire, la signature isotopique d'échantillons de 13 groupes taxonomiques (zooplancton, poissons, calmars et prédateurs supérieurs) prélevés entre 2008 et 2011 a été déterminée. Les valeurs de δ15N obtenues sont fortement impactées par l’espèce, la taille et la latitude. Le long de la cote péruvienne, la zone de minimum d’oxygène devient en effet plus intense et plus superficielle au sud de ~7.5ºS impactant fortement la valeur de δ15N de la ligne de base. Nous avons donc utilisé un modèle linéaire à effet mixte prenant en compte les effets latitude et taille afin de prédire la position trophique relative des composants clés de l’écosystème. Ces analyses isotopiques confirment les résultats issus des contenus stomacaux sur le régime alimentaire de l’anchois et mettent en évidence l’importance potentielle d’une composante souvent négligée de l’écosystème, la galathée pélagique Pleuroncodes monodon. En effet, nos résultats supportent l’hypothèse selon laquelle cette espèce s’alimenterait en partie sur les oeufs et larves d’anchois, menaçant ainsi les premiers stades de vie des espèces exploitées. [...] / The northern Humboldt Current system (NHCS) off Peru is one of the most productive world marine regions. It represents less than 0.1% of the world ocean surface but presently sustains about 10% of the world fish catch, with the Peruvian anchovy or anchoveta Engraulis ringens as emblematic fish resource. Compared with other eastern boundary upwelling systems, the higher fish productivity of the NHCS cannot be explained by a corresponding higher primary productivity. On another hand, the NHCS is the region where El Niño, and climate variability in general, is most notable. Also, surface oxygenated waters overlie an intense and extremely shallow Oxygen Minimum Zone (OMZ). In this context, the main objective of this study is to better understand the trophic flows in the NHCS using both stomach content and stable isotope analyses. The study focuses on a variety of organisms from low trophic levels such as zooplankton to top predators (seabirds and fur seals). The approach combines both long-term and specific studies on emblematic species such as anchoveta, and sardine Sardinops sagax and a more inclusive analysis considering the 'global' food web in the recent years (2008 –2012) using stable isotope analysis.Revisiting anchovy and sardine we show that whereas phytoplankton largely dominated anchoveta and sardine diets in terms of numerical abundance, the carbon content of prey items indicated that zooplankton was by far the most important dietary component. Indeed for anchovy euphausiids contributed 67.5% of dietary carbon, followed by copepods (26.3%).Selecting the largest prey, the euphausiids, provide an energetic advantage for anchoveta in its ecosystem where oxygen depletion imposes strong metabolic constrain to pelagic fish. Sardine feed on smaller zooplankton than do anchoveta, with sardine diet consisting of smaller copepods and fewer euphausiids than anchoveta diet. Hence, trophic competition between sardine and anchovy in the northern Humboldt Current system is minimized by their partitioning of the zooplankton food resource based on prey size, as has been reported in other systems.These results suggest an ecological role for pelagic fish that challenges previous understanding of their position in the foodweb (zooplanktophagous instead of phytophagous), the functioning and the trophic models of the NHCS.Finally to obtain a more comprehensive vision of the relative trophic position of NHCS main components we used stable isotope analyses. For that purpose we analyzed the δ13C and δ15N stable isotope values of thirteen taxonomic categories collected off Peru from 2008 - 2011, i.e., zooplankton, fish, squids and air-breathing top predators. The δ15N isotope signature was strongly impacted by the species, the body length and the latitude. Along the Peruvian coast, the OMZ get more intense and shallow south of ~7.5ºS impacting the baseline nitrogen stable isotopes. Employing a linear mixed-effects modelling approach taking into account the latitudinal and body length effects, we provide a new vision of the relative trophic position of key ecosystem components. Also we confirm stomach content-based results on anchoveta Engraulis ringens and highlight the potential remarkable importance of an often neglected ecosystem component, the squat lobster Pleuroncodes monodon. Indeed, our results support the hypothesis according to which this species forage to some extent on fish eggs and larvae and can thus predate on the first life stages of exploited species. However, the δ13C values of these two species suggest that anchoveta and squat lobster do not exactly share the same habitat. This would potentially reduce some direct competition and/or predation.

Viruses are entities which are made of a few genes and are reliant on obligate parasitism to propagate. Due to the obligate connection to their hosts, virus evolution is constrained to the type of host. Viruses however do transmit to evolutionary distinct hosts; in these cases, the phylogenetic relationship of the hosts usually are close. In some instances, RNA-viruses have made host jumps between evolutionary distant hosts, such as the host jump from invertebrates to vertebrates, and fungi to arthropod. Partitiviruses are double stranded RNA viruses which mainly infect fungi and plants. The defining characteristic of these double stranded RNA viruses are the double layered capsids which are formed by a single open reading frame (ORF). The capsid proteins form icosahedral virus particles which are in the magnitude of 30-40 nm. Metagenomic studies have discovered partitiviruses originating from an insect in the Odanata family, a finding which contradicts the fungal host specificity of partitiviruses. The finding of the Hubei.PLV 11 thus implies the existence of a partitiviruses containing structural elements in their capsids which could be involved in the infection of arthropods. Thus, this virus could be used as a model for a structural comparison with its fungi infecting relatives with hopes to identify common viral structural factors necessary for the infection of arthropods. For this purpose, the Hubei.PLV ORF was cloned and then transfected into insect Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf-9) cells using a baculovirus expression system, “bac-to-bac” expression system. The FLAG-tagged capsid proteins were expressed by the Sf-9 cells to be approximately 60 kDa. After ultra-centrifugation in a sucrose gradient, some spontaneous assembly into the expected ~40 nm icosahedral virus-like particles were observed using low resolution scanning electron microscopy. The observed particles were also confirmed by a dynamic light scattering experiment (DLS) and a higher resolution cryo-EM microscope. Thus, the bac-to-bac expression system can be used to produce VLPs from this genus of viruses, and this metagenomically derived virus genome. However, for future success in defining a high-resolution model of this virus, it is recommended that the Sf-9 culture volume is sufficiently high for enough particle production which is necessary for a high-resolution map. The other virus, the Southern pygmy squid Flavilike virus (SpSFV) has been suggested to be the oldest relative of the land based flaviviruses. The SpSFV was found to be the most divergent of the flaviviruses, and to infect invertebrates. Solving for the structure of the SpSFV and comparing it to vertebrate infecting flaviviruses could therefore lead to the identification of factors necessary for the adaptation to vertebrates and thus the humoral immunity by flaviviruses. The soluble E-protein was expressed using the bac-to-bac expression system. The protein was indicated to be multiglycosylated and approximately 50 kDa which is in line with other strains in the genus. Affinity chromatography did not elute this protein, likely due to the His-tag not being spatially available. Cation exchange could elute some protein, but not much from the small ~30 mL culture. To conclude, VLP assembly was confirmed by the Hubei.PLV, thus, solving for the structure is a distinct possibility when a larger Sf-9 culture is used to produce the VLPs. For the SpSFV soluble E-protein, the protein is secreted into the supernatant of the Sf-9 cultures, making purification a possibility. For this, a large Sf-9 culture can be used to produce this protein and then purify it with a cat-ion exchange chromatography.

In dieser Arbeit werden das Wachstum mittels Molekularstrahlepitaxie und die Eigenschaften der Ferromagneten Fe und Fe_3Si auf niedrig-symmetirschen GaAs(113)A-Substraten studiert. Drei wichtige Aspekte werden untersucht: (i) Wachstum und strukturelle Charakterisierung, (ii) magnetische Eigenschaften und (iii) Magnetotransporteigenschaften der Fe und Fe_3Si Schichten auf GaAs(113)A-Substraten. Das Wachstum der Fe- und Fe_3Si-Schichten wurde bei einer Wachstumstemperatur von = bzw. 250 °C optimiert. Bei diesen Wachstumstemperaturen zeigen die Schichten eine hohe Kristallperfektion und glatte Grenz- und Oberflächen analog zu [001]-orientierten Schichten. Weiterhin wurde die Stabilität der Fe_(3+x)Si_(1-x) Phase über einen weiten Kompositionsbereich innerhalb der Fe_3Si-Stoichiometry demonstriert. Die Abhängigkeit der magnetischen Anisotropie innerhalb der Schichtebene von der Schichtdicke weist zwei Bereiche auf: einen Beresich mit dominanter uniaxialer Anisotropie für Fe-Schichten = 70 MLs. Weiterhin wird eine magnetische Anisotropie senkrecht zur Schichtebene in sehr dünnen Schichten gefunden. Der Grenzflächenbeitrag sowohl der uniaxialen als auch der senkrechten Anisotropiekonstanten, die aus der Dickenabhängigkeit bestimmt wurden, sind unabhängig von der [113]-Orientierung und eine inhärente Eigenschaft der Fe/GaAs-Grenzfläche. Die anisotrope Bindungskonfiguration zwischen den Fe und den As- oder Ga-Atomen an der Grenzfläche wird als Ursache für die uniaxiale magnetische Anisotropie betrachtet. Die magnetische Anisotropie der Fe_3Si-Schichten auf GaAs(113)A-Substraten zeigt ein komplexe Abhängigkeit von der Wachstumsbedingungen und der Komposition der Schichten. In den Magnetotransportuntersuchungen tritt sowohl in Fe(113)- als auch in Fe_3Si(113)-Schichten eine antisymmetrische Komponente (ASC) im planaren Hall-Effekt (PHE) auf. Ein phänomenologisches Modell, dass auf der Kristallsymmetrie basiert, liefert ein gute Beschreibung sowohl der ASC im PHE als auch des symmetrischen, anisotropen Magnetowiderstandes. Das Modell zeigt, dass die beobachtete ASC als Hall-Effekt zweiter Ordnung beschreiben werden kann. / In this work, the molecular-beam epitaxial growth and properties of ferromagnets, namely Fe and Fe_3Si are studied on low-symmetric GaAs(113)A substrates. Three important aspects are investigated: (i) growth and structural characterization, (ii) magnetic properties, and (iii) magnetotransport properties of Fe and Fe_3Si films on GaAs(113)A substrates. The growth of Fe and Fe_3Si films is optimized at growth temperatures of 0 and 250 degree Celsius, respectively, where the layers exhibit high crystal quality and a smooth interface/surface similar to the [001]-oriented films. The stability of Fe_(3+x)Si_(1-x) phase over a range of composition around the Fe_3Si stoichiometry is also demonstrated. The evolution of the in-plane magnetic anisotropy with film thickness exhibits two regions: a uniaxial magnetic anisotropy (UMA) for Fe film thicknesses = 70 MLs. The existence of an out-of-plane perpendicular magnetic anisotropy is also detected in ultrathin Fe films. The interfacial contribution of both the uniaxial and the perpendicular anisotropy constants, derived from the thickness-dependent study, are found to be independent of the [113] orientation and are hence an inherent property of the Fe/GaAs interface. The origin of the UMA is attributed to anisotropic bonding between Fe and As or Ga at the interface, similarly to Fe/GaAs(001). The magnetic anisotropy in Fe_3Si on GaAs(113)A exhibits a complex dependence on the growth conditions and composition. Magnetotransport measurements of both Fe(113) and Fe_3Si(113) films shows the striking appearance of an antisymmetric component (ASC) in the planar Hall effect (PHE). A phenomenological model based on the symmetry of the crystal provides a good explanation to both the ASC in the PHE as well as the symmetric anisotropic magnetoresistance. The model shows that the observed ASC component can be ascribed to a second-order Hall effect.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird das Hauptaugenmerk auf die Untersuchung der Auswirkungen einer Modifikation der zugänglichen Prozessparameter auf die funktionalen Eigenschaften oxidischer Dünnfilme während der gepulsten Laserabscheidung (PLD) gelegt. Der erste Teil der Arbeit stellt die Herstellung von BaTiO3/SrTiO3-Mehrfach-Heterostrukturen auf thermisch und chemisch vorbehandelten SrTiO3-Substraten mittels gepulster Laserabscheidung (PLD) vor. Die zugängliche in-situ Wachstumskontrolle durch ein reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED)-System ermöglicht es die Wachstumsprozesse in Echtzeit zu überwachen. Angestrebt wird ein stabiler zwei-dimensionaler Wachstumsmodus, der neben glatten Grenzflächen auch eine hohe Dünnfilmqualität ermöglicht. Es wird erstmals die prinzipielle Anwendbarkeit von BaTiO3/SrTiO3-Heterostrukturen als Bragg-Spiegel aufgezeigt. Für BaTiO3- sowie SrTiO3-Dünnfilme wurden die PLD-Parameter Substrattemperatur, Sauerstoffpartialdruck, Energiedichte des Lasers sowie Flussdichte der Teilchen variiert und die Auswirkungen auf die strukturellen, optischen und Oberflächeneigenschaften mittels Röntgendiffraktometrie (XRD), spektraler Ellipsometrie (SE) und Rasterkraftmikroskopie (AFM) beleuchtet. Im zweiten Teil werden ZnO/MgxZn1−xO-Quantengrabenstrukturen hetero- und homoepitaktisch auf thermisch vorbehandelten a-Saphir- respektive m- und a-orientierten ZnO-Einkristallen vorgestellt. Die Realisierung eines zwei-dimensionalen „layer-by-layer“ Wachstumsmodus wird für die Quantengrabenstrukturen aufgezeigt. Die Quantengrabenbreite lässt sich aus beobachteten RHEED-Oszillationen exakt bestimmen. Ein Vergleich zwischen, mittels Photolumineszenz gemessenen Quantengrabenübergangsenergien als Funktion der Grabenbreite mit theoretisch ermittelten Werten wird vorgestellt, wobei der Unterschied zwischen polaren und nicht-polaren Strukturen mit Blick auf eine Anwendung aufgezeigt wird. Für c-orientierte ZnO-Dünnfilme wird das Wachstum im Detail untersucht und ein alternativer Abscheideprozess im so genannten Intervall PLD-Verfahren vorgestellt. Die Verifizierung der theoretischen Prognose einer ferromagnetischen Ordnung mit einer Curie-Temperatur oberhalb Raumtemperatur (RT) für kubische, Mangan stabilisierte Zirkondioxid (MnSZ)-Dünnfilme stellt den dritten Teil der Arbeit dar. Die strukturellen Eigenschaften der Dünnfilme werden mittels XRD, AFM sowie Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie (TEM) untersucht. Die Bedingungen einer erfolgreichen Stabilisierung der kubischen Kristallphase durch den Einbau von Mn wird aufgezeigt. Mittels Röntgenphotoelektronenspektroskopie (XPS) sowie Elektronenspinresonanz (EPR) wird der Ladungszustand der, in der Zirkondioxidmatrix eingebauten, Mn-Ionen ermittelt. Die elektrischen Eigenschaftenwerden durch Strom-Spannungsmessungen(IU) sowie der Leitungstyp durch Seebeck-Effekt Messungen charakterisiert. Zur Erhöhung der Leitfähigkeit werden die MnSZ Dünnfilme in verschiedenen Atmosphären thermisch behandelt und Veränderungen durch IU-Messungen aufgezeigt. Ergebnisse von optischen Untersuchungen mittels Transmissionsmessungen und KL werden präsentiert. Superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID)-Magnetometrie wird zur Charakterisierung der magnetischen Eigenschaften genutzt. Magnetische Ordnungen im Bereich zwischen 5 K ≤ T ≤ 300 K werden untersucht und der Einfluss von Defekten sowie einer thermischen Behandlung in verschiedenen Atmosphären auf die magnetischen Eigenschaften diskutiert.