[pt] Esta dissertação teve como objetivo propor o desenvolvimento e estabelecimento de um método de gerenciamento de estoque de peças de uniformes a ser implantado através de uma solução de TI que possa vir a ser utilizado por todos os Gerentes dos PDU´s (Postos de Distribuição de Uniformes) e pelo Gerente de Fardamento da Marinha. Com esse fulcro, foram apresentadas técnicas de segmentação de materiais, de previsão de demanda de curto prazo, de gerenciamento de estoque (método de ponto de pedido e método de revisão periódica) e técnicas de cálculo de estoque de segurança para determinado nível de serviço. Adicionalmente, com o intuito de possibilitar a comparação entre políticas de estoques distintas, foram estudados três importantes classes gerais de custos que são: os custos de pedido, de manutenção do inventário e de falta de estoques. Como resultado, foram apresentadas algumas reformulações necessárias a serem implementadas na atual ferramenta de TI utilizada pela Marinha para gerenciar o estoque. Uma vez implantada, essa ferramenta irá permitir aos Gerentes, conhecedores das nuances do mercado, melhores condições para a tomada de decisões relativas aos seus estoques. / [en] The objective of this dissertation is to develop and establish an inventory management method for uniforms through IT solutions that can be used by all inventory managers at uniform distribution points. With this in mind, studies were conducted on techniques for material classification, short term demand forecasting, inventory management (continuous review method and periodic review method) as well as techniques for calculating safety stock to achieve the desired the service level. Additionally, this proposal allows us to compare and contrast different inventory policies on the basis of three principal cost criteria. Those criterion are: acquisition cost, inventory maintenance, and inventory loss. As a result, recalculations were proposed to the IT solution that is currently being used by the Brazilian Navy to effectively manage stock levels. Once implemented, these tools will allow inventory managers, the technical experts of the navy, to make the best decisions with the best information possible.

Background: The purpose of the safety stock is to compensate customers uncertain forecasts. The task of operations is to be able to cover up customers fluctuations in demand. By being able to maintain a stable and competition strong delivery performance results in a safety stock to be used, however, it entails tied-up capital. The case the company has an ambition to produce larger quantities and then store it on an external warehouse that the authors have chosen to call the safety stock.   Purpose: The problem of actual demand is that research questions usually take into account normal demand. By trying to fill the knowledge gap, we arrive at this purpose. The purpose is to investigate how actual demand influences the design of stock layout in order to achieve the desired delivery reliability. Method: To be able to answer the purpose and our questions, an abductive approach has been used where theory collection has taken place from literature and articles while empirical data is collected from the case company Smurfit Kappa. During the collection of empiricism, interviews and observations have been carried out. The collected findings have been discussed with the theory to answer the purpose and questions and lead to our conclusions. Findings: In the current situation, the case produces the company only against client orders and that there are no products in stock. This will result in delivery times of between 8 – 9 weeks and delivery security. An existing surface is available today to create a safety layer, there is also the possibility of a larger space if desired. Conclusion: With a safety stock, the case company will be able to deliver the actual demand while reducing its delivery times and increasing delivery reliability.   Keywords: safety stock, demand, external inventory. / Bakgrund: Ett säkerhetslagers syfte ska kompensera kundernas osäkra prognoser. Uppgiften för verksamheters säkerhetslager är att kunna täcka variationer i efterfrågan. För att upprätthålla en stabil och konkurrenskraftig leveransäkerhet behövs ett säkerhetslager, det medför dock kapitalbindning. Fallföretaget har en ambition att producera större mängder och sedan lagra det på ett externt lager. Syfte: Problemet gällande den faktiska efterfrågan är att forskningsfrågor oftast tar hänsyn till den normala efterfrågan. För att fylla kunskapsluckan kommer vi besvara följande: Syftet är att undersöka hur den faktiska efterfrågan påverkar utformningen av lagerlayouten för att uppnå önskad leveranssäkerhet. Metod: För att besvara syftet och frågeställningarna har en abduktiv ansats använts där teoriinsamling skett från litteratur och artiklar samtidigt som empirisk data samlats in från fallföretaget Smurfit Kappa. Vid insamling av empiri har intervjuer och observationer genomförts. Den insamlade empirin har diskuterats med teorin för att besvara syfte och frågeställningar samt leda till våra slutsatser. Nulägesbeskrivning: I dagsläget producerar fallföretaget enbart mot kundorder och det finns inte produkter i lager. Detta medför leveranstider på mellan 8–9 veckor samt påverkan på leveranssäkerheten. En befintlig yta finns idag tillgänglig med möjlighet till ett säkerhetslager, det finns även möjlighet för ett större utrymme om så önskas. Slutsats: Med ett säkerhetslager kommer fallföretaget kunna leverera den faktiska efterfrågan samtidigt som de minskar sina leveranstider och ökar leveranssäkerheten.   Nyckelord: säkerhetslager, efterfrågan, externa lagret.

In this paper, we minimize the holding cost of the safety stock in the supply chain subject to linear constraints on the service times between the nodes of the network. In the problem, the objective function is concave as we assume the demand to be bounded by a concave function. The optimal solutions of the problem belong to the set of extreme points of the polyhedron, specified by the constraints of the problem. We first characterize the extreme points for the two-layer networks and then provide bounds to use in a branch and bound algorithm. / Singapore-MIT Alliance (SMA)

Background - A company’s distribution system is a critical component and businesses need to consider the aspects of customer service and total cost when designing the distribution system. A distribution system can be defined as the process of making products or services available for customers. The rise of e-commerce has increased the challenge of having a cost efficient distribution system together with a high standard of customer service.  The distribution system is put under heavy pressure to deliver goods as quickly as possible and at the lowest possible cost due to globalization and outsourcing. E-commerce involves a new approach of the distribution system with its small order sizes, daily order volumes and small parcel shipments that are often shipped the same day. Inventory management is being regarded as an important part of the distribution system. Inventory management is the ability to balance the demand of products with the supply of products in a cost-effectively way. Companies therefore need to use material planning methods to coordinate the flow of material effectively throughout the distribution system. Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to study Mionix’s current distribution system with focus on customer service and total cost. Based on the findings, this thesis will identify which costs that are possible to influence and reduce.  Secondly, the aim is to study how material planning methods can help Mionix to improve the inventory management function and propose measures for improvement. Method - This thesis has used a positivistic view with a deductive approach. It is a case study that contains elements of both qualitative and quantitative research strategy. In order to fulfil the purpose of the study the authors have conducted a flow and situational analysis in order to identify services and costs in the distribution system that Mionix can influence. Further, the authors conducted a situation analysis of Mionix’s current inventory management function. The authors then calculated and analysed how material planning methods such as EOQ, Total cost, Sensitivity analysis, Ordering points and optimal safety stock and service levels could improve Mionix’s inventory management function. Next, alternative solutions are presented together with the authors’ evaluations and recommendations for the company. The data that was needed to accomplish this was collected by performing interviews, observations and extracting data from computer system e.g. Excel. Conclusion - The authors have identified two distribution channels within the distribution system: the wholesaler channel and the retailers/e-commerce channel. Mionix has the opportunity to influence two particular costs: capital costs and cost of loss of sales, which are included in inventory- and customer service costs according to the total cost model. Material planning methods can improve Mionix’s inventory management function by deciding safety stock levels, ordering points and EOQ for all products in accordance with the theoretical framework. Further, if Mionix use the authors’ recommendation the company can reduce estimated total annual cost by 23% or 26% depending on what mode of transportation that is used

Material supply systems have for a long time been regarded as an important function with strong potential to increase the performance of companies in different industries. Consequently, substantial research has been conducted in the field. However, in the pharmaceutical industry within research and development plants, material supply systems have historically not been a prioritized function. Therefore, there is a research gap regarding material supply systems in that peculiar context. This study aims to fill that gap by investigating how a material supply system could be designed and which factors are critical to achieve a cost-efficient service level within a research and development plant in the pharmaceutical industry. To do so, a single case study has been conducted at a Swedish pharmaceutical company’s research and development plant. An abductive approach has been applied to both test if the general design principles developed in other industries and business functions can be applied to this context. Further, context specific factors affecting the material supply system design needed to be identified and investigated to adapt the general design principles to the specific context by generalizing data. The empirical data was collected by utilizing focus groups, interviews, observations and documents. The findings yielded that there is a substantial potential for improvement of material supply systems within the context of this study. The existing decentralized inventory structure at the case company was a particularly vital aspect that hindered the system from operating cost-efficiently in relation to the service level and a centralization is crucial to improve. Further, calibration and a general decrease of safety stocks, order points and order quantities is essential to uphold a consistent service level at a justifiable cost at the case company. The general design principles and formulas retrieved from the theoretical framework was partly applicable in the context of this study but needed some adjustments. Especially the low volume articles with high variety in consumption rate was not suitable to be managed by the existing methods and needed another approach. Further, the context establishes high requirements on system dynamics, it comes with boundaries due to laws regulating the industry, and companies in the context generally need to be better at aligning their design factors to the purpose. The result of this study adds valuable content to the research field and fills the gap for material supply systems in the context of research and development plants in the pharmaceutical industry. Further studies are needed in this field to investigate how articles with low and varying demands can be managed within material supply systems cost-efficiently and with high service levels.

This thesis aims to improve the inventory control system of a company´s RDC in Norrköping, Sweden. Inefficiencies and non-optimal processes have been identified in the current system, which could negatively affect operations. The study addresses three questions: understanding the current system, identifying improvements, and adjusting the improved system to fit inventory control constraints. A literature review and case study were conducted, revealing lower service levels and higher costs than expected. Experimental scenarios were simulated to examine different improvements, such as using economic order quantity, different safety stock equations, and investigating service levels. / <p>Examensarbetet är utfört vid Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap (ITN) vid Tekniska fakulteten, Linköpings universitet</p>

No description available.

Bakgrund: För företag som håller lager är en viktig faktor för att lyckas öka effektiviteten att arbeta med lagerstyrning. Lagerstyrning handlar om planering och kontroll av lagret för att kunna serva kunderna och produktionen. Inom lagerstyrning är det viktigt att företag fattar beslut gällande vilken orderkvantitet som ska beställas samt när ordern ska läggas för att finnas tillgänglig på lagret vid rätt tidpunkt. Företag kan använda sig av säkerhetslager vid styrning av sitt lager för att försäkra sig om att de kan hantera osäkerheter i efterfrågan och produktion. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att utifrån analys av lagerstyrningsteori utforma en teoretisk lagerstyrningsmodell för att skapa förståelse för hur lageromsättningshastigheten kan öka. Vidare ska den framtagna modellen empiriskt appliceras på Sandviks produktionsavdelning i Svedalas aktuella artiklar för att identifiera möjliga förbättringar. Metod: Studien har genomförts som en fallstudie på Sandviks produktionsavdelning i Svedala baserat på en teoretisk framtagen lagerstyrningsmodell. Teoriinsamlingen till utformandet av den teoretiska lagerstyrningsmodellen har inhämtats via facklitteratur och vetenskapliga artiklar. Empiriinsamlingen har gjorts med hjälp av intervjuer och numerisk data. Både teori och empiri har sedan analyserats utifrån ett kvalitativt tillvägagångssätt. Avslutande kommentarer: Den framtagna teoretiska lagerstyrningsmodellen börjar med att presentera kriterier som påverkar lageromsättningshastigheten, sedan presenteras steg för att genomföra en ABC-klassificering och slutligen presenteras olika lagerstyrningsmetoder för att bestämma hur orderläggningen ska ske samt hur stortivsäkerhetslagret ska vara. Den teoretiska lagerstyrningsmodellen är pedagogisk och tydlig för att skapa förståelse hos företag om hur de kan öka sin lageromsättningshastighet. Lagerstyrningen som formades utifrån den teoretiska lagerstyrningsmodellen för Sandviks produktionsavdelning i Svedala bestod av orderläggningsmetoderna lot-for-lot, uppskattad orderkvantitet och täcktidplanering samt säkerhetslager baserat på manuella bedömningar och baserat på ledtidsförbrukningen. Med hjälp av denna lagerstyrning ska de proaktivt undvika föråldrat och långsamtgående lager i framtiden. / Background: In order to increase the efficiency for companies that keep inventory, they need to work with inventory control. Inventory control regards planning and control of the inventory to increase customer and production service. Within inventory control, it is important that companies make decisions regarding the quantity to be ordered and when the order will be added to be available in the warehouse at the right time. Companies can use safety stock to ensure that they can deal with uncertainties in demand and production. Purpose: The purpose of this study is, based on analysis of inventory control theory, to design a theoretical model of inventory control to create an understanding for how the inventory turnover may increase. Furthermore, the theoretical model will be empirically applied to Sandvik's production department of Svedala's current articles to indicate improvements. Method: The study has been made as a case study at Sandvik´s production department in Svedala, based on a developed theoretical model of inventory control. Theory collection to the design of the theoretical model of inventory control has been obtained through professional literature and scientific articles. Empirical data has been collected through interviews and numerical data. Both theory and empirical data have been analyzed from a qualitative approach. Concluding remarks: The designed theoretical model of inventory includes criteria that affect inventory turnover, the steps to implement an ABC classification and various inventory control methods to determine how the placement of orders should be implemented and the amount of safety stock that should be held. The theoretical model vi of inventory control is pedagogical and clear to create an understanding regarding how companies can increase their inventory turnover. The inventory control that was formed for Sandvik´s production department in Svedala, on the basis of the theoretical model of inventory control, consisted of the ordering methods, lot-for-lot, estimated order quantity and cover-time planning. The methods for safety stock were safety stock based on manual assessments and on lead time consumptions. With this control Sandvik´s production department in Svedala, proactively can avoid obsolete and slow moving inventory in the future

This paper proposes a safety stock calculation function based on their distribution properties and create a guideline for the stock status optimization problem. The motivation for this paper originates the cooperation with a drilling tools company, Epiroc Drilling tools AB. The safety stock calculation divides all items into three distribution and design the safety stock for each types separately considering the influence of service level value and lead time. During the process of guideline design, complicated production chain framework is taken into account through recursive algorithm. The stock status combination which can give the minimum storage cost is the optimal guideline for stock item and non-stock item. The time for approximating the global minimum through exhaustive search is remarkably reduced due to the application of Parallel programming and statistical model.

[pt] Esta dissertação se propõe a fazer uma análise dos níveis de inventário de uma empresa distribuidora de combustíveis brasileira. Trata da busca contínua pelo estado-da-arte em termos de modelagem logística e como lidar com os diversos trade-offs existentes na cadeia de suprimentos. O objetivo principal é apresentar como este modelo foi criado utilizando um Sistema de Planejamento Avançado, como isso ajudou no dimensionamento dos estoques de segurança e, finalmente, que ações foram necessárias para garantir um processo de melhoria contínua que agregasse valor à companhia pudesse ser desenvolvido. Trata ainda sobre o ganho de importância dos softwares de gerenciamento da cadeia de suprimentos e como o uso destas tecnologias pode ser útil no tratamento de problemas relacionados a análise de inventário utilizando uma abordagem de pesquisa-ação. Este trabalho trouxe percepções valiosas para o negócio, como a realocação dos estoques de segurança a partir dos tempos de transporte e perfil da demanda, a economia potencial que uma previsão de vendas mais assertiva pode trazer para a companhia e ainda como os investimentos em infraestrutura podem ser direcionados pela compreensão da dinâmica do inventário. A nova solução proposta implicou em uma redução de 17,8 porcento nos níveis de inventário. / [en] This dissertation addresses the initiatives in the inventory analysis of a fuel distribution company in Brazil. It tells about the continuous search for the stateof-art in terms of logistics modeling and how to deal with several of trade-offs existing in the supply chain. The main objective is to present how this model was created using an Advanced Planning System, how it helped to dimension the safety stocks and finally, what actions need to be taken in order to ensure that a ripening process that adds value to the company can be developed. It still addresses the growing importance of Supply Chain Management software and how the use of these technologies can be useful to tackle inventory analysis problems using an action research approach. This work provided powerful insights like the reallocation of safety stocks according to the transportation times and demand profiles, the potential economy that a more accurate demand forecast can bring to the company and even how investments in infrastructure can be driven by the new comprehension of the inventory dynamics. The new solution proposed implies a reduction of 17.8 percent in the inventory levels.