With increasing population comes the concern for waste disposal. The absence of sanitary disposal methods has left most city residents with open landfills as their only source of waste disposal. The resulting leachate formed from the decomposition of these waste materials is highly polluting and finds its way to the underground water supply. The study investigated the effects of open landfill sites on the underground water quality by examining the physical and chemical properties of underground water in hand-dug wells around the Solous landfill sites in Igando, Alimosho Local Government Area of Lagos State. Solous landfill is the second largest landfill by landmass and volume of waste in Lagos State. Systematic random sampling was used for data gathering. Eighteen hand-dug wells were sampled at increasing distances from the landfill site. Physical, chemical and microbiological parameters were analysed at the Lagos State Environmental Protection Agency (LASEPA). Soil samples were also taken from both the A (0 – 30cm) and B (30 – 60cm) horizons of the water sampling points to determine the soil texture (silt, clay and loamy composition) and to show the impact of soil texture on ground water quality within the sampled area. The level of contamination of groundwater was also determined using the Contamination Index method. The results showed high degree of conformance with W.H.O standard with respect to the microbiological properties of the sampled groundwater. However, coliform tests indicated the potential presence of pathogens. Of the seven (7) physical parameters tested, conductivity was higher in one sample. The study of chemical properties from the eighteen wells showed five (5) parameters (dissolved oxygen, total alkalinity, iron, lead, nitrates and copper) above W.H.O limits in some samples. The water may therefore not be safe for human consumption and there is a serious need to monitor the groundwater quality in the area. The level of contamination of groundwater was also determined using the Contamination Index method. Areas of high and medium contamination were discovered. There was no area with low contamination level in the area sampled. Contamination levels were mapped to show the exact levels of contamination in the study area. The results of the soil analysis showed that the study area had soil that was mostly sandy in nature which may suggest an increase in parameters over time with significant health implications for the people who depend on surrounding wells for domestic use. The study also showed no significant variation in water quality with increasing distance from the dump site. Findings also indicated that the water around Solous 1 was of better quality for domestic use than groundwater around Solous 2 and 3 due to temporal reduction of contaminant concentration. There is therefore a need for adequate and proper planning, design and construction, and strategic management disposal of waste, as well as the implementation of a better sustainable environmental sanitation practice. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Science)

Bibliographical refernces appear at the end of each chapter / This study reviews solid waste management practices in Polokwane City. The study area covered some of the residential areas in Polokwane City; namely; Ivy Park, Fauna Park, Welgelegen, Westernburg and the City Centre. This article describes two main methods that were used to collect data; that is Qualitative and Quantitative method. Field survey was also made to validate data obtained from the participants that were interviewed during qualitative data process. After framing the problem, the objectives of Solid Waste Management Practices in Polokwane City were briefly outlined as follows: • Assess solid waste management practices in Polokwane City. • Make comparison on how households and the municipality take responsibility in storing, collecting, transporting, treating and disposing solid waste. • Investigate what problems the City encounters in managing solid waste. • Make relevant recommendations aimed at improving solid waste management practices within the City. The service management was administered by the municipality and private sector. From the five study residential areas, the Municipality manages waste in the City Centre while the private sector manages waste in the other residential areas. However, the City continues to play an administrative role over the contracted service provider. Statistical results were presented in figures and tables. The results showed the storage habits, frequency of collection, mode of transport and methods of disposal for solid waste in Polokwane City. The only method of disposal in the city was found to be landfilling. Activities that took place at the landfill site, such as reclaiming were outlined together with the economic values that these activities add to the City. The study also revealed that as population increases, the amount of solid waste generated also increased. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Management)

由於全球貿易自由化，食品的流通也漸趨便利。各國為避免或減少因食品貿易流通而導致外來動植物疫病蟲害入侵、或蔓延之機會，及防範食品、飲料或飼料中之添加物、污染物等的潛在風險，以保護境內國民及動植物的生命或健康，及維護自然生態環境，會對進口食品採取相關規範與措施。當會員基於主權制定相關措施時，可能會因這些措施對於貿易活動之限制性效果，而損及其他會員在WTO下之貿易利益，因而會造成其他國家的關切，甚至訴諸WTO爭端解決機制。 本文將介紹國際間常受其他會員關切的食品管制措施類型，主要以在WTO SPS委員會之會議上受到關切，或當事國向WTO提出控告的個案，來進行探討。藉由個案研究，以從中了解WTO重要條文及所涉議題之內涵與重要原則，並作為我國對進口食品管制措施管理之借鏡。我國自2002年加入WTO後，進口食品的值與量明顯增加，我國食品輸入管理機制也越顯重要。自2011年3月11日福島核災發生，大量放射性物質外洩對整體環境、人類及生物健康造成危害，故各國紛紛對日本食品實施管制程度不等的進口管制措施，以防止遭到輻射汙染之食品輸入。我國自日本輸入食品種類與數量皆甚多，因此亦對日本食品採取特定管制措施。針對此我國此管制措施，本文將以國際經貿法的觀點，依據 WTO協定中與檢驗措施密切相關的SPS協定規範、過往案例之裁決及相關文獻，分析我國針對日本輸入食品輻射管制措施之適法性，並判斷該措施將來是否存在遭非難之可能，希冀能對於我國日後政策走向提供一實質性之參考及展望。 / Global trade in agricultural and food products has grown rapidly in recent decades, with countries becoming more engaged in cross-border trade, whether as exporters or importers. All countries maintain measures to ensure that imported food is safe for consumers, and to prevent the spread of pests or diseases among animals and plants. These sanitary and phytosanitary measures can take many forms, such as requiring products to come from a disease-free area, inspection of products, specific treatment or processing of products. Sanitary and phytosanitary measures, by their very nature, may result in restrictions on trade. After the March 11, 2011 earthquake and tsunami damaged the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in Japan, radiation was released into the environment near the plant. Growing concerns over radiation cause several countries, such as Korea and China to impose restrictions on the import of Japanese products. Taiwan, one of Japan's key food export markets, also imposed regulations in order to secure the safety of people. However, in 2015 Japan has filed a dispute against Korea at the World Trade Organization (WTO) over import restrictions that Japan found the measures inappropriate and against the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS Agreement). It also demonstrats that countries which impose import restrictions could be facing international adjudication through the WTO. Therefore, this essay staying with the view of international trade law, in particular the SPS Agreement under WTO, tries to analyze the consistency of Taiwan’s import regulations on Japanese Food Products with the rules and norms of the WTO in order to assess the legitimaticy of Taiwan’s trade policy.

Os Centros de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro são analisados enquanto uma organização estruturada para desempenhar, na área da saúde, parte das funções do aparato burocrático do Estado brasileiro. Seu papel institucional vincula-se à emergência de novos problemas sanitários numa sociedade em processo de urbanização e de consolidação de um Estado nacional. Ao longo de usa trajetória histórica passou por situações distintas, no que se refere ao seu papel no Sistema de Saúde, articuladas a determinantes de natureza técnica e política. Enquanto fenômeno burocrático, esta organização sobreviveu às diversas conjunturas históricas interpondo resistências, que se manifestaram, principalmente, pela lentidão com que eram processadas as mudanças internas propostas. / The Health Centers in the city of Rio de Janeiro are analyzed as organizations that have been structured to execute parto of the bureaucratic duties petaining to the brazilian State, as far as health care is concerned. Their role, as institutions, is related to the solution of new problems, in their sanitary aspects, that are emerging in a society in processo f increasing urbanization and inside a process of organizing a National State. Along the course of their history, these organization have overcome various distinctive situations, dependind on technical and political determinants. As bureaucratic phenomena, this organization have survived many historical conjuntures, presenting itself as resistant to the proposed changes, mainly by slow ways of implementing these propositions.

O presente trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de metodologias baseadas no sistema de Análise por Injeção Seqüencial (SIA) para a determinação de fosfato e silicato, nitrito e nitrato, assim como a especiação de Fe(II) e Fe(III) em amostras de interesse ambiental, com ênfase para sistemas aquáticos. Para todas as determinações utilizou-se a espectrofotometria de absorção molecular na região do visível como técnica de detecção. A determinação de fosfato e silicato foi baseada na reação de ambos os ânions com molibdato de amônio em meio ácido e posterior redução do Mo(VI) à Mo(V) com ácido ascórbico. O procedimento SIA foi desenvolvido para contornar a interferência mútua das duas espécies explorando o efeito de complexação do molibdato pelo ácido oxálico. A determinação de nitrito foi baseada na reação de diazotação com sulfanilamida e diclorato de N-1 naftil etilenodiamina (NED), enquanto a determinação de Fe(II) baseou-se na sua complexação com 1,10 fenantrolina. A determinação de nitrato e Fe(III) foi efetuada pelas mesmas reações após a redução a nitrito e Fe(II) em colunas de cádmio e zinco amalgamado, respectivamente. A estabilidade das curvas analíticas foi avaliada em diferentes dias de trabalho, obtendo-se variações não superiores a 5% durante um período de 4 dias. O sistema de injeção seqüencial foi explorado também no sentido de regenerar as colunas redutoras no intervalo de tempo entre duas amostras. A estabilidade das curvas analíticas, a viabilidade de regeneração das colunas redutoras e a possibilidade de realizar a amostragem através de filtração tangencial, permitindo a realização de análises com características de tempo real, sugerem que o sistema de injeção seqüencial tem grande potencial para ser implementado em estações automáticas de monitoramento da fração solúvel de indicadores de poluição em águas naturais e residuais. / The present work presents the development of analytical methodologies based on Sequential Injection Analysis (SIA) for determination of phosphate and silicate, nitrite and nitrate, as well as speciation Fe(II)/Fe(III) in environmental samples with emphasis for aquatic environments. All determinations were performed using molecular absorption spectrophotometry at the visible range of the spectrum as the detection technique. The determination of phosphate and silicate was based on the reaction of both anions with ammonium molybdate in acidic medium, followed by reduction of Mo(VI) to Mo(V) with ascorbic acid. The SIA procedure was developed to avoid the mutual interference of both species exploiting the complexation of the molybdate by oxalic acid. The determination of nitrite was based on the diazotation reaction with sulfanilamide and N-l naphtyl ethylenediamine dihydrochlorine (NED), while the determination of Fe(II) were based on the complexation with 1,10 phenantroline. The determination of nitrate and Fe(III) were based on the same reactions, performed after their reduction to nitrite and Fe(II) in reducing columns containing cooperized cadmium and amalgamated zinc, respectively. The stability of the analytical curves was evaluated in different working days, in which no variations greater than 5% were observed during a period of 4 consecutive days. The sequential injection analysis was exploited to regenerate the reducing columns in the time interval between two sample. The stability of the analytical curves, the easy and automatic regeneration of the reducing columns, as well as the possibility to perform sampling through tangential filtration, which permits the analysis to be performed in real time, are characteristics that show the potential application of the sequential injection systems in automatic stations for monitoring the soluble fraction of pollution indicators in natural waste waters.

O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a aplicabilidade da tecnologia do piezocone na investigação geoambiental de solos tropicais a partir da realização de ensaios nas áreas onde se encontram o aterro de resíduos sólidos urbanos de Bauru e o antigo lixão de Ribeirão Preto, ambos no Estado de São Paulo. Dentro deste contexto, outros ensaios de campo e de laboratório foram analisados para um melhor entendimento do caminhamento da pluma de contaminação e dos próprios resultados dos ensaios com piezocone realizados nestas áreas de disposição de resíduos. A tecnologia do piezocone apresentou limitações quando empregada na área do antigo lixão de Ribeirão Preto, uma vez que o impenetrável do cone foi atingido antes do nível d’água, impossibilitando assim a identificação da posição deste, a estimativa da permeabilidade do solo e a coleta de amostras de água. Os ensaios de eletrorresistividade de superfície permitiram a detecção do formato e do sentido do caminhamento da pluma de contaminação e foram fundamentais para a orientação dos locais onde foram realizados os ensaios de piezocone e amostragem de solo e água nas duas áreas estudadas. Os resultados dos ensaios com o piezocone de resistividade (RCPTU) realizados no aterro de resíduos sólidos urbanos de Bauru mostraram que os valores de resistividade são fortemente afetados pelo grau de saturação, gênese, textura e tipo de argilo-mineral presente na fração fina do solo. Constatou-se que o ensaio RCPTU possibilitou identificar zonas com presença de poluentes, as quais foram confirmadas a partir da análise conjunta dos resultados dos ensaios de geofísica de superfície e das amostras de solo e água coletadas com os amostradores do sistema direct-push e dos poços de monitoramento. Este trabalho apresenta ainda resultados preliminares de ensaios de laboratório, que foram úteis para avaliar a capacidade de retenção do solo que ocorre no entorno do aterro de resíduos sólidos urbanos de Bauru para os metais Ni, Zn, Cd e Pb. Os resultados dos ensaios de adsorção em lote e de coluna indicam que a poluição no entorno deste aterro pode estar ocorrendo de forma lenta, destacando-se a importância da continuidade do monitoramento do aqüífero local. / The major purpose of this dissertation is to study the applicability of the piezocone technology for geoenvironmental site investigation of tropical soils. Two waste disposal sites were investigated: a deactivated dumpsite in Ribeirão Preto and a sanitary landfill in Bauru, in São Paulo State, Brazil. Other in situ and laboratory tests were carried out in these two areas for a better understanding of the leacheate plume and of the results gathered with piezocone tests. The piezocone technology presented limitations to investigate Ribeirão Preto site, since groundwater level is deeper than the impenetrable to the cone. For reason, it was impossible to estimate permeability and no water samples using the direct-push technology were obtained. Geophysical tests carried out at the two studied sites allowed to detect and delineate the shape of leachate plume. They were fundamental to guide and locate the piezocone tests, soil and water sampling and monitoring wells. The resistivity piezocone tests (RCPTU) carried out in Bauru site showed that the resistivity values are very affected by degree of saturation, genesis, fabric and clay mineral type. Geophysical tests results, soil and water samples collected by direct-push technology and by monitoring wells supported the interpretation of RCPTU tests. These tests were able to identify polluted zones. Preliminary laboratory tests were carried out to access retention of Ni, Zn, Cd and Pb by the soil from Bauru site. The results of leaching and batch equilibrium tests indicated that pollution around this site is taking place slowly, emphasizing the importance to continue monitoring groundwater.

Introdução - A crescente resistência antimicrobiana em bactérias responsáveis por infecções hospitalares é um grande desafio à Saúde Pública. as B-lactamases de espectro estendido (ESBL), que hidrolisam a maioria dos compostos B-lactâmicos, são reconhecidas mundialmente como um grande problema para pacientes hospitalizados, devido à localização de seus genes em elementos transferíveis, facilitando sua disseminação. Objetivo - Caracterizar geneticamente cepas de Enterobactérias produtoras de ESBL isoladas de pacientes de um hospital público da cidade de São Paulo. Material e métodos - Todas as cepas de enterobactérias produtoras de ESBL isoladas em um ano foram submetidas a análises moleculares pela PCR, com iniciadores específicos para oito genes bla, e as cepas de Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL positivas (ESBL-Kp) identificadas nesse período foram comparadas pela técnica de PFGE.Resultados - Os genes, bla(tem), bla(shv), bla(ctx-m), bla(per-2) bla(veb) and bla(ges) foram identificados em 9 espécies: Klebsiella pneumoniae (71,5 por cento), Escherichia coli (13,5 por cento), Morganella morganii (6 por cento), Proteus mirabilis (3 por cento), Klebsiella oxytoca (1,5 por cento), Providencia rettgeri (1,5 por cento), Providencia stuartii (1,5 por cento), Enterobacter aerogenes (0,75 por cento). Os genes bla(per-1) e bla(oxa) não foram detectados. O PFGE revelou 8 perfis moleculares principais em 68,4 por cento das ESBL-Kp, e 31,6 por cento das cepas não estavam relacionadas. Conclusões - Os resultados de PCR revelaram uma grande variedade de grupos de ESBL, e aparentemente este é o primeiro relato de grupos GES e VEB em enterobactérias no Brasil. / Introduction - The increasing antimicrobial resistance in pathogenic bacteria causing nosocomial infections is a major public health challenge. The extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL), which hydrolyze most of β-lactams, are recognized worldwide as a great problem to hospitalized patients, due to the transferable location of their genes, which facilitates their spreading. Objective - Genetically characterize ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae strains isolated from patients of a Public Hospital in the city of São Paulo. Material and Methods - All Enterobacteriaceae ESBL-producing strains isolated in an 1-year period were submitted to molecular analysis by PCR with specific primers for eight bla genes, and all ESBL Klebsiella pneumoniae (ESBL-Kp) identified in this period were compared by the PFGE technique. Results - Genes blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M, blaPER-2, blaVEB and blaGES were identified in 9 species: Klebsiella pneumoniae (71,5%), Escherichia coli (13,5%), Morganella morganii (6%), Proteus mirabilis (3%), Klebsiella oxytoca (1,5%), Providencia rettgeri (1,5%), Providencia stuartii (1,5%), Enterobacter aerogenes (0,75%) and Enterobacter cloacae (0,75%). Genes blaPER-1 and blaOXA were not detected in any strain. PFGE revealed 8 distinct main molecular patterns in 68,4% of ESBL-Kp, and 31,6% of the strains were totally unrelated. Conclusions - PCR results showed a great variety of ESBL groups in the institution, and apparently this is the first report of GES- and VEB-ESBL groups in enterobacteria in Brazil. The results suggest the spread of resistance genes in different strains of ESBL-Kp in some hospital wards, and also that some strongly related clones of these bacteria colonized patients from a neonatal ward in a 3-month period.

Les inventions biotechnologiques ont un double visage, une face bienveillante et une face terrifiante, chacune source potentielle de risques majeurs. Comment les contrôler et les réguler ? La recrudescence des catastrophes majeures (crises sanitaires) liées à l’usage de produits biotechnologiques, d’une part, puis l’échec à l’adoption d’un protocole de vérification à la Convention d’interdiction des armes biologiques suivi de l’émergence de nombreuses publications à risques dans le domaine des biotechnologies, d’autre part, démontrent l’omniprésence et la transversalité de cette problématique. Par leur essence duale, les biotechnologies appellent des solutions globales. La voie d’une gestion cohérente semble s’ouvrir au travers d’un corps de règle prenant tous ces paramètres en considération, les risques majeurs. L’avantage de cette législation, si elle admet une modification préalable de la nomenclature des risques majeurs en y intégrant les risques liés aux conflits, reposera sur sa globalité et sur la responsabilisation de tous. Face à une menace biotechnologique qui est perçue comme dominante dans les années à venir, l’émerge d’un ordre public mondial favorable à un accroissement de la responsabilité des Etats à l’égard de la sécurité humaine serait souhaitable. Le but de toute institution étatique étant de garantir à ses ressortissants leur sécurité et leur sûreté quelles que soient les circonstances, cet ordre public pourrait trouver ses bases au sein des réglementations relatives aux droits de l’homme et au droit de l’environnement ; réglementations déjà émancipées de la distinction entre situations de paix, de crises ou de conflits / The biotechnological inventions have a double face, a kindly face and a terrifying face, each potential source of major risks. How to control them and to regulate them? The outbreak of the major disasters (sanitary crisis) bound to biotechnological products, on one hand, the failure to the adoption of a Protocol to the Biological Weapon Convention, followed by the emergence of numerous publications at risks in the field of biotechnology, on the other hand, demonstrate the omnipresence and the transverse character of this problem. By their duality, biotechnologies need global solutions. The way of a coherent management seems to open through a body of rule considering all these parameters, the major risks. The advantage of this legislation, if it admits a preliminary modification of the list of the major risks by integrating the risks connected to the conflicts, will be based on its global aspect and everyone’s responsibility. In front of biotechnological threat, which is perceived as dominant in the years to come, an emergent world law and order favourable to an increase of the responsibility of States towards the human safety would be desirable. The purpose of any state institution is the guarantee of Nationals safety, whatever circumstances are, this law and order could find its bases within the regulations relative to human rights and to environmental law; these regulations are already indifferent to the distinction between situations of peace, crisis or conflicts

Introdução - A obesidade infantil está pautada como assunto de saúde pública e exige a análise, implementação e avaliação de novas intervenções. O marketing é apontado como um dos fatores que interferem no aumento do índice de sobrepeso e de obesidade da população. As estratégias de comunicação publicitária se utilizam de processos cognitivos para determinar, através de elementos emocionais do receptor, a escolha e o consumo de alimentos não saudáveis, já que os publicitários respondem à demanda das empresas que buscam lucrar com seus produtos. Já se afirma que a regulamentação legal do marketing dos alimentos infantis não saudáveis deve ser adotada como instrumento de política pública na prevenção da obesidade. Assim, justifica-se a investigação de quais seriam as formas mais apropriadas para regular esse tipo de marketing no Brasil, de forma a garantir o direito à saúde e à alimentação adequada e saudável. Objetivo - Analisar o papel do marketing como um dos determinantes da obesidade infantil, buscando apontar, no campo jurídico, estratégias para a sua regulamentação no Brasil. Métodos - Revisão de literatura, análise de textos legislativos e de programas adotados para controle da obesidade infantil, além de entrevistas com representantes de entidades e profissionais diretamente ligados à implementação de políticas públicas, nacionais e internacionais, de controle da nutrição e saúde infantil, bem como de proteção dos direitos do consumidor infanto-juvenil. A interpretação dos dados levantados deu-se através do método científico dedutivo. Resultados - O crescente índice de obesidade no Brasil está demonstrado através de pesquisa nacional. A presença de alimentos no mercado com excesso de sal, gordura e açúcar precisa ser controlada. As teorias de comunicação explicam a influência do marketing na decisão emocional do consumidor. Os direitos à saúde e à alimentação adequada e saudável estão previstos na Constituição Federal. Conclusão - A regulamentação legal do marketing de alimentos não saudáveis é juridicamente possível e suas diretrizes devem focar os alimentos processados e ultraprocessados, além dos fatores que facilitam a persuasão da criança, impedindo o uso de elementos emocionais. / Introduction - Childhood obesity is considered a public health issue and requires the analysis, implementation and evaluation of new interventions. Marketing is considered as one of the factors that play a role in the increase of overweight and obesity rates in the population. Advertisement strategies use cognitive processes to determine, by means of emotional elements of the receptor, the choice and consumption of unhealthy foods, since advertisement professionals respond to the demand of companies willing to make a profit by selling their their products. The regulation of the marketing of unhealthy foods for children must be adopted as a public policy instrument for the prevention of obesity. Thus, we should investigate what are the most appropriate ways to regulate this kind of marketing in Brazil to guarantee the right to health and to adequate and healthy foods. Objective - Analyze the role of marketing as one of the determinants of childhood obesity, and try to identify legal strategies for its regulation in Brazil. Methods - Literature review, analysis of legal texts and programs implemented for the control of childhood obesity and interviews with representatives of institutions and professionals directly related to the implementation of public national and international policies for the control of childhood nutrition and health, as well as the protection of children and youth consumer rights. Deductive scientific method was used to interpret data. Results - Increasing obesity rates have been demonstrated by national surveys. The presence of foods with excessive salt, fat and sugar in market must be controlled. Communication theories explain the influence of marketing in the emotional decision of consumers. The right to health and to adequate and healthy foods is determined by the Federal Constitution. Conclusion - It is possible to regulate the marketing of unhealthy foods according to the law. The guidelines for regulation must focus on processed and ultra processed foods and the factors that facilitate persuasion of children, by prohibiting the use of emotional elements.

Introdução - A crescente resistência antimicrobiana em bactérias responsáveis por infecções hospitalares é um grande desafio à Saúde Pública. as B-lactamases de espectro estendido (ESBL), que hidrolisam a maioria dos compostos B-lactâmicos, são reconhecidas mundialmente como um grande problema para pacientes hospitalizados, devido à localização de seus genes em elementos transferíveis, facilitando sua disseminação. Objetivo - Caracterizar geneticamente cepas de Enterobactérias produtoras de ESBL isoladas de pacientes de um hospital público da cidade de São Paulo. Material e métodos - Todas as cepas de enterobactérias produtoras de ESBL isoladas em um ano foram submetidas a análises moleculares pela PCR, com iniciadores específicos para oito genes bla, e as cepas de Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL positivas (ESBL-Kp) identificadas nesse período foram comparadas pela técnica de PFGE.Resultados - Os genes, bla(tem), bla(shv), bla(ctx-m), bla(per-2) bla(veb) and bla(ges) foram identificados em 9 espécies: Klebsiella pneumoniae (71,5 por cento), Escherichia coli (13,5 por cento), Morganella morganii (6 por cento), Proteus mirabilis (3 por cento), Klebsiella oxytoca (1,5 por cento), Providencia rettgeri (1,5 por cento), Providencia stuartii (1,5 por cento), Enterobacter aerogenes (0,75 por cento). Os genes bla(per-1) e bla(oxa) não foram detectados. O PFGE revelou 8 perfis moleculares principais em 68,4 por cento das ESBL-Kp, e 31,6 por cento das cepas não estavam relacionadas. Conclusões - Os resultados de PCR revelaram uma grande variedade de grupos de ESBL, e aparentemente este é o primeiro relato de grupos GES e VEB em enterobactérias no Brasil. / Introduction - The increasing antimicrobial resistance in pathogenic bacteria causing nosocomial infections is a major public health challenge. The extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL), which hydrolyze most of β-lactams, are recognized worldwide as a great problem to hospitalized patients, due to the transferable location of their genes, which facilitates their spreading. Objective - Genetically characterize ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae strains isolated from patients of a Public Hospital in the city of São Paulo. Material and Methods - All Enterobacteriaceae ESBL-producing strains isolated in an 1-year period were submitted to molecular analysis by PCR with specific primers for eight bla genes, and all ESBL Klebsiella pneumoniae (ESBL-Kp) identified in this period were compared by the PFGE technique. Results - Genes blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M, blaPER-2, blaVEB and blaGES were identified in 9 species: Klebsiella pneumoniae (71,5%), Escherichia coli (13,5%), Morganella morganii (6%), Proteus mirabilis (3%), Klebsiella oxytoca (1,5%), Providencia rettgeri (1,5%), Providencia stuartii (1,5%), Enterobacter aerogenes (0,75%) and Enterobacter cloacae (0,75%). Genes blaPER-1 and blaOXA were not detected in any strain. PFGE revealed 8 distinct main molecular patterns in 68,4% of ESBL-Kp, and 31,6% of the strains were totally unrelated. Conclusions - PCR results showed a great variety of ESBL groups in the institution, and apparently this is the first report of GES- and VEB-ESBL groups in enterobacteria in Brazil. The results suggest the spread of resistance genes in different strains of ESBL-Kp in some hospital wards, and also that some strongly related clones of these bacteria colonized patients from a neonatal ward in a 3-month period.