Media is something the public comes in contact with on a daily basis. Through numerous platforms, their overall goal is to spread information, messages, and pique interest. The power that the media has also means that they have a great influence on the public's perceptions and opinions about what is right and wrong. At the same time, social media has also become an increasingly common approach to spread information in a faster way than before.   This study aims to investigate how corporate scandals are portrayed by the media. Furthermore, this study aims to examine how the media's reporting of corporate scandals has changed over the years. The study has adopted a social constructivist research approach as the study touches on what is considered right and wrong from an ethical perspective. The study is a document study that examines three different corporate scandals based on 105 Swedish articles. Each corporate scandal has 35 articles designed in three tables. The 105 Swedish articles are news articles from various morning- and evening newspapers.  A conclusion drawn in the study is that only one of the articles refers to social media and that social media thus has a low impact on the media reporting of these scandals. This is partly due to the fact that two of the scandals investigated took place during a period where social media was not as developed as it is today, but the third is important to point out the reason why social media influence exists at the time of the scandal. Furthermore, it is also concluded that it is primarily the company management who were portrayed as the culprits by the media, and that the focus shifted from the organization in question. The absence of social media means that only traditional media sources controls the story of the corporate scandals.This is clearly shown among the articles as they focus on blaming the individuals behind the scandals in order to apply the idea of the guilty towards the innocent which piques a greater interest and thus generates more income  A proposal for further research includes examining articles internationally in order to determine how they may differ from Swedish media and also to be able to shed light on the factors behind the differences.  This study is written in swedish / Media är något allmänheten kommer i kontakt med dagligen. Via olika plattformar är deras övergripande mål primärt att sprida information, budskap, och väcka intresse. Denna makt som media behärskar innebär även att de har en stor påverkan på allmänhetens uppfattningar och åsikter kring vad som är rätt och fel. Samtidigt har även sociala medier blivit ett alltmer vanligare tillvägagångssätt för att sprida information på ett snabbare sätt än tidigare. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur olika företagsskandaler framställs i media. Vidare syftar studien även till att undersöka hur medias rapportering av företagsskandaler förändrats genom åren. Studien har antagit en socialkonstruktivistiskt forskningsansats då studien berör vad som anses rätt och fel ur ett etiskt perspektiv. Studien är en dokumentstudie som undersöker tre olika företagsskandaler utifrån 105 svenska artiklar. Varje företagsskandal har 35 artiklar utformade i varsin tabell. De 105 svenska artiklarna är nyhetsartiklar från diverse morgon – och kvällstidningar.   En slutsats som dras i studien är sociala medier och dess påverkan på medias framställning av skandaler är svag eftersom endast en av de berörda artiklarna refererar till sociala medier.  Detta beror delvis på att två av de undersökta företagsskandalerna skedde under en period där sociala medier inte var lika utvecklat i den grad som den är idag, men den tredje är viktig att poängtera av den orsaken att sociala mediers påverkan existerade vid skandalens tidpunkt. Vidare dras även slutsatsen att det primärt är företagsledningen som framställs som de skyldiga av media, och att fokuset försvann från organisationen i fråga. Sociala mediers frånvaro bland rapporteringen innebär att enbart traditionell media styr narrativet av företagsskandalerna. Detta visas tydligt bland artiklarna då de fokuserar på att skuldbelägga individerna bakom skandalerna för att kunna applicera idén om de skyldiga gentemot de oskyldiga som väcker ett större intresse och därmed genererar fler intäkter.   Ett förslag på vidare forskning inkluderar att undersöka artiklar internationellt för att kunna avgöra skillnader gentemot svensk media och även kunna belysa de faktorer som ligger bakom skillnaderna.  Studien är skriven på svenska

Sammanfattning Titel: Konsumenters Respons på Etiska Skandaler: En Undersökning av Varumärkesbild och Köpavsikt. Nivå: Examensarbete på grundnivå (kandidatexamen) i ämnet företagsekonomi Författare: Busara Surapee och William von Sicard Handledare: Katarina Arbin Datum: 2024 – januari Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att belysa etiska skandalers påverkan på konsumenternas köpavsikt och varumärkesuppfattningar. Metod: I detta arbete har vi tillämpat en deduktiv metod och genomfört en kvantitativ undersökning. Informationen för studien har samlats in genom enkäter distribuerade via olika sociala plattformar. Sammanlagt inkom 102 enkätsvar, vilka kodades och analyserades med stöd av statistikprogrammet SPSS. Resultat och slutsats: I studiens resultat framkommer att allvarlighetsgraden inte hade någon signifikant påverkan vare sig på varumärkesbild eller köpavsikt. Däremot visade studien att varumärkesbild har en påtaglig effekt på köpavsikten. Detta ger insikter om betydelsen av varumärkesbild och dess koppling till konsumentens köpbeslut. Examensarbetets bidrag: Den teoretiska bidraget av studien ligger i att fördjupa förståelsen för hur etiska skandaler påverkar konsumenternas köpavsikt och varumärkesuppfattningar. Resultaten visar att endast varumärkesbilden påverkar köpavsikten, vilket kontrasterar med andra studier. På praktisk nivå ger studien insikter för varumärken om sambandet mellan varumärkesbild och konsumentens köpavsikt efter en etisk skandal. Företag kan dra nytta av att fokusera på att förbättra varumärkesbilden för att minimera påverkan på köpavsikten, oavsett allvarlighetsgrad på etiska skandaler. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: För vidare forskning föreslås att inkludera fler företag inom klädbranschen för en bredare förståelse av variablernas effekt. En jämförelse över olika branscher och kulturer skulle ge insikter om variablernas allmängiltighet. Dessutom kan framtida studier överväga att utvidga studiens modell med andra variabler för att utforska potentiella förändringar i resultaten. Nyckelord: Etiska skandaler, Konsumentbeteende, Varumärkesbild, Köpavsikt, Allvarlighetsgrad på skandalen. / Abstract Title: Consumer Response to Ethical Scandals: An Examination of Brand Image and Purchase Intention. Level: Bachelor's degree thesis in business administration Author: Busara Surapee and William von Sicard Supervisor: Katarina Arbin Date: 2024 – january Aim: The purpose of this study is to highlight the impact of ethical scandals on consumers' purchase intention and brand perceptions. Method: In this work, we have applied a deductive method and carried out a quantitative investigation. The information for the study has been collected through surveys distributed via various social platforms. A total of 102 survey responses were received, which were coded and analyzed with the support of the statistical program SPSS. Results and conclusions: In the results of the study, it appears that the degree of severity had no significant impact on either brand image or purchase intention. However, the study showed that brand image has a tangible effect on purchase intention. This provides insights into the importance of brand image and its connection to consumer purchase decisions. Contribution of the thesis: The theoretical contribution of the study lies in deepening the understanding of how ethical scandals affect consumers' purchase intention and brand perceptions. The results show that only brand image affects purchase intention, which contrasts with other studies. On a practical level, the study provides insights for brands on the relationship between brand image and consumer purchase intention following an ethical scandal. Companies can benefit from focusing on improving brand image to minimize the impact on purchase intent, regardless of the severity of ethical scandals. Suggestions for future research: For further research, it is suggested to include more companies in the clothing industry for a broader understanding of the effect of the variables. A comparison across different industries and cultures would provide insights into the general validity of the variables. Additionally, future studies may consider expanding the study's model with other variables to explore potential changes in the results. Key words: Ethical scandals, Consumer behavior, Brand image, Purchase intention, Severity of the scandal.

The aim of this study has been to, through a quantitative content analysis and a qualitative text analysis, determine which meaning nationality is given in news reports in Swedish daily press, and how it creates the event as a scandal. Focusing on two major scandals in cross country skiing, articles from the Finnish scandal in Lahtis 2001 and the revealing of doped Russian skiers in 2016 has been analysed. The theoretical framework for the study has been Stuart Halls representation theory, the framing theory, and theories regarding media scandals and nationality. The results from the quantitative and qualitative analyses has been divided into four themes: Imagined communities, Us and them, Individual and corporate and Fallen star. The results show that nationality is given meaning through the creation of imagined communities. It creates a gap between us and them, a sense of the nations parting from each other in form of cultural and moral aspects. There is also a difference between the representation of the countries. In the Russian doping scandal, Russia is considered as a doped nation, with a systematic doping where little guilt is to be put on the skiers themselves. In Finland, the nation stands for the people and is not in any ways to be associated with the doping scandal. Instead, the skiers get all the blame and little notion is made about the doping as being organised. This has also made the scandals to be divided into individual or corporate doping. As for the framing of the event as a scandal, attributes as “cheating” and a portrayal of the skiers as fallen stars is represented. By revealing the names of the suspected dopers it increases the news worth. An unexpected outcome was that the Russian dopers was not mentioned by name as often as the Finnish, which could enhance the event as a scandal even more. Furthermore, doping scandals could be studied in many different ways and is an interesting subject to immerse oneself in.

Introduktion: Under 2011 till året därpå var två politiker, Carl Bildt (moderat utrikesminister) och Håkan Juholt (Socialdemokraternas partiledare), utsatta för mediedrev: Etiopiensvenskar-na och bostadsaffären. Juholt var som en svamp som sög upp all kritik medan Bildt framstod som teflon i jämförelse. Hur kommer det sig att Bildt klarade sig och fick sitta kvar som mi-nister, medan Juholt avgick? Problem: Vad är det som skiljer Bildt från Juholts retorik under mediedreven 2011 enligt sta-tusläran? Hur ramar journalisterna in debatten för Bildt respektive Juholt? Teori: Med statusläran (stasis theory) kan en sakfråga analyseras retoriskt genom ett av fyra status (”ställning”): fakta, definition, kvalitet eller procedur. Exempelvis, ett dödande kan handla om huruvida det ägt rum (fakta), om det var mord eller självförsvar (definition), om det var rätt (kvalitet) samt om frågan ska avgöras i annat forum (procedur). Fakta och proce-dur är starkast försvar, definition och kvalitet svagast. Metod: Kvalitativ retorisk analys av Bildt och Juholts medieframträdanden i tv och radio, där medierna anklagar och aktörerna försvarar sig i en dialogsituation. Resultat: Bildt använder mer eller mindre uteslutande ett bevisande (fakta) och överförande status (procedur). När ny information är motstridig, hävdar han att den ska beskrivas an-norlunda (definition). Juholt använder huvudsakligen ett kvalitativt status, ofta för att bedyra sin goda karaktär, även när han kunde valt ett mer lämpligt status. Flera fall har också upp-täckts där journalisterna ställt frågor som varit inramade (presupponerad) på ett tveksamt sätt, ofta på ett kvalitativt status. Diskussion: Bildt använder starkare status vilket får till följd att skandalen inte tenderar att utvecklas i lika hög utsträckning då frågor om moral och värderingar utesluts. Juholt har valt det svagaste statuset. Slutsatsen är att man inte ska välja en försvarsstrategi och hålla fast vid den, utan anpassa försvaret varefter som ny information blir tillgänglig och anklagelsernas karaktär förändras. Slutsatsen gäller reaktiv kriskommunikation, inte nödvändigtvis proaktiv. Dessutom föreslås tre nya analyskriterier till statusläran. Studien begränsas huvudsakligen av medievalet (radio och tv) eftersom bara en del av den medierade politiken fångas, liksom ty-pen av kris (etiska normbrott). / Introduction: During 2011, two major Swedish politicians, Carl Bildt (right-wing foreign min-ister) and Håkan Juholt (leader of the Social Democrats), were set under siege during a so called ‘media hunt’: The Ethiopiaswedes and the residence affair. Juholt was like a sponge absorbing every bit of critique, whereas Bildt seemed like Teflon in comparison. How did Bildt manage to remain in power, while Juholt had to resign? Problem: What sets Bildt’s rhetoric apart from Juholt’s rhetoric during the media hunt under 2011 in relation to the stasis theory? How do the journalists frame the media discourse for Bildt and Juholt? Theory: A controversy can be analyzed rhetorically with one of four stases of the stasis theo-ry: fact, definition, quality or procedure. E.g., a killing has either occurred or not (fact), it may be defined as murder or self-defense (definition), there’s a question if it was the right thing to do (quality) and if the controversy should be judged in another forum (procedure). Fact and procedure is the strongest defense, definition and quality is the weakest. Method: Qualitative rhetorical analysis of Bildt’s and Juholt’s media appearances in TV and radio, where the media accuse and the politicians defend themselves in a dialogue situation. Results: Bildt uses more or less exclusively the stases of fact and procedure. When new in-formation is contradictory to fact, he claims that it should be described differently (stasis of definition). Juholt mostly uses a stasis of quality to assert his good moral character, even when he could’ve chosen a more appropriate stasis. A few cases where the journalists’ questions have been framed (presuppositioned) in a questionable manner have also been found, often in a qualitative stasis. Discussion: Bildt uses stronger stasis which prevents the scandal from evolving and therefore excludes questions about morals and values. Juholt uses a weaker stasis. The conclusion is that one shouldn’t select a rhetorical self-defense strategy and stick to it; rather, the defense should adapt to new information as well as changes in the type of accusation. This conclusion holds for reactive crisis communication, not necessarily proactive. Three new analytical criteria for the stasis theory are also offered. The study is primarily limited by the type of crisis (norm transgressions) and the choice of media (radio and TV) because only a part of the mediatized politics is captured.

Submitted by Klaus Stier (klausstier@hotmail.com) on 2016-04-28T19:34:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Klaus Stier Versão Final.pdf: 1161101 bytes, checksum: 14d7a52d3ebdeb2afc14e692dea3a91b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2016-05-03T13:41:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Klaus Stier Versão Final.pdf: 1161101 bytes, checksum: 14d7a52d3ebdeb2afc14e692dea3a91b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2016-05-09T17:59:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Klaus Stier Versão Final.pdf: 1161101 bytes, checksum: 14d7a52d3ebdeb2afc14e692dea3a91b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-09T17:59:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Klaus Stier Versão Final.pdf: 1161101 bytes, checksum: 14d7a52d3ebdeb2afc14e692dea3a91b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-29 / What is the impact of political scandals on the economic climate of South American countries? The present work tries to answer this question through the evaluation of expert confidence in the economy of seven South American countries during the occurrence of political scandals in a period of ten years (from 2005 to 2014). We understand political scandals as news events disclosing episodes of corruption or abuse of power involving South American presidents. The economic climate is measured by the opinion of experts regularly consulted by the Latin American Economic Survey, a research that generates the Latin American Economic Climate Index. Evidences point out the influence of political determinants on the economic confidence of the general public. Few studies are focused on understanding the process through which experts derive their economic confidence. We use the panel regression model to verify correlations between political scandals and the Economic Climate Index. No significant correlations could be found assuming a model related to the international economy. Surprisingly, we find a significant and positive correlation when we add domestic economic variables into the analysis. We believe that future contributions for the theme should take into consideration the important role played by institutions as a fundamental element of the expert confidence. / Qual o impacto dos escândalos políticos sobre o clima econômico dos países sul-americanos? O presente trabalho busca responder essa pergunta ao avaliar a confiança de especialistas na economia de sete países sul-americanos durante a ocorrência de escândalos políticos em um recorte temporal de 10 anos (de 2005 até 2014). Entendemos os escândalos políticos como sendo eventos noticiados pela mídia envolvendo os presidentes das repúblicas sul-americanas em episódios de corrupção ou abuso de poder. Já o clima econômico é medido a partir da avaliação da economia por especialistas regularmente consultados pela Sondagem Econômica da América Latina, uma pesquisa que gera a construção do Índice de Clima Econômico da América Latina. Evidências apontam a influência de determinantes políticos sobre a avaliação econômica realizada pelo público geral. Poucos estudos exploram o processo de formação da confiança econômica de especialistas. Utilizamos o modelo de regressão em painel para verificar a correlação entre escândalos políticos e o Índice de Clima Econômico. Nenhuma correlação pôde ser verificada quando adotamos um modelo relacionado à economia internacional. Surpreendentemente, encontramos uma correlação significante e positiva quando adicionamos variáveis econômicas domésticas à análise. Acreditamos que futuras contribuições para o tema devam levar em conta a importância do papel das instituições como elemento fundamental na confiança de especialistas.

Influencers har idag ett stort inflytande på konsumenter vilket, till viss del, blivit avgörande för företag. Det förekommer mer frekvent att influencers även skapar egna grundade varumärken. Denna studie har utgått från fyra svenska influencers som har ett eget grundat varumärke. Dessa influencers och deras varumärken är Therése Lindgren (Indy Beauty), Katrin Zytomierska (Clean Eating), Rebecca Stella Dion (Rebecca Stella Beauty) och Alice Stenlöf (A-dsgn). Studien syftar till att undersöka hur en influencers skandal påverkar deras eget grundade varumärke på Instagram. Detta undersöktes med hjälp av två kvantitativa metoder. Den första metoden, digital datainsamling, analyserade antalet gilla-markeringar och antalet kommentarer på varumärkenas Instagram. Studien undersökte sedan individers agerande gentemot influencernas varumärke genom en kvantitativ enkätundersökning. Resultatet som framkom var att medelvärdet för gilla-markeringarna minskade för tre av fyra av varumärken efter skandalen. Medelvärdet för kommentarer minskade för ett av fyra varumärken. Resultatet från enkätundersökningen visade att respondenterna aktivt tog avstånd från att gilla varumärkets inlägg på Instagram efter skandalen. Den främsta anledningen till detta var att de inte ville stötta influencers förens de såg en förändring i influencerns agerande. Respondenterna ville även motta en offentlig ursäkt från influencern innan de var beredda att förlåta influencern. / Today influencers have a great influence on consumers, which to some extent, has become crucial for companies. It is more common for influencers to also create their own established brands. This study has been based on four Swedish influencers that have their own established brand. These influencers and their brands are Therése Lindgren (Indy Beauty), Katrin Zytomierska (Clean Eating), Rebecca Stella Dion (Rebecca Stella Beauty) and Alice Stenlöf (A-dsgn). The study aims to investigate how an influencer's scandal affects their own founded brand on Instagram. This was investigated using two quantitative methods. The first method, cross-sectional study, analyzed the number of likes and the number of comments on the brands Instagram. The study then examined respondents’ actions online towards the influencers brand through a quantitative survey. The result showed that the average number of likes decreased after the scandal for three out of four influencer brands. The average number of comments decreased for one out of four brands. Moreover, the results from the survey revealed that the respondents actively choose not to like posts from influencer brands on Instagram after the scandal. The main reason for this was that the respondents did not want to support influencers until they were convinced the influencers had changed their behaviors and actions. Furthermore, the respondents also wanted to receive a public apology from the influencer before they were prepared to forgive the influencer.

Le retrait du Mediator®, médicament des Laboratoires Servier en vente de 1976 à 2009, s’effectue après l’identification de pathologies spécifiques des valves cardiaques : les valvulopathies médicamenteuses. Depuis, l’évènement est abordé sous l’angle du scandale médico-sanitaire, des défaillances du système de régulation et des méthodes d’influence d’un industriel sur des décideurs (politiques ou prescripteurs). Une procédure juridique pour établir des probables infractions aux lois pénales est en cours. Pour comprendre les origines et les conséquences de l’affaire du benfluorex – au-delà des champs de compétence juridiques et politiques – ce travail de thèse propose une analyse du processus de non-reconnaissance d’un effet indésirable grave d’un médicament pendant plus de 30 ans et surtout les effets de ce non-repérage sur ceux qui sont directement concernés : les personnes l’ayant consommé. À partir des données issues de deux enquêtes par questionnaire distinctes adressées l’une à des usagers du Mediator® et l’autre à des cardiologues notre travail établit six différentes « figures » théoriques et analytiques des personnes exposées à la molécule se trouvant au centre de notre enquête. / The withdrawal of Mediator®, a drug sold by Laboratoires Servier between 1976 and 2009, occurred after specific pathologies of cardiac valves were identified: the drug induced valvular heart disease. Since then, the incident has been approached from the angle of health and medical scandal, regulation failure and the influence of an industrial company on decision makers (political figures or prescribers). A legal procedure to establish probable violations of criminal laws is under way. To understand the origins and consequences of the benfluorex affair - beyond the fields of legal and political jurisdiction - this thesis proposes an analysis of the process of non-recognition of a serious adverse side effect of a drug for over 30 years and, above all, the effects of this non-recognition on those directly concerned: the people having taken it. Using data from two separate surveys, one of Mediator® users and the other of French cardiologists, this study establishes six different theoretical and analytical "figures" of people exposed to the molecule at the center of the investigation.

Denna studie har undersökt cancelkulturen på sociala medier och hur detta påverkar företag respektive influencers. Syftet var att identifiera och skapa bättre förståelse för konsumenters interaktioner efter en varumärkesskandal och således jämföra konsekvenserna för de olika typerna av varumärken. Genom dessa insikter ämnar studien att öka kunskapen kring hur företag och influencers borde förebygga och hantera kriser. I undersökningen användes metoder av både kvalitativt och kvantitativt slag. En enkät med 200 respondenter genomfördes, där frågor kring användandet och agerandet på sociala medier samt deras inställningar till olika typer av skandaler besvarades. Efter insamlat material från enkäten skapades en fokusgrupp med sex respondenter, där kompletterande frågor ställdes och djupare diskussioner hölls. Resultaten från undersökningarna analyserades och kategoriserades för att belysa likheter och skillnader, dels mellan respondenternas interaktion gentemot varumärken efter en skandal, dels hur konsekvenserna ser ut för företag respektive influencers. Vi kunde utifrån resultatet identifiera att influencer drabbas hårdare av skandaler. De ansågs enklare att byta ut, då deras innehåll främst är underhållningsbaserat och utbudet av underhållning redan är stort. Företag, till skillnad från influencers, visade sig svårare att ta avstånd från, då motsvarigheter i utbud upplevdes besvärligt att finna, vilket ledde till att deras vanor övervann moralen. Influencer marketing som marknadsföringsmodell har börjat ifrågasätts på grund av misstro och brist på genuinitet, vilket hotar hållbarheten av affärsmodellens och branschens framtid. / This study has investigated the cancel culture on social media and how this affects companies and influencers respectively. The aim was to identify and create a better understanding of consumer interactions after a brand scandal and thus compare the consequences for the different types of brands. Through these insights, the study aims to increase knowledge about how companies and influencers should prevent and manage crises. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used in the investigation. A survey with 200 respondents was conducted, where questions about the use and actions on social media as well as their attitudes to different types of scandals were answered. After collecting material from the survey, a focus group was created with six respondents, where supplementary questions were asked and deeper discussions were held. The results from the surveys were analyzed and categorized to highlight similarities and differences, partly between the respondents' interaction with brands after a scandal, partly how the consequences affect companies and influencers respectively. Based on the results, we could identify that influencers are more negatively affected by scandals. They were considered easier to replace, as their content is mainly entertainment based and the range of entertainment is already large. Companies, unlike influencers, proved more difficult to disassociate from, as equivalents in supply were perceived as difficult to find, which led to their habits overcoming morality. Influencer marketing as a marketing model has begun to be questioned due to distrust and lack of authenticity, which threatens the sustainability of the business model and the future of the industry.

Abstract: During the past decade, media researchers have intensified the study of media scandals and the role of journalism as an institution that holds social actors responsible for malfeasance and wrongdoings. On a micro level of analysis, the main attention has beendirected towards the journalistic interview and its use to promote the impression of guilt and journalistic neutrality. However, such studies have not been able to address the editing dimension of TV journalism that transforms conversation to another type of communicativepractice – that of communication through TV-flows composed of speech sequences, pictures,and sounds. This doctoral thesis develops a theoretical framework for analysis of the functions of editing inthe process of guilt attribution by journalistic TV-flows – e.g. investigative TV reporting. The purpose is also to contribute to an understanding of the relationship between the communicative competences of viewers and the contextualization of speech acts through the composition of TV-flows. The developed perspective consists of three parts: 1) A division of viewers’ reception of TV-flows in two types of interpersonal relations (to a speaker and to the composer) that involves six levels of cognitive activities. This division is based on the Habermasian notion of communicative rationality; 2) An intent-model, that lists communicative intentions expressed by the composer when speech sequences are merged and pictures are inserted; 3) A guilt-model, that encompasses guilt as a mental structure of ontologically separated elements (e.g. deed,intention, norm) and the associative relations that the viewer uses to create a meaningful whole– a fabula of guilt. The conveyed analysis of three cases of investigative reporting illustrates how the developed framework can be applied in the study of guilt attribution. The analyses also describe several compositional strategies by which the viewer is encouraged to make certain meaning, evaluate, and judge. The strategies concern the following areas: promotion of certain understanding of speech, promotion of certain evaluation of the validity claims, and promotion of certain understanding of the speaker’s intentions. Also strategies of positioning of the reporter in constructed discourses, that enhance the impression of her performances and argumentation, are explored. Furthermore, the composer’s strategies for masking intentions to interfere with the speech acts, by increasing intent ambiguity, are described. The guilt-model is used to understand the workings of the TV-flow on an overreaching level of meaning (the fabula level). Here, the analysis explains the interplay between portrayed intentions and acts, and the different ways in which condemning norms can be activated and highlighted. Furthermore, the model explores the possible employment of categorization in theprocess of guilt attribution (e.g. when properties of an individual are transferred to a group). In sum, this thesis contributes to a new way of understanding the reception of current affairs programs and TV journalism, as relation building between composer and viewer, by means of contextualization of speech acts.

This thesis examines news representations of Canadian, American and Australian military personnel involved in military 'sex scandals'. I explore what the representations of military personnel involved in well-publicized sex scandals reveal about scripts of soldiering and militarized masculinities. Despite a history of systemic violence in the military, I ask how and why the systemic nature of militarized masculinities are able to remain invisible, driving representations to focus on the ‘bad’ behaviour of individuals? By engaging with feminist scholarship in International Relations, I present the longstanding culture of misogyny, racism, homophobia and ableism in the Canadian, American and Australian militaries, focusing on the ways in which militarized masculinities are guided by these violent structures, and fundamental to the military's creation of soldiers. My dissertation uses the tools of critical discourse analysis to unpack the ways blame is individualised in cases of sexual and racist violence involving military personnel, while the military’s ableism, rape culture and imperial militarized masculinities are commonly naturalized or celebrated without regard for how they are fundamentally violent. My thesis presents an intersectional feminist project that intervenes in emerging questions in the field of transnational disability studies, tracing how militarism, hegemonic militarized masculinities and imperial soldiering (re)produce categories of ability and disability.