Title: How to Construct the Perfect Scandal – a study of the news reported by Expressen concerning the SD-scandal Author: Linnea Ivarsson This C-paper presents the incident concerning the political party Sverigedemokraterna in Expressen in November 2012. The newspaper was the main source of the news reporting with the mobile phone camera film from the occurance and led the way of the news reporting in Sweden about three party members. The paper investigates how the story telling of the so called SD-scandal was constructed, using Critical Discourse Analysis as the analysis method combined with selected parts from the analysis method of critical linguistics. The theories that have been used to establish the results of the analysis are Critical Discourse as a theory based on Norman Fairclough and Teun A. van Dijks theoretical keystones combined with Sigurd Allerns and Ester Pollacks theories and schematic point of view on the constructions of political scandals in media. With the theories and analysis methods above mentioned the results turned out to confirm the theory about how political scandals in media are constructed and designed with certain strategies and agenda. The authors of the articles in Expressen showed the reader that they throughout the process had a certain plan with the material the editors of the newspaper had before the scandal burst. The way they used quotes from the witnesses, the leader Jimmie Åkesson and from the political members combined with how they edited the mobile phone film and published it in a strategic way analyzed with the discourse analysis as a starting point showed that the newspaper constructed the roles and the discourse that were intermediated. Coincidences did not exist in this news reporting and the process from the first interview with the witness until the last article when some of the men were resigned seemed to have been strategically planned out even before the first article was published. In the conclusion of the paper it shows that Expressen seemed to have a well planned strategy in their news reporting of the three politicians in the film and the occurrences. Political scandals in media have looked the same for quite some time and by the result of this analysis it will still have the same construction since the outcome of this story was effective and profiting for the newspaper. At the same time, the discourse of hypocritical and lying politicians is effectively reproduced through how the reporting was constructed and angled. Even though racism might have seemed to be the main theme of the articles, the purpose seemed to have been to put the politicians in a precarious and almost unfixable situation, a process we have seen many times before in media.

Revisorns oberoende är ett aktuellt och omtalat ämne som har varit grund för ett flertal diskussioner genom åren. Skandaler har bidragit till ett minskat förtroende samt förändringar i revisionsvärlden. Syftet med denna studie är att skapa förståelse för hur revisorns oberoende framställs i affärstidskrifter med hjälp av diskursanalys. Diskursanalysen är genomförd med stöd av Faircloughs tredimensionella modell för kritisk diskursanalys. Analysen utgår ifrån 40 artiklar från affärstidskrifterna Tidningen Balans och Dagens Industri mellan åren 2014 - 2018. De identifierade diskurserna är förändring, förtroende samt skandaler och turbulens. Diskurserna analyserades utifrån textdimensionen, den diskursiva praktikens dimension samt den sociala praktikens dimension. I textdimensionen ligger fokus på texternas modalitet och transitivitet. Den diskursiva praktikens dimension fokuserar på textens producering och konsumtion. I denna dimension analyseras huruvida texterna grundar sig på andra texter samt om det sker en reproduktion av det redan bestående. I den sociala praktikens dimension krävs ytterligare teorier för att kunna sätta empirin i bredare sociala sammanhang, detta görs genom att koppla empirin till teorier om revisorns oberoende. Avslutningsvis, för att svara på studiens syfte, visar resultatet av analysen att framställningen kring revisorns oberoende diskuteras med en negativ ton samt följer ett mönster av upprepning. / Auditor independence is a current and relevant topic that has been discussed several times through the years. Scandals have contributed to reduced confidence and changes in the audit world. The purpose of this study is to create an understanding about how auditor independence is portrayed in business magazines by using discourse analysis. The discourse analysis is implemented with support from Fairclough's three-dimensional framework. The analysis is based on 40 articles from the business magazines Tidningen Balans and Dagens Industri, between the years 2014-2018. The identified discourses in this analysis are change, trust and scandals and turbulence. The discourses were analyzed by the text dimension, dimension of discursive practice and dimension of social practice. The text-dimension focuses on the formal characteristics of the text with primary focus on modality and transitivity. The discursive practice dimension is focused on the production and consumption of the text. In this dimension, it is analyzed whether the texts are based on other texts and whether there is a reproduction of the already existing. In the dimension of social practice additional theories are needed to put the empirical data in broader social contexts. This is done by linking the empirical data to theories of the auditor´s independence. In conclusion, to respond to the purpose of the study, the findings of the analysis show that the auditor´s independence is portrayed and discussed with a negative tone as well as following a pattern of repetition.

The explosion of the global financial crisis in 2007-08 reignited the urgency to reflect on the origins and causes of financial collapses. As the above events kick-started an economic meltdown that is still ongoing, comparisons with the Great Crash of 1929 started to abound. In particular, the externalities that a broad spectrum of societal groups had to bear as a consequence of various banking failures highlighted the necessity of a more inclusive and balanced regulation of firms whose activities impact on a wide range of stakeholders.The thesis is centred on the proposal of a paradigm, the “enlightened sovereign control”, that provides a theoretical, institutional and substantive framework as a response to the legal issues analysed in the thesis. These stem primarily from the analysis of two sequences of events (the 2001-03 wave of “accounting frauds” and the 2007-08 global crisis) which represent the background upon which modern financial scandals are explained. This is done by highlighting a number of common denominators emerging from the case studies (Enron and Parmalat, Northern Rock and Lehman Brothers) which caused financial instability and scandals. The research is grounded on the initial recognition of theoretical themes in the field of corporate and financial law, which eventually link with the more practical events examined. This parallel enquiry leads to the investigation of two heavily interrelated spheres of law and finally highlights more practical legal issues that emerge from the analysis.Through this multifaceted approach, the thesis contends that the occurrence of financial crises during the last decade is essentially rooted in two main problems: a corporate governance one, represented by the lack of effective control systems within large public firms; and a corporate finance one identified with the excesses of financial innovation and related abuses of capital market finance. Research conducted in this thesis ultimately seeks to contribute to current debates in the areas of corporate and financial law, through the proposals of the “enlightened sovereign control” paradigm.

This article analyzes the role of political scandals at different times of the government’sactivity, with the intention to verify if news of corruption differs in electoral and non-electoral periods. We try to verify in what contexts Argentinean and Brazilian governments are more permeable to political scandals and respond more actively. We consider the electoral schedule and the type of Presidentialism in Argentina and Brazil. We argue that after an accusation of corruption in media, public officials assess risks in order to consider if their reputation were erode by not facing scandals of corruption. During electoral periods politicians fear of punishment from voters through mechanisms of electoral accountability. Finally we say that the majority Presidentialism is less permeable to allegations that coalition one. To corroborate these hypotheses we investigate responses of governments in Argentina (as a case of majoritarian Presidentialism),and in Brazil (as a case of coalitional Presidentialism). / Este artículo se propone analizar el papel de los escándalos políticos en diferentes momentos de actividad de un gobierno, con la intención de verificar si existen variaciones en los niveles de denuncias de corrupción entre los períodos electorales y los no eleccionarios. Asimis- mo, se intenta verificar en qué contextos los gobiernos de Argentina y Brasil son más permeables a las denuncias mediáticas y responden más activamente. Para ello, consideramos el calendario electoral y el tipo de presidencialismo de cada país. Se argumenta que, tras una acusación de corrupción en los medios, los funcionarios públicos evalúan los riesgos de ver sus reputaciones erosionadas por no enfrentar la denuncia. El costo para contrarrestar la opinión pública tiende a ser mayor en los períodos electorales, ya que el temor al castigo de los votantes mediante mecanismos de accountability electoral también aumenta. Finalmente, afirmamos que el presidencialismo mayoritario resulta menos permeable a las denuncias que uno de coalición. Para corroborar estas hipótesis se investigan las respuestas de los gobiernos en Argentina, como caso de presidencialismo mayoritario, y en Brasil, como caso de presidencialismo de coalición.

The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the introduction of the first ever Swedish female prime minister, Magdalena Andersson, by comparing her to a theoretical framework consistent with factors which are generally thought to facilitate the emergence of female prime ministers. Factors within two different perspectives: the party political - and the personal perspective, are gathered. The former includes factors concerning the political party of which the woman of interest has become party leader which then led to a prime ministership. The latter includes individual factors about who these women are in terms of their social backgrounds and personalities. Previous research is used as a way of collecting information on what factors have prevailed the emergence of female prime ministers and six different factors especially stand out and thus make up the theoretical framework. In order to analyze Andersson in comparison to the theoretical framework, this single case is tested by using a qualitative text analysis method. Different text material sources are used as dependent on the different factors being tested. The results show that nearly all of the factors were present during the introduction of Andersson. However, it also becomes clear that other factors might also have affected the introduction of Andersson, factors which could be relevant to take into account in further studies on the subject of female prime ministers.

With the growing role of social media in society today, a more accessible dissemination of information between customers through eWOM is also growing. Especially the negative eWOM can have a huge impact on customers and get devastating results. Scandals in the fast fashion industry are getting more and more attention, which has contributed to consumers boycotting companies. It is still a relatively unexplored area where researchers mainly have been looking at boycott motivations. These purposes can be both social and ethical and customers can take different measures to show that he or she is against the scandal. It is common today that a scandal gets a lot of attention during a limited period of time where the customer chooses to participate in a boycott for a while and then returns to the company. Based on this research gap, the research question was further formulated as to;   Why do customers choose to return to companies within the fast fashion industry they have previously boycotted due to a scandal?   The study focuses on customers who have been loyal to fast fashion companies and where they have been active in a boycott and then returned. The main purpose of this thesis is to gain a deeper understanding of why boycotting consumers choose to go back to fast fashion retail companies that they have boycotted previously. Based on this, the interviews explored factors in relation to customer loyalty and eWOM that affect customers' view and perception of the company. By conducting this study and examining factors by using a qualitative approach, customer loyalty and eWOM's impact on customers' propensity to repurchase were examined, considering the theoretical framework.    The theoretical framework included customer loyalty, boycott and motivations for boycott as well as social media and more specifically eWOM. Based on the framework, eight semi-structured interviews were conducted with people who participated in a boycott and then returned to companies. Furthermore, the empirical data was analysed by using the theoretical framework based on a thematic analysis. The analysis resulted in findings that customers are affected by negative eWOM and a high exposure of information which then decreases, which leads to customers forgetting the scandal and no longer associating the company with a negative feeling.

The norm shift in mediated scandals A comparative study of how the norm-breaking acts behind a mediated scandal have changed from the 1990s to the 2020s. This study aims to discover how the normbreaking actions described in mediated scandals have changed from the 1990´s to the 2020´s, whilst also analyzing how actors with different attributes, man or woman, are being portrayed in the mediated scandals. The topic was chosen due to the lack of research made on tabloid-articles in the field of mediated scandals. Previous research focuses primarily on scandals including political actors. A fact that this study aims to change. The study uses a theoretical framework of sociological theories by Durkheim and Douglas, which provides the tools nececcary to analyze social norms. The analysis is strengthened by a complementary theory by Lull & Himerman, involving criteria for mediated scandals. These criteria assisted in the selection process of empiricism and in the analysis. The twelve articles, based on four cases composed of two actors, one woman and one man, have been analyzed with an adjusted version of Camilla Gervides critical discourse analysis. The results shows that the journalists' role in mediated scandals have changed since the 1990´s. From sharing their own opinions then, to using experts to exemplify normbreaking behavior today. Beyond that there's also a wide gap between genderdepictons in the material. Women are treated more harshly and are defined as prime examples of bad social movements. Whilst the men, who share many attributes with the women, are treated with a professional distance. These depictions risk creating norms which put unfair expectations on women.

No description available.

Questa tesi di dottorato ha l’obiettivo di analizzare i processi attraverso cui individui ed organizzazioni costruiscono la loro posizione e la loro valutazione nel contesto di field istituzionali culturali e creativi. La tesi contiene tre capitoli che rappresentano tre distinti lavori di ricerca. Le analisi empiriche svolte sono incentrate sui settori del cinema (primo capitolo), della quality television (televisione ‘di qualità’, serie televisive) e della musica indipendente negli Stati Uniti. In tutti i lavori di ricerca sono stati utilizzati database longitudinali e metodi quantitativi e qualitativi. Nel primo capitolo, si analizza come gli scandali personali (di natura sessuale e non sessuale) influenzino la costruzione della peer recognition. Si prendono anche in considerazione gli effetti degli stereotipi legati al genere e dei comportamenti orientati alla valorizzazione delle diversità (solidarietà femminile), per comprendere come questi influiscano sulla peer recognition, insieme agli scandali, nell’ambito della valutazione degli attori di Hollywood (candidatura all’Oscar), nel lasso temporale 2003-2018. Nel secondo capitolo, viene teorizzato il processo di nascita e di consolidamento di un field interstiziale (interstitial issue field), attraverso l’analisi del caso del field nato tra la musica indipendente e la quality television negli Stati Uniti, dal 2003 al 2018. Si delineano le caratteristiche della infrastruttura istituzionale del field emerso, si definisce il ruolo lavoro degli attori istituzionali (institutional work) e degli spazi interstiziali (interstitial spaces). Nel terzo capitolo, i field istituzionali della musica indipendente e della quality television sono ulteriormente esaminati, tra il 2013 e il 2018, attraverso una indagine della collaborazione tra i due field, nell’ utilizzo di un album indipendente nella soundtrack di episodi di una serie televisiva. La ricerca mira a comprendere gli effetti della collaborazione sulla valutazione di un prodotto del field della musica indipendente (album indipendenti) che collabora con un field più ‘commerciale’ (quality television). / This doctoral thesis aims at shedding light on the processes by which individuals and organizations negotiate their structure, position, and evaluation, within the context of creative and cultural fields. It contains three chapters that represent three research studies. The empirical analyses undertaken throughout the research pieces are focused on the fields of cinema (first chapter), quality television, and independent music (second and third chapter) in the United States. For all of them, longitudinal databases are employed, and both quantitative and qualitative methodologies are utilized. In the first chapter, the role of personal (sexual and non-sexual) scandals for peer recognition is investigated. The research focuses on how scandals, gender stereotypes, and engagement in diversity-valuing behaviors (female solidarity) affect peer recognition for Hollywood actors (nomination of actors for an Oscar), in the time frame 2003-2018. In the second chapter, the process of emergence and consolidation of an interstitial issue field is theorized, by exploring the case of the field that emerged between indie music and the quality television in the United States from 2003 to 2018. In the analysis, the features of the institutional infrastructure of the emerged field, with the role of institutional actors and of interstitial spaces, are taken into consideration. In the third chapter, the fields of independent music and quality television in the US are further examined, between 2013 and 2018, by focusing on the patterns of evaluation of one field’s products (independent music, independent albums) when this field interacts with the other (quality television) – that is, when independent albums are featured in quality television episodes.

Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study is to investigate the awareness of spiritual intelligence in the NGO sector. The study attempts to define the concepts of meaning, spirituality, spiritual intelligence and spiritual leadership. The research used as its basis questionnaires by Katz (2007) derived from the Zohar and Marshall characteristics of Spiritual Intelligence. A recent Gallup Poll showed that 45 percent of Americans talk about their faith at work, and this suggests that employers should not dismiss its motivating power. For most people faith and spirituality is a private matter. One can therefore pose the question, “What has the 'spirituality' of employees got to do with big business?” However, when the HR directors of Nokia, Unilever, McKinsey, Shell, Coca-Cola, Hewlett Packard, Merck Pharmaceuticals, Starbucks and the Cooperative Bank, some of the world's most successful companies talk about concepts such as 'spiritual quotient' and 'spiritual capital' one otherwise has to sit up and listen. Sir John Templeton, founder of the John Templeton Foundation, spends $16 million to $30 million a year funding research that explores links between science and God. He suggests that "No human being has yet even understood 1 percent of what can be learned about spiritual matters". It is initiatives like these and the growing number of professional presentations, journal articles, books and conferences devoted to the subject that confirms the new interest in spirituality. It seems that a consensus is emerging on the principal elements of spirituality for working people, which includes acknowledging God, the importance of prayer, other people and a sustainable world. Research further suggests that spirituality enables a businessperson to gain a more integrated perspective on their firm, family, neighbours, community and on themself. Sweeping social and economical changes, including downsizing, mergers, globalisation, the threat of terrorism since the 9/11 attacks, and corporate ethical scandals are all contributing to business’s spiritual awakening. In order to cope with increased stress and alienation, both managers and employees seek meaning and purpose in the workplace. The research in this study suggests that amidst these changes and associated challenges, there exists a high level of spiritual awareness in the organisations and the managers that participated in this study. The study report provides research examples and references to other case studies from across the world, including practical guidance for implementing and measuring workplace spirituality. The conclusions suggest that spirituality is a not passing fad but, an authentic movement based on universal spiritual principles. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie is om die bewustheid van geestelike intelligensie in die nie-regeringsorganisasie- (NRO-) sektor te ondersoek. Hierdie studie probeer die konsepte betekenis, spiritualiteit, geestelike intelligensie en geestelike leierskap definieer. Die navorsing het as grondslag die vraelyste van Katz (2007) gebruik, wat ontleen is aan die eienskappe van geestelike intelligensie soos gedefinieer deur Zohar en Marshall. ’n Onlangse Gallup-opname het getoon dat 45 persent van Amerikaners by die werk oor hulle geloof praat, en dit impliseer dat werkgewers geloof as motiveringskrag nie moet onderskat nie. Vir die meeste mense is geloof en spiritualiteit ’n persoonlike saak. ’n Mens kan dus vra: Wat het die ‘spiritualiteit’ van werknemers met groot sakeondernemings te make? Wanneer die menslikehulpbron-direkteure van Nokia, Unilever, McKinsey, Shell, Coca-Cola, Hewlett Packard, Merck Pharmaceuticals, Starbucks en die Co-operative Bank, ’n paar van die wêreld se suksesvolste maatskappye, egter praat oor konsepte soos ‘spirituele kwosiënt’, moet ’n mens goed na hulle luister. Sir John Templeton, stigter van die John Templeton Foundation, spandeer elke jaar tussen $16 miljoen en $30 miljoen om geld te voorsien vir navorsing wat die verband tussen die wetenskap en God ondersoek. Hy stel voor: “Geen menslike wese het nog ooit eens een persent verstaan van wat oor geestelike sake ontdek kan word nie.” Dit is inisiatiewe soos hierdie, sowel as die groeiende aantal professionele aanbiedings, tydskrifartikels, boeke en konferensies wat aan hierdie onderwerp gewy word, wat die nuwe belangstelling in spiritualiteit bevestig. Dit lyk of daar konsensus begin ontstaan oor die hoofelemente van spiritualiteit vir werkende mense, wat insluit die erkenning van God, en die belangrikheid van gebed, ander mense en ’n volhoubare wêreld. Navorsing impliseer verder dat spiritualiteit sakepersone in staat stel om ’n meer geïntegreerde perspektief op hulle firma, familie, bure, gemeenskap en hulleself te kry. Ingrypende sosiale en ekonomiese veranderinge, insluitende afskaling, samesmeltings, globalisering, die bedreiging van terrorisme sedert die aanvalle op 11 September 2001 en etiese skandale in die korporatiewe wêreld, dra by tot maatskappye se spirituele ontwaking. Om die toenemende spanning en vervreemding te kan hanteer, soek sowel bestuurders as werknemers na betekenis en doelgerigtheid in die werkplek. Die navorsing van hierdie studie impliseer dat daar te midde van hierdie veranderinge en meegaande uitdagings ’n hoë vlak van spirituele bewustheid heers in die organisasies en die bestuurders wat aan hierdie studie deelgeneem het. Dié studieverslag voorsien navorsingvoorbeelde en verwysings na ander gevallestudies van oor die hele wêreld heen, insluitende praktiese riglyne om spiritualiteit in die werkplek te vestig en te meet. Die gevolgtrekkings impliseer dat spiritualiteit nie net ’n verbygaande gier is nie, maar ’n outentieke beweging gegrond op universele geestelike beginsels.