The secondary boycott issue has been present in the history of the American labor movement throughout the twentieth century. It has, consequently, been subjected to many of the same changes in policy by Congress, interpretation by the courts, and attitude of the public as have strikes and picketing. Secondary boycotts, however, have been handicapped much more than the other instruments of union power in as much as they have usually been treated as though they were less legitimate. This thesis will discuss the secondary boycott, and it legal status in the United States.

Authoritarian elections present a dilemma for opposition political parties. Should the opposition participate in elections that are largely unfair? Should the opposition boycott the elections or resort to extra-electoral means? What explains the choice of strategy among key opponents of a regime? The goal of this project is to further our understanding of the opposition's strategic choices in authoritarian elections. Focusing on a strategy - boycotting - that occurs more often under authoritarian regimes, this dissertation builds a framework for understanding the set of strategies adopted by opposition parties in authoritarian elections. In particular, I develop an incomplete information model of opposition strategies to explain when opposition forces willingly participate in elections, when they engage in an electoral boycott. The predictions of the model are evaluated with both qualitative and quantitative methods. I first examine the predictions of the model using case studies of Jordan and Algeria, constructing narratives of elections and opposition strategies in each country. Second, I test the propositions derived from the model cross-nationally using a unique dataset of every national-level election (both parliamentary and presidential) held between 1990 and 2008. A central argument of the dissertation is that the opposition's perceptions of regime legitimacy are an important determinant of its strategic decisions. Specifically, this dissertation demonstrates how changes in the opposition's beliefs concerning the legitimacy of the regime drive changes in the strategies adopted.

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The advent of the digital era has brought transformation to various practices including consumer boycotts. Social media has enhanced consumer power and most boycott actions have an online presence so that their influence is no longer limited to specific geographical areas. Instead, there is a far-reaching global impact through online platform technologies. This study aims to fill in the gap in existing research on consumer boycotts by addressing the impact of social media on this practice. Using the case of the #NoJapan movement in SouthKorea, the thesis discusses the transformatory trends and changing motivations of consumer boycotts in the times of social media. The theoretical frameworks used in the analysis process include Self-Determination Theory and The Honeycomb of Social Media Framework which help explain diverse motivation factors, types of motivation, and social media functionalities. This research uses a mixed-methods approach to conducting in-depth interviews of #NoJapanparticipants and analyzing posts related to this particular boycott campaign. The main focus of this process is to investigate social media utilization and boycott motivation shown in the#NoJapan case. The findings of the study show the diversity of practices prevalent in social media use by people engaging with #NoJapan boycotts in the online environment. Moreover, the finding problematizes the social media space as one which has both positive and negative effects on an individual’s boycott motivation. This thesis has made significant contributions to the field of SDT and boycott studies by expanding their perspective on online interaction.

Submitted by Breno Cruz (brenocruz@ufrrj.br) on 2013-04-16T10:59:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Versao final tese.pdf: 1810571 bytes, checksum: c5167676bdec6f86f972d8c311919f90 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2013-04-16T13:21:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Versao final tese.pdf: 1810571 bytes, checksum: c5167676bdec6f86f972d8c311919f90 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-04-16T13:23:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Versao final tese.pdf: 1810571 bytes, checksum: c5167676bdec6f86f972d8c311919f90 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-25 / This thesis introduces an issue which has not been very much explored in the area of consumers’ behavior: the boycott. The boycott has been analyzed in this research, as consumer leaving his behavior of buying in a company in reply to a context that not fits in his values or expectations. Thus, the investigation is divided into two researches. The first one analyzed the social networking environment in order to check whether this virtual world was appropriate for the understanding of the consumers’ behavior in relation to boycott. By the use of Netnography, the Non-Participating Observation and the Depth Interview in data collection, it has been seen that, besides the virtual environment contain relevant information about consumers’ boycott, another type of boycott, not discussed in the literature, was found following an empirical verification perspective: the relational boycott – an act of consumers’ repudiation emerges from a frustrated relationship or relationship attempt with a company. Study 1 therefore presents the contribution to the consumers’ boycott taxonomy in the literature. The second study makes use of factorial experiment (2x2x2) and the sample was 240 respondents to analyze the impact of three independent variables can be analyzed (Corporate Social Responsibility – CSR, Gender and Types of Goods – the normal or luxury ones) within the dependable variables Boycott Effectiveness (KLEIN; SMITH; JOHN, 2004) and the Intention to Boycott (BI). BEP (Boycott Effectiveness Perception) is a perception about the reflection of consumer over relation to the boycott as an individual strategy for a company changes its actions in decisions and strategies, and Boycott Intention (BI) is the final intention of consumer in relation to the boycott. Six hypotheses are presented and the results shows that Social Corporate Responsibility impacts either (BEP) Boycott Effectiveness Perception as interaction in boycotting (BI) which Gender is not ecstatically significant in BEP and BI; and that Type of Good Impacts (GI), but does not impact BEP. This thesis shows that on both studies there are insights for behavior consumer area and gaps which still need to be analyzed by other researchers who are in interested in the issue. / Esta tese apresenta uma temática que ainda tem sido pouco abordada nos estudos de comportamento do consumidor: o boicote. O boicote é analisado neste estudo como o ato do consumidor deixar de comprar de uma empresa em resposta a um contexto que se choca com os seus valores ou expectativas. Assim, o trabalho está dividido em dois estudos. O Estudo 1 analisou o ambiente das redes sociais virtuais para verificar se este lócus se apresentava como oportuno para o entendimento do comportamento dos consumidores em relação ao boicote. Por meio da Netnografia, a Observação Não-Participante e a Entrevista em Profundidade na coleta de dados, verificou-se que além do ambiente virtual apresentar informações relevantes sobre o boicote do consumidor, um tipo de boicote não discutido na literatura foi encontrado a partir da verificação empírica: o boicote relacional – um ato de repúdio do consumidor que emerge de um relacionamento frustrado ou da tentativa de um relacionamento de um cliente com uma empresa. Assim, o Estudo 1 apresenta uma contribuição à taxonomia de boicote do consumidor na literatura. O Estudo 2 utiliza o método experimental de desenho (fatorial 2x2x2), com uma amostra de 240 respondentes, para analisar o impacto de três variáveis (Responsabilidade Social Corporativa - RSC, Gênero e Tipo de Bem) nas variáveis Percepção de Eficácia do Boicote (EB) do estudo de Klein, Smith e John (2004) e Intenção de Boicotar (IB). PEB é percepção sobre a reflexão do consumidor sobre em relação ao boicote como uma estratégia individual para que uma empresa mude suas ações, decisões e estratégias de atuação e IB é a intenção final do consumidor em relação ao boicote. São apresentadas seis hipóteses e os resultados apontam que Responsabilidade Social Corporativa impacta tanto na Percepção de Eficácia do Boicote (PEB) quanto na Intenção em Boicotar (IB); que Gênero não é estatisticamente significante em PEB e IB; e que Tipo de Bem impacta IB, mas não impacta PEB. Esta tese apresenta, para os dois estudos, insights para a área de comportamento do consumidor e lacunas a serem analisadas por outros pesquisadores que se interessem pela temática.

This investigation explores the relationships and experiences in the urban community that connected black and white women to understand the complexities of Jim Crow, its breakdown, and the subsequent expansion of female activism in Richmond, Virginia. By examining the South’s famous department stores, Thalhimers and Miller & Rhoads, this research attempts to focus on female-created and female-oriented spaces within downtown Richmond, from 1954 until 1973, and draws a line from the Thalhimer boycott staged by African-American women in 1961 to the sit-in performed by white women in the Thalhimers male-only soup bar in 1970. Historical context is developed to show changing patterns surrounding racism and gender roles during the 1950s and 1960s within urban space, particularly department stores. The changes made within white and black women’s organizations, such as the YWCA, alongside these downtown stores, supplied important social and employment opportunities for women in the community and throughout the state, and influenced women of different cultures and races. The formation of multi-racial female coalitions within areas of employment set the stage for the formation of the women’s Movement in Richmond as women displayed subtle forms of feminist activism within the conservative environment of the Commonwealth.

O esporte contemporâneo tem nos Jogos Olímpicos o seu maior evento e sua evolução na Era Moderna aconteceu quase que completamente durante o Século XX. Os boicotes às edições dos Jogos Olímpicos são manifestações que exemplificam as relações políticas presentes no esporte e seu estudo é bastante esclarecedor. O maior boicote ocorrido foi proposto pelos Estados Unidos em 1980, aos Jogos realizados na extinta União Soviética. Na ocasião houve grande redução no número de participantes e um abalo nas estruturas do Movimento Olímpico. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o contexto político do boicote aos Jogos de Moscou, sobretudo no que diz respeito ao posicionamento do Brasil. Para a realização do estudo foi selecionado um dos principais jornais brasileiros (Folha de São Paulo) e dele se retirou os dados que vão o desde a segunda quinzena do mês de dezembro de 1979, com a ocupação soviética do Afeganistão (23/12/1979), até a primeira quinzena do mês de agosto de 1980, encerramento dos Jogos Olímpicos de Moscou (03/08/1980). Embora o Brasil desenvolvesse uma posição de alinhamento à política norte-americana na Guerra Fria, optou por não aderir ao boicote comercial, nem ao olímpico enviando uma grande delegação a Moscou. O governo militar brasileiro agiu de maneira pragmática preferindo lucrar com a ausência de norte-americanos e europeus tanto no campo comercial quanto esportivo / The Olympic Games is the biggest event in contemporary sports and the 20th century was the stage where most of the evolution of the Olympic Games of The Modern Age happened. The boycotts to the Olympic Games are manifestations that exemplify the relationship between sport and politics and studying it brings light to the subject. To this day, the biggest boycott was the one that the United States promoted against the Soviet Union in the 1980 Olympic Games. In that occurrence there were a significant reduction in the number of participants as well as a profound impact to the Olympic Movement structures. The purpose of these research is to analyse the politic context of the Moscow`s Olympic Boycott, with special attention for the brazilian position. The research was made in one of the most important brazilian newspapers (Folha de São Paulo), in the final editions of 1979, period of the sovietic occupation on Afghanistan, until august of 1980, period of the end of Moscow Olympic Games. In spite of the pressure from the United States, Brazil decided not to join the boycott, exposing an internal movement that the country was going through, which was a period of delicate economical issues, and the country was not capable of deny the economical advantages of relation with Soviet Union

O esporte contemporâneo tem nos Jogos Olímpicos o seu maior evento e sua evolução na Era Moderna aconteceu quase que completamente durante o Século XX. Os boicotes às edições dos Jogos Olímpicos são manifestações que exemplificam as relações políticas presentes no esporte e seu estudo é bastante esclarecedor. O maior boicote ocorrido foi proposto pelos Estados Unidos em 1980, aos Jogos realizados na extinta União Soviética. Na ocasião houve grande redução no número de participantes e um abalo nas estruturas do Movimento Olímpico. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o contexto político do boicote aos Jogos de Moscou, sobretudo no que diz respeito ao posicionamento do Brasil. Para a realização do estudo foi selecionado um dos principais jornais brasileiros (Folha de São Paulo) e dele se retirou os dados que vão o desde a segunda quinzena do mês de dezembro de 1979, com a ocupação soviética do Afeganistão (23/12/1979), até a primeira quinzena do mês de agosto de 1980, encerramento dos Jogos Olímpicos de Moscou (03/08/1980). Embora o Brasil desenvolvesse uma posição de alinhamento à política norte-americana na Guerra Fria, optou por não aderir ao boicote comercial, nem ao olímpico enviando uma grande delegação a Moscou. O governo militar brasileiro agiu de maneira pragmática preferindo lucrar com a ausência de norte-americanos e europeus tanto no campo comercial quanto esportivo / The Olympic Games is the biggest event in contemporary sports and the 20th century was the stage where most of the evolution of the Olympic Games of The Modern Age happened. The boycotts to the Olympic Games are manifestations that exemplify the relationship between sport and politics and studying it brings light to the subject. To this day, the biggest boycott was the one that the United States promoted against the Soviet Union in the 1980 Olympic Games. In that occurrence there were a significant reduction in the number of participants as well as a profound impact to the Olympic Movement structures. The purpose of these research is to analyse the politic context of the Moscow`s Olympic Boycott, with special attention for the brazilian position. The research was made in one of the most important brazilian newspapers (Folha de São Paulo), in the final editions of 1979, period of the sovietic occupation on Afghanistan, until august of 1980, period of the end of Moscow Olympic Games. In spite of the pressure from the United States, Brazil decided not to join the boycott, exposing an internal movement that the country was going through, which was a period of delicate economical issues, and the country was not capable of deny the economical advantages of relation with Soviet Union

L’accélération du rythme des innovations technologiques et les pressions exercées par la société civile constituent deux défis majeurs pour le droit de la responsabilité civile. Cette thèse étudie les effets incitatifs de la responsabilité civile sur le comportement de prévention des entreprises dans ce contexte. Notre contribution vise, en particulier, à approfondir l’analyse traditionnelle de la responsabilité civile des entreprises d’une part, et d’autre part à évaluer dans quelle mesure les sanctions non légales jouent un rôle au côté de ce cadre juridique. D’abord, nous mettons en évidence l’évolution de l’analyse économique de la responsabilité. Puis nous étudions la responsabilité civile dans un modèle théorique, avec pour contribution d’évaluer les effets incitatifs du concept juridique de causalité. Ensuite, nous examinons comment les difficultés de prévision des risques d’accident affectent les incitations fournies par la responsabilité civile,par un modèle théorique d’une part, et par une expérimentation en laboratoire d’autre part. Nous développons dans un modèle théorique une analyse du rôle des sanctions non légales, émanant de la société civile,aux côtés de la responsabilité délictuelle. Nous montrons que les incitations fournies par le boycott des consommateurs sur le comportement de prévention des entreprises sont limitées. Enfin, nous complétons ce modèle par une étude empirique, et nous étudions l’ampleur et les déterminants du phénomène de boycott des consommateurs en Europe. / The accelerating pace of technological innovations and pressures from civil society provide tort law with new challenges. This thesis studies the incentive effects of tort law on corporate investment in prevention in this context. Particularly, this study deepens the traditional economic analysis of corporate civil liability and assess the effects of the combination of non legal sanctions and the legal framework. First, we highlight the evolution of the economic analysis of liability and responsibility. Then, we study the incentive effects ofcivil liability in a theoretical model, with a particular emphasis on the role of the legal notion of causality. Next, we examine to what extent the difficulties of predicting accident risks affect incentives provided by liability with both a theoretical model and with a lab experiment. In a theoretical model, we develop ananalysis of the role of non-legal sanctions, from civil society, along side the tort law. We show that the incentive effects of consumer boycott on corporate investment in prevention are limited. Finally, through an empirical study, we complete this analysis by studying the magnitude and determinants of consumer boycott in Europe.

The care for the environment has been a hot topic during the last fifteen years. Ecological and Fairtrade products made from sustainable materials and methods can be found in almost every store. It seems like awareness regarding our environmental impact has increased and therefore changed our purchase behavior. The awareness has also created pressure on the companies to behave in an ethical manner, if the consumers feel that their ethical needs are not acknowledged, they will tend to stop purchasing products from that company. In this new aware society there is a new player that in a few years will make up the new buying force. Generation Z is individuals born after 1995 and is expected to bring new demands to the market. The purpose of this thesis is to study if ethical products and ethical consumption have an effect on the buying behavior of Generation Z. To better understand if the ethical awareness affect the purchase behavior of Generation Z and if they are willing to boycott companies that misbehaves, theory within the fields of CSR, consumer behavior and ethical consumption has been collected to form questions for a survey. The findings show that the ethical awareness do not affect the purchase behavior of Generation Z, however there is discovered attributes such as ethical profile that affect the frequency of purchases. The findings also show that Generation Z will actively boycott a company if that company misbehaves.