Sammanfattning Denna rapport utgör resultatet av ett examensarbete på avancerad nivå inom produkt och processutveckling, som utförts åt Scania CV AB. Projektets syfte är undersöka och jämföra ett höghållfast stål med ett mjukt stål, samt undersöka lämplig tillverkningsmetod ur ett kost- och viktperspektiv på ett styrkolonnfäste. För att kunna besvara och uppfylla syftet har ett antal frågeställningar formulerats. Vilka faktorer bör ligga till grund för en viktoptimerad konstruktion?   Hur mycket kan framtaget koncept påverka artikelkostnaden och därmed även påverka den totala investeringskostnaden, räknat över 3 år?   En litteraturstudie genomfördes för att samla in relevant data när det gäller främst material, tillverkning, kostnad, slöseri och sammanfogning. Insamlandet av data fortskred även parallellt med utförandet av fallstudien. Projektet resulterar i ett framtaget koncept som medför ungefär 50 procent viktminskning jämfört med den referens som används. Detta genom att tillämpa framtagna faktorer för en viktoptimerad konstruktion. Artikelkostnaden minskas med ungefär en faktor tre. När det gäller investeringskostnaden bedöms den som stor, däremot medför det till en lönsamhet redan första året. Det är viktigt att analysera möjligheterna när det gäller materialvalsbyte jämfört med ökad eller minskad materialtjocklek för ett visst material.  I fallstudien visade det sig lönsamt att byta material snarare än att öka på tjockleken, det resulterade i att vikten optimerades samtidigt som konceptet klarade av framtagna krav. Projektets bedöms som uppfyllt på grund av att samtliga frågeställningar har besvarats samt att framtagen kravspecifikation har uppfyllts. Det framtagna underlaget anses vara en god grund för vidare utveckling. För vidare utveckling rekommenderas ytterligare beräkningar och tester, exempelvis skakprov, för att verifiera framtaget koncept. Det bedöms även som ett stort värde att göra pressnings simuleringar för att möjliggöra ytterligare verifieringar när det gäller en konstruktions pressbarhet.

A big part of software development is testing and quality assurance. At the department of service market, Scania R&D, the software Scania Diagnose and Programmer 3 (SDP3) is developed and tested. The quality assurance is conducted by internal and external testing. However, the external testing of SDP3 lacks guidelines for measuring the quality of a field test. The purpose of this project was to create and implement a framework for the field test process of SDP3. This framework is later used to determine the quality of a field test. To create the framework, literature study, interviews and workshops were conducted. The workshops laid the foundation of the framework, and the interviews were used to specify the parameters in the framework. For the implementation of the framework studies were done to analyse the available data, later the framework was implemented into the data base management system Splunk as a real time Dashboard. The results of this study describes a framework that can be used to determine the quality of a field test. Unfortunately the whole framework could not be implemented into Splunk since all data needed could not be accessed through Splunk, instead, recommendations were made.

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Scania is well known for its agriculture, previously the region consisted of mostly agricultural landscape and farming. Scania is the wealthiest part in Sweden of agricultural landscape and stands out from the rest of the country’s landscape. In the late eighteenth century the industrialization came to the region and the agriculture developed in pace with the industry. Most previous studies have described the evolution from agriculture to industrialization and urbanization of the region but seemed to fail to investigate the embedded drivers that drove the transformation. Therefore this study investigated embedded drivers during the period from agriculture to industrialization in the region of Scania. The result showed that factors of agricultural transformation, social change and entrepreneurship were the key embedded drivers for transformation.

Planet Earth is moving rapidly towards a point of no return in the climate crisis currently experienced, and while the debate is still raging on wether it is naturally occurring or not the temperature steadily increases - causing melting icecaps, expanding seas and rising oceans. It is the author's view however, that wether the change is man-made or not is irrelevant; as there is no other planet to conduct an experiment on. Therefor it needs to be treated as a problem generated by our species to best ward for the future generations. With rising seas come new problems, many problems that have accidentally been solved by developments in other fields. Take the development of artificial islands on the coast of Norway leading to the creation of entire floating civilisations in South East Asia. It easy to believe the coast lines among the nations of Earth will expand to take advantage of the additional space and comforts of newly created islands - and from this a new lifestyle will be born. A type of life where water plays a bigger role than ever before, and the need for mobility is greater than ever calls for urgent development in the nautical vehicle department. For what kind of vehicle would best be utilised for a life between the land and the sea in the future year of 2050? Throughout the often messy creative process many twists and turns have led the project forwards and backwards. Artistic exploration through sketching has been coupled with critical analysis of brand aesthetics and target markets. Conceptual evaluation and finalisation in 3D software and many, many loops back and forth generated visual material in both 2D and 3D to effectively communicate proposed solutions and artistic expression. The support from Scania and working out of the studio provided valuable insight for the brands future targets, but also the possibilities to collaborate and evaluate concepts along the process with engineers and modellers to ensure a believable final result. The feedback from the design team has strengthened the visual appeal of the vehicle, while the project in turn has helped the brand push its marque into the future in a visual sense. The final result is the Scania SNEKKJA, an amphibious vehicle capable of both land and aquatic travel in one single package adapted for most weather conditions. Pushing Scania further into the field of public transport, this vehicle retains the quality touch of the trucks currently delivered by the brand. It presents a new form language that stays true to the core values and roots of the manufacturer with a modern touch and offers a service provided by the brand as a personal mobility solution for people that want a more premium on demand service. A system that is always available and where convenience is the name of the game.

Detta examensarbete utgör den sista delen av högskoleingenjörsutbildningen med inriktning mot innovation och produktdesign vid Mälardalens högskola i Eskilstuna. Examensarbetets omfattning är 15 svenska högskolepoäng.   Projektet har genomförts på uppdrag av Scania AB, som är ett världsledande företag inom tillverkning av lastbilar och bussar. För att anpassa uppgiften till Scanias arbetssätt har alla deras grundvärden tagits i beaktning: kunden först, respekt för individen, eliminering av slöseri, beslutsamhet, laganda och integritet.   Huvudsyftet med projektet var att få en inblick i och presentera det centrala temat - produktutveckling från idé till ett färdigt förslag på lösning. Denna produktutvecklingsprocess är ett nödvändigt steg inför tillverkningen av en prototyp.   Uppgiften kom från Scanias transmissionsavdelning, och huvudmålet med den var att konstruera ett helt nytt mekaniskt lyftredskap som skulle anpassas till ett antal olika krav och önskemål. Syftet var att Scanias operatörer på transmissionsavdelningen skulle kunna använda lyftverktyget när de utför sitt dagliga jobb vid testmaskinen. Förväntningarna på lyftredskapet var att det skulle tillfredsställa kundbehoven, vara optimalt, lätthanterligt samt säkert vid användning.   Fokus i den här rapporten ligger på att visa utvecklingsprocessen, från idé till den färdiga produkten som ett sista steg innan prototyptillverkningen. Frågeställningar som behandlats i den här rapporten är:   -        Hur projektet planerats -        Hur analyser har utförts och hur framtagningen av kravspecifikationer har gått till -        Hur det säkerställts att rätt koncept valts -        Hur säkerställningen av lyftverktyget gått till   I ett försök att summera alla arbetsinsatser i det här projektet blev resultatet ett konstruktionsunderlag i form av CAD-ritningar av olika komponenter, hållfasthetsanalyser samt riskbedömningar som bekräftar att lyftredskapet kan användas i framtiden.

<p>The pressures of increased foreign competition can persuade a company to expand its business into international markets. In most cases, the motive is a search for improved cost efficiency or looking for the chance to expand and achieve growth. Swedish firms often develop their international operations in small steps rather than by making large foreign production investments at single points in time. Typically firms start exporting to a country via an agent, later establish a sales subsidiary, and eventually, in some cases, begin production in the host country. Such process was called Uppsala Model or Internationalisation Stage Model. The aim of this thesis is to investigate whether Uppsala Internationalisation Model apply to transition market such as Poland. The year 1989 was an important turning point in the history of the Polish economy. After a long period of isolation to the Western world, Poland opened its boarders not only for visitors and tourists, but also for foreign companies. Many of them have invested in production in Poland during the transition period. One of the Swedish investors present in Poland almost from the beginning of the transition process is Scania. Scania holds fourth position in the world in manufacturing trucks and buses, and the second place in Europe in sales of heavy trucks. Poland as a transition market attracted Scania for many different reasons such as market size, geographical location and future growth perspectives. Company's activities confirmed the assumption that Internationalisation Stage Model can be applied to transition country and can explain MNE's initial steps in the unknown environment.</p>

<p>Background: The concept of countries as brands has been increasingly accredited once the postmodern global world became an every day experience. A strong country brand can provide corporate brands with a unique set of values, which supports their positioning on the international market. Simultaneously, once corporate brands achieve worldwide success, they contribute actively to developing new features of the country brand. </p><p>Purpose: The aim of the paper is to design a model with regard to the value- transfer from country brands to corporate brands. The model is evaluated in accordance with the relationship between Sweden and Scania, respectively Oriflame, chosen as frames of research. The researchers assess whether the process occurrence is conscious or not, be it from inside (on the corporate level) or outside (from the audiences’ perspective), as well as its consistency (the values involved in the transfer). </p><p>Results: According to the research results, Scania displays a spontaneous value- transfer with Sweden the brand, whereasOriflame actively capitalises on the national set of common values. Either unconsciously present at the corporate level of Scania, or consciously exploited by Oriflame, these Swedish values repeat for both studied companies.</p>

<p>The decision of the European Commission to block the merger between Volvo and Scania in the late 90’s became the starting point to the debate of the possible discriminating effects of the European merger regulation. Especially since the Commission a few years earlier had approved of the merger between Mercedes-Benz and Kässbohrer on the German bus market, where the conditions for competition had been similar to those at hand in the Swedish case. The issue that was and still is in focus is whether the European merger regulation is more difficult to pass for large companies situated on a smaller domestic market than is the case for their competitors of corresponding size but situated on a larger domestic market.</p><p>This thesis aims at examining what the judgement of the geographical relevant market means for the application of the Merger act. This is being done from two perspectives. Firstly how the geographical criterion affects large merging companies situated on a relatively small domestic market and secondly how it affects a member state like Sweden, which is so dependent on its large companies. The purpose of this thesis also opens for a discussion of how rigid the merger control can be in an open market economy.</p><p>The company perspective of the purpose is being pursued in two studies of the merger cases Volvo-Scania and Mercedes-Benz/Kässbohrer, being four national champs with differing size of domestic markets. The member state angle considers the smaller state dependence on its large companies and if that dependence itself creates a disadvantage in a merger case. The end of the purpose opens for a common discussion of the legitimacy of merger control in an open market economy. After analysing these aspects the thesis concludes that the geographical criterion makes it impossible for large companies with a relatively small domestic market to merge when a market bears the stamp of brand loyalty. Considering the small member state the conclusion is that the European merger control offers both pros and cons for consumers and that smaller states would be better off with a more producer-oriented merger law. The ending conclusion questions the Merger act as an intervening tool because of its arbitrary aspect depending on which composition the Commission has when a merger is announced.</p>

<p>Bakgrund: I en värld där företagens verksamhet sprider sig i allt större utsträckning över nationella gränser, blir besluten och processerna kring internationalisering allt viktigare. Går det att fatta ett bättre beslut genom att vara rationell, och i så fall hur? Både internationalisering och rationalitet har tidigare diskuterats och det har vuxit fram flera olika skolor inom båda ämnena </p><p>Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att förstå ett företags internationalisering ur ett rationalitetsperspektiv. </p><p>Genomförande: Författarna har gjort en empirisk studie för att undersöka de förhållanden som kan ligga mellan internationalisering och rationalitet. Empirin är hämtad från två svenskbaserade industriföretag; BT-Industries och Scania. </p><p>Resultat. Under uppsatsarbetet har en modell vuxit fram. Med hjälp av denna går det att betrakta fenomenet internationalisering ur ett rationalitetsperspektiv. Vidare framlägges de slutsatser som framkommit i analysen av de två fallföretagen.</p>