A lesão periapical de origem endodôntica é consequência de necrose pulpar causada pela presença de microorganismos no interior do sistema de canais radiculares. Essa lesão é geralmente crônica e assintomática e, portanto, os exames de imagem são importantes para sua detecção. A tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC) é uma tecnologia avançada, de grande utilidade para a avaliação de lesões periapicais e suas características. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a prevalência de lesões periapicais no complexo maxilo-mandibular detectadas em imagens de TCFC e classificar as lesões encontradas, de acordo com os seguintes critérios: idade e gênero do paciente; indicação do exame de TCFC; localização e extensão da lesão; grau de comprometimento de cortical óssea e condição do dente associado. Para isso, foram interpretadas imagens de 300 pacientes obtidas em tomógrafo i-CAT Classic da FOB-USP e de um centro radiológico. Em uma primeira etapa, os exames foram selecionados de acordo com os critérios de inclusão (pacientes ≥ 12 anos de idade; arcos dentários com pelo menos 1 dente não-retido e protocolos de escaneamento dos exames de FOVs de 6, 8 ou 13cm e tamanhos de voxel de 0,25 ou 0,3) e analisados no software i-CAT Vision. Os dados do paciente como idade e gênero foram anotados, bem como o motivo para realização do exame. Procedeu-se a avaliação individual de cada dente por meio de cortes parassagitais ao arco, anotando a quantidade total de dentes e destacando os que apresentaram lesão periapical para posterior análise. Na segunda etapa do estudo, 2 examinadores, sendo uma radiologista e um endodontista avaliaram apenas os exames nos quais foram detectadas lesões periapicais. Cada lesão foi vista em 3 planos (sagital, axial e coronal) e medidas do maior diâmetro no corte mais expressivo foram feitas, usando ferramenta do software. Localização da lesão, comprometimento de cortical e condição do dente relacionado também foram anotados nessa etapa. Como resultado, obteve-se que 51,40% do total de pacientes cujo exame de TCFC permitia observar apenas 1 arco com lesão ou ambos os arcos dentários (n=214) apresentaram lesão periapical. Do total de 5.585 dentes avaliados de 300 pacientes, 192 apresentaram lesão (3,44%). Em relação à idade dos pacientes com lesão, o grupo de 60-69 anos apresentou maior prevalência (73,07%) e o grupo de 12-19 anos apresentou menor prevalência (15%). Em relação a gênero, a prevalência foi similar entre homens e mulheres, sendo a diferença estatisticamente não-significativa. Os exames solicitados como complementação de avaliação endodôntica apresentaram maior prevalência de lesão. A localização mais frequente de lesões periapicais foi em molares inferiores (5,91%) e a menos frequente em incisivos e caninos inferiores (0,63%). As lesões com dimensão entre 4-8mm de diâmetro foram as mais frequentemente encontradas (30,72%, kappa intra=0,87, kappa inter=0,79). A maioria das lesões não apresentou comprometimento de cortical óssea (76,28%, kappa intra=0,97, kappa inter=0,96). Dentes com tratamento endodôntico inadequado apresentaram maior quantidade de lesões (78,18%, kappa intra=0,95, kappa inter=0,85). A partir da análise da amostra estudada, concluiu-se, portanto, que lesões periapicais são frequentemente encontradas em exames de TCFC com diferentes prescrições e que a presença de lesões periapicais tem associação significativa entre idade do paciente, tipo e condição do dente relacionado. / Periapical lesion of endodontic origin is a consequence of the pulp necrosis caused by the presence of microorganisms within the root canal system. This lesion is usually chronic and asymptomatic and, therefore, the image examinations are important for its detection. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is an advanced new technology, which can be very useful for the assessment of periapical lesions and their features. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of periapical lesions in jaws detected in CBCT images, as well as to classify the found lesions into the following criteria: patients age and gender; purpose of the CBCT scan; location and size of the lesion, as well as cortical bone and related tooth condition. The images of 300 patients who underwent a Classic i-CAT CBCT scan in Bauru Dental School (FOB-USP) and in a private radiologic office were assessed. The first part of the study involved the selection of the exams according to the inclusion criteria (patients ≥ 12 years old; maxilla/ mandible with at least 1 present tooth and scanning protocols using 6, 8 or 13 cm FOV and 0.25 or 0.3 voxel) using i-CAT Vision software. Data about patients age and gender were recorded, as well as the reason for the CBCT scan. Each tooth has been individually assessed in transversal slices. The total amount of teeth in each jaw and the presence or absence of periapical lesion have been recorded. In the second part of the study, 2 examiners (Dental Radiology and Endodontics experts) assessed the examinations in which periapical lesions have been detected. Each lesion has been evaluated in 3 dimensions (sagittal, axial and coronal) and the measurement was performed using specific tool of the software in the largest diameter (mm) in the most representative slice. The lesion location, cortical bone condition and related tooth condition were also recorded. Periapical lesion was found in 51.40% of the patients who presented CBCT images of a single jaw with lesion or both jaws (n=214). From the total amount of 5585 evaluated teeth of 300 patients, 192 presented lesion (3.44%). Concerning patients age, the 60-69 years old group presented the higher prevalence (73.07%) and the 12-19 years old group presented the lower prevalence (15%). As far as gender is concerned, the prevalence has been similar between men and women and the difference was not statistically significant. The scans performed in order to complement endodontic assessment presented the higher prevalence of periapical lesion. The most frequent location of the lesions was mandibular molars (5.91%) and the less frequent was mandibular incisors and canines (0.63%). The lesions with 4-8mm size were the most frequently found (30.72%, intra kappa=0.87, inter kappa=0.79). The most part of the lesions has not presented cortical bone changes (76.28%, intra kappa=0.97, inter kappa=0.96). The higher prevalence of lesion has been found in teeth with inadequate endodontic treatment (78.18%, intra kappa=0.95, inter kappa=0.85). It is possible to conclude that periapical lesions may be frequently found in CBCT examinations of different purposes and that the presence of periapical lesions has significant association with patients age and tooths type and condition.

Introdução - O uso de bicos artificiais é um hábito cultural com alta prevalência em diversos países. Profissionais e mães acreditam que o uso desses utensílios seja inofensivo, ou mesmo necessário, para o desenvolvimento da criança, tendo atitude indiferente ou permissiva frente ao seu uso indiscriminado. Há mais de 30 anos, consenso científico internacional reconhece bicos artificiais e leites industriais como responsáveis por parte dos índices de morbimortalidade infantil e alterações na saúde da criança. Objetivo - Analisar a influência de fatores socioeconômicos, biológicos e da atuação dos serviços de saúde sobre o uso de bicos artificiais (chupetas e mamadeiras) entre crianças menores de um ano nas capitais brasileiras e Distrito Federal(DF). Métodos- Estudo com delineamento transversal realizado a partir do banco de dados da II Pesquisa de Prevalência de Aleitamento Materno nas Capitais e DF em 2008 na segunda fase da Campanha Nacional de Multivacinação. Foi utilizada amostra por conglomerados, com sorteio em dois estágios. O questionário era composto por questões fechadas incluindo perguntas sobre o uso de chupeta e mamadeira no dia anterior à pesquisa. Foram analisados os fatores associados ao uso de bicos artificiais considerando três desfechos: 1)Uso exclusivo da chupeta; 2)Uso exclusivo da mamadeira; e 3)Uso de bicos artificiais (chupeta e mamadeira). As razões de prevalência e os intervalos de confiança foram obtidos por meio da regressão de Poisson seguindo modelo hierárquico. Resultados Participaram 34.366 crianças menores de um ano. Identificou-se como fatores associados ao uso exclusivo de chupeta mãe trabalhar fora do lar (RP=1,18), primiparidade (RP=1,28), não ter mamado na 1ªhora (RP=1,15) e uso de chá no1ºdia em casa (RP=1,37). Para o uso exclusivo de mamadeira, identificou-se: mãe trabalhar fora do lar (RP=1,39), primiparidade (RP=1,28), baixo peso ao nascer (RP=1,21) não ter mamado na 1ªhora (RP=1,08), uso de leite artificial (RP=1,82) e do chá (RP=1,96) no 1ºdia em casa. O uso de bicos artificiais associou-se ao trabalho materno fora do lar (RP=1,43), primiparidade (RP=1,21), parto cesáreo (RP=1,06), bebês do sexo masculino (RP=1,07), baixo peso ao nascer (RP=1,11), ter nascido em hospital não credenciado como Amigo da Criança (RP=1,12), realizar acompanhamento de saúde na UBS/SUS (RP=0,91), ter ingerido leite artificial (RP=2,06), água (RP=1,18) e chá (RP=1,38) no 1ºdia em casa. Conclusão Caracterizaram-se diferentes perfis de usuários de bicos artificiais, chupetas e mamadeiras. Observaram-se semelhanças e diferenças para cada desfecho. As semelhanças indicam os fatores comuns aos quais profissionais da saúde devem estar atentos. Já as diferenças sugerem que a utilização de chupeta e/ou mamadeira envolve diversas dimensões da vida da mulher/criança/família, perpassando aspectos biopsicossociais e culturais. / Introduction - The use of artificial nipples is a cultural habit with a high prevalence in many different countries. Professionals and mothers believe that the use of those tools is harmless or even necessary for the child\'s development therefore they do not discriminate their use having a permissive approach towards them. For over 30 years, international scientific consensus recognizes artificial nipples and industrialized milk as responsible for part of the morbidity and mortality rates and changes in child\'s health. Objective - To analyze the influence of socioeconomic, biological factors and the health services on the use of pacifier and baby\'s bottle among children under one year old in Brazilian Capitals and Federal District (FD). Methods Cross-sectional study conducted from the database of the Second Research Prevalence of Breastfeeding in all the Brazilian Capitals and FD performed in 2008 in the second phase of the National Vaccination Campaign. Cluster sampling was used, with a draw in two-stages. The questionnaire consisted of closed questions including questions about the use of pacifier and baby\'s bottle on the day preceding the survey. We analyzed the factors associated with the use of artificial nipples considering three possible outcomes: 1)Exclusive use of a pacifier, 2)Exclusive use of the baby\'s bottle, and 3)Use of artificial nipples (pacifiers and baby\'s bottle). Prevalence ratios (PR) and confidence intervals were obtained using Poisson regression following a hierarchical model. Results Sample included 34 366 children under one year old. It was identified as factors associated with exclusive use of a pacifier mother working outside the home (PR = 1.18), primiparity (PR = 1.28), not having breastfed within first hour (PR = 1.15) and use of tea on first day at home (PR = 1.37). For the exclusive use of a bottle, were identified: mother working outside the home (PR = 1.39), primiparity (PR = 1.28), low birth weight (PR = 1.21) had not suckled within first hour (PR = 1.08), use of artificial milk (PR = 1.82) and tea (PR = 1.96) on first day at home. The use of artificial teats was associated with maternal employment outside the home (OR = 1.43), primiparity (PR = 1.21), Cesarean section (PR = 1.06), male infants (PR = 1, 07), low birth weight (PR = 1.11), was born in a hospital is not accredited as \"Baby Friendly\" (PR = 1.12), perform health monitoring in the UBS / SUS (PR = 0.91) , having drunk formula (PR = 2.06), water (PR = 1.18) and tea (PR = 1.38) on first day at home. Conclusion - It was found various user profiles of of pacifier and/or baby\'s bottle. It was observed similarities and differences for each outcome. The similarities indicate common factors to which health professionals should be aware. And the differences suggest that the use of artificial nipples, pacifier or baby\'s bottle involves several dimensions of women\'s lives, biopsychosocial and cultural aspects.

Il a été postulé qu’en plus d’influencer les comportements parentaux, les caractéristiques personnelles des parents joueraient un rôle important dans leur degré de coopération avec leur partenaire (Abidin, 1992 ; Belsky, 1984). Toutefois, peu d’études se sont penchées sur les liens unissant les traits de personnalité des parents et l’alliance parentale (Jacobson et al., 1995; Stright et Bales, 2003). Le premier objectif de l’étude était donc d’évaluer les liens intra-parents, c’est-à-dire si les traits de personnalité d’un parent d’enfant d’âge préscolaire permettent de prédire sa propre perception de l’alliance parentale et ce, après avoir contrôlé pour l’effet de son niveau de scolarité, de son revenu ainsi que de sa perception de sa situation financière. Le second objectif était d’examiner les liens inter-parents, donc de vérifier si les traits de personnalité d’un partenaire contribuent à prédire la perception de l’alliance parentale de l’autre parent. Finalement, le troisième objectif consistait à vérifier s’il existait des différences sexuelles dans les relations prédictives entre les traits de personnalité et l’alliance parentale. L’échantillon est composé de 170 dyades de parents ayant un enfant âgé entre 42 et 48 mois et résidant dans la grande région métropolitaine de Montréal. Les parents ont été évalués par le biais de questionnaires auto-révélés. Les résultats montrent que l’amabilité des mères et la stabilité émotionnelle des pères sont positivement associées à leur perception de l’alliance parentale. De plus, une forte amabilité chez les conjoints prédit positivement l’alliance parentale, autant pour les mères que les pères. Par ailleurs, le trait d’amabilité maternelle prédit significativement mieux la perception de l’alliance parentale des pères que l’amabilité paternelle. Toutefois, aucune différence sexuelle significative n’a été constatée quant à la magnitude de la contribution des traits de personnalité des parents sur la perception de l’alliance parentale des mères. Cette étude met en lumière l’importance de certaines caractéristiques personnelles influençant la perception de la coopération entre les parents sur la sphère parentale. / It has been theorized that personality has implications in both parenting behaviours and the extent to which parents are willing to collaborate in order to respond to a child’s changing needs (Abidin, 1992 ; Belsky, 1984 ). However, few studies examined the relationship between parent’s personality traits and their parenting alliance (Jacobson et al., 1995; Stright et Bales, 2003). This study focused on three objectives. The first aim was to examine the influence of parent’s personality traits on his own perception of the parenting alliance. The second objective was to verify if the partner’s personality traits predicted the perception of the parenting alliance of the other parent. Lastly, the study aimed to identify potential sexual differences in the predictive relations between personality traits and parenting alliance. Data was collected using a sample of 170 mothers and fathers of children aged 24 to 48 months, living in the Montreal area, who completed self-report questionnaires. The results of this study show that high agreeableness in mothers and high emotional stability in fathers were linked to better perception of the parenting alliance. Furthermore, spouse’s high agreeableness predicted higher parenting alliance scores, for both parents. Compared to father’s agreeableness, mother’s agreeableness is significantly a better predictor of father’s perception of the parenting alliance. Also, when mother’s and father’s scores were compared, none of the partner’s personality traits emerged as a more significant predictor of the parenting alliance as perceived by mothers. This study provides evidence that some parent’s characteristics are important in understanding how they perceive the cooperation with their spouse in regard to parenting.

Context: The facial subunit principle organizes the facial skin into subunits. Facial reconstruction for skin cancer based on aesthetic units consists of replacing the entire subunit when a large part of a subunit has been removed. Aims: To determine the prevalence of facial skin cancer, their location by facial aesthetic units, and the type of facial reconstruction used in each of them. Settings and Design: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted at the Head and Neck Surgery Service of a general hospital between 2017 and 2018. Materials and Methods: A population census was conducted during this period. Statistical Analysis Used: The categorical variables were expressed as frequencies (percentages). Continuous variables were described as the means and standard deviations or medians and interquartile ranges. Results: The most common skin cancer was basal cell skin cancer, followed by epithelial skin cancer and, at last, melanoma. In general, the most frequent localization of these cancers was the nose. Conclusions: In spite of primary closure being the most common form of reconstruction, a considerable number of patients required facial reconstruction based on aesthetic facial units, with satisfying results. / Revisión por pares

Bakgrund: Att barn drabbas av hjärtstopp är ovanligt men tyvärr är överlevnadsgraden låg. Träning och repetition inom hjärt- och lungräddning är nödvändig för att sjuksköterskor ska kunna bevara sin kompetens och klara av att utföra HLR med bra kvalitet. Trots att det finns riktlinjer och rekommendationer för barn-HLR är tidsspannet mellan utbildningstillfällena längre än rekommenderat. Motiv: Eftersom HLR på barn sällan behöver utföras och det finns brister i kontinuiteten av den praktiska och teoretiska utbildningen skapas svårigheter för sjuksköterskor att upprätthålla sina kunskaper. Forskning kring hur sjuksköterskors självskattar sin kompetens inom barn-HLR är mycket bristfällig. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka sjuksköterskors självskattade kompetens att utföra barn-HLR, samt att mäta sambandet mellan den självskattade kompetensen och antalet yrkesår och tid sedan senaste HLR-utbildningen. Metod: Datainsamlingen genomfördes med hjälp av ett självrapporteringsformulär via en webbaserad enkät med sjuksköterskor (n=55) som rekryterades via ett icke slumpmässigt urval. Resultat: Sjuksköterskorna skattade sin kompetens inom larmrutiner, luftvägshantering, kompressionsteknik och sin övergripande kompetens inom HLR som hög. Svaga skillnader hittades hos de som självskattat sin kompetens till hög respektive låg, där de som arbetat längre även skattade sin kompetens som högre. Konklusion: Det är kanske inte utbildningen i sig som påverkar den självskattade kompetensen inom barn-HLR utan sjuksköterskans kliniska erfarenhet. En hög självskattad kompetens inom barn-HLR ger inga garantier för ett korrekt utförande och eftersom behovet av mer utbildning och simulering var högt kan det finnas en osäkerhet gällande kunskap och utförandet bland sjuksköterskorna. Att främja sjuksköterskors kompetensutveckling inom verksamheten kan bidra till en ökad kunskap och ett mer korrekt utförande av barn-HLR och därmed ge det drabbade barnet en högre chans till överlevnad. / Background: The fact that children suffer from cardiac arrest is unusual, but unfortunately the survival rate is low. Training and repetition in cardiopulmonary resuscitation is necessary for nurses to be able to maintain their competence and be able to perform CPR with good quality. Although there are guidelines and recommendations for pediatric CPR, the time span between training sessions is longer than recommended. Motive: As CPR on children rarely needs to be performed and there are shortcomings in the continuity of the practical and theoretical training, difficulties are created for nurses to maintain their knowledge. Research on how nurses' self-assess their competence in pediatric CPR is very deficient. Aim: The purpose of the studies was to investigate nurses' self-assessed competence to perform pediatric CPR, and to measure the relationship between the self-assessed competence and the number of professional years and time since the most recent CPR training. Methods: The data collection was carried out using a self-report form via a web-based questionnaire with nurses (n = 55) which was recruited via a non-random sample. Result: The nurses rated their competence in alarm routines, airway management, compression technology and their overall competence in CPR as high. Weak differences were found among those who self-assessed their skills to high and low, respectively, where those who worked longer also rated their skills as higher. Conclusion: It may not be the education itself that affects the self-assessed competence in pediatric CPR but the nurse's clinical experience. A high self-rated competence in pediatric CPR provides no guarantees for a correct execution and since the need for more training and simulation was high, there may be an uncertainty regarding knowledge and execution among the nurses. Promoting nurses' competence development within the business can contribute to increased knowledge and a more correct execution of pediatric CPR and thus give the affected child a higher chance of survival.

Introduction: The consumption of fast food and soft drinks is a risk factor for developing overweight and obesity. This study aimed at assessing if there is association between household socioeconomic level and the consumption of fast food and soft drinks among children. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional assessment of the data from the third round (2009-2010) of the youngest cohort of the Young Lives study in Peru was conducted. Sampling was conducted in three stages: In the first one, the country was divided into equal geographical regions, excluding the 5% of the richest district; in the second stage, 20 sentinel sites were chosen and an area within each sentinel site was selected. Finally, in the third stage, eligible children were selected. Outcomes were the self-reported consumption of fast food and soft drinks (never, sometimes, and always), whereas the exposure was household socioeconomic status (in quintiles). Crude and adjusted models were created between variables of interest using Poisson regression models, with robust variance, to report prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Results: Data of 1901 children, of which 942 (49.6%) were girls, with a mean age of 7.5 (SD: 0.5) was analyzed. A total of 24.1% (95%CI: 22.2%-26.1%) reported always consuming fast food, whilst this number was 22.4% (20.5%-24.3%) for soft drinks. Compared to the lowest socioeconomic quintile, those who were in higher socioeconomic status had more probability of consuming fast food and soft drinks (Chi-squared for trends <0.001). The highest socioeconomic quintile had a greater probability to always consume fast food (PR=1.42; 95%CI: 1.08-1.88) and soft drinks (PR=1.71; 95%CI: 1.24-2.37). Conclusions: This study shows that there is a significant association between the household socioeconomic level and the consumption of soft drinks and fast food. / Revisión por pares

Denna uppsats försöker besvara frågan: Vad förklarar skillnader i trångboddhet mellan OECD:s medlemsländer? Detta görs genom tvärsnittsstudie där jag analyserar vilken effekt faktorerna Hyresreglering, Reglering av byggbranschen, Demografiska förändringar, Styrande regeringsparti och Välstånd har på Trångboddheten. Tjugonio av OECD:s medlemsländer har tagits med i analysen. Med hjälp av en multipel linjär regression baserat på observationsdata från variablerna presenteras resultaten. Slutsatserna är att Reglering av byggbranschen och Välstånd har störst effekt på Trångboddheten. / This paper attempts to answer the research question: What explains the differences in housing density between the members of the OECD? This is done by a cross-sectional study in which I analyze the impact of rent regulation, regulation of the construction industry, demographic changes, executive government party and wealth has on the dependent variable housing density. Twenty-nine of the OECD members have been included in the analysis. The paper is using a multiple linear regression to analyze the results. The conclusions are that the regulation of the construction industry and wealth has the greatest effect on housing density.

Contexte: Le diabète de type 2 est un problème de santé publique important. La pratique régulière de l’activité physique contribue à la prévention de cette maladie chronique. Toutefois, peu de recherches portent sur l’association entre l’activité physique de transport, notamment la marche utilitaire, et le diabète. Objectif : L’objectif de cette étude est d’examiner l’association entre la présence d’un diagnostic de diabète de type 2 et les pratiques de marche utilitaire dans un échantillon transversal. Méthode : Cette étude est une analyse secondaire de données provenant d’un projet de recherche sur l’implantation d’un système de vélos libre-service. 7012 adultes ont été recrutés par téléphone au printemps 2009, à l’automne 2009 et à l’automne 2010. La marche utilitaire a été mesurée en utilisant des questions adaptées du International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). L’association entre la marche utilitaire et le diabète auto-rapporté a été examinée au moyen d’analyses de régression logistique multivariées. L’influence des variables socio- démographiques, du niveau d’activité physique autre et de l’indice de masse corporelle a été contrôlée. Des analyses de sensibilité ont aussi été faites, utilisant un seuil différent pour le temps de marche utilitaire. Résultats : Dans le modèle final, la marche utilitaire est associée à une prévalence du diabète plus faible (RC=0,721; IC 95% : 0,547-0,950). Conclusion: La pratique de la marche utilitaire est associée à une prévalence plus faible de diabète auto-rapporté. La promotion de ce type d’activité physique aurait sa place dans la prévention du diabète dans une perspective de santé publique. / Background: Type 2 diabetes is an important public health problem. Regular involvement in physical activity contributes to the prevention of this chronic disease. However, limited research has examined associations between transportation physical activity, especially utilitarian walking, and diabetes. Purpose: To examine the association between utilitarian walking and the prevalence of diabetes in a cross-sectional sample. Methods: Secondary analysis of data from a research project on the reach and potential impact of the implementation of a public bicycle share program was conducted. A sample of 7012 adults were recruited to telephone surveys in spring 2009, fall 2009, and fall 2010 via random-digit dialing with oversampling in locations where the public bike share was available. Utilitarian walking was estimated using questions adapted from the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Multivariable logistic regression models examined the association between utilitarian walking and diabetes. The influence of socio- demographic covariates, involvement in other physical activities, and body mass index were controlled and sensitivity analyses were performed. Sensitivity analyses were performed using a different cut-off for utilitarian walking time. Results: In final models, utilitarian walking was associated with a lower likelihood of self-reporting diabetes (OR=0.721; 95% CI: 0.547, 0.950). Conclusion: Adoption of utilitarian walking is associated with a lower likelihood of reporting diabetes. Replication of these results in longitudinal studies could have implications for strategies to encourage people to incorporate more walking into their daily routine.

INTRODUÇÃO: O uso de drogas entre universitários tem sido documentado mundialmente por grandes levantamentos estatísticos. No Brasil, estudos regionais têm sido realizados com esse propósito, a exemplo dos levantamentos que têm sido feitos há 13 anos entre os universitários da Universidade de São Paulo USP, Brasil. OBJETIVOS: O presente estudo teve por objetivo descrever os resultados do referido levantamento referente ao ano de 2009 e compará-los aos dos anteriores (1996 e 2001) com a finalidade de identificar tendências de uso para orientar as autoridades competentes quanto ao desenvolvimento de estratégias adequadas de controle. MÉTODOS: Estudo epidemiológico transversal cuja amostra foi selecionada por estratificação e conglomerados. Adotou-se um instrumento de pesquisa de autopreenchimento, anônimo, que caracterizou o uso de drogas através de três medidas: uso na vida, nos últimos 12 meses e nos últimos 30 dias. PARTICIPANTES: 10.913 alunos dos cursos de graduação da USP dos campi Cidade Universitária, Complexo da Saúde e Faculdade de Direito. RESULTADOS: Os estudantes da USP vêm consumindo menos drogas (1996 e 2009). Entre eles, testemunha-se a diminuição do uso de inalantes e aumento do uso de anfetamínicos em todas as medidas avaliadas. Os alunos das ciências Humanas fazem uso de drogas com maior frequência. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados desta pesquisa acompanham as tendências norte americanas. O uso de álcool e de esctasy merecem destaque nessa população, sendo necessários estudos mais aprofundados sobre o tema / INTRODUCTION: Substance use among college students has been reported worldwide by large statistical surveys. In Brazil, regional studies have been conducted with this purpose, similar to the longitudinal survey that has been performed for 13 years among college students from University of São Paulo USP, Brazil. AIMS: The present study aimed to describe the 2009 results and compare them to previous surveys (1996 and 2001) in order to identify substance use trends that could guide the responsible authorities in the development of adequate control strategies. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional epidemiological study with a multistage stratified cluster sample. The instrument was an anonymous self-administered questionnaire that evaluated lifetime, past-year and past-month substance use. SAMPLE: 10.913 students from graduation courses at the different USP campi: University City, Complex Health Center and School of Law. RESULTS: The students from USP have been consuming fewer drugs (1996 and 2009), with a special decreased use of inhalants and increased use of amphetamines in all periods evaluated. Human Science students consume drugs more frequently. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this survey are consistent with the trends observed in North America. Alcohol and esctasy use definitely deserve more attention within this population and further studies in this area are indeed necessary

A toxocaríase é uma zoonose muito difundida em todo o mundo. Trata-se da infecção humana, em especial pelas larvas de Toxocara canis, um nematóide comum de cães. O objetivo do presente estudo foi levantar a soropositividade a anticorpos anti-Toxocara spp, identificar os fatores de risco em grupos de escolares da cidade de Fernandópolis/SP e avaliar a contaminação do solo por ovos desse e de outros geo-helmintos entre os anos de 2007 e 2008. Foi realizado um estudo transversal utilizando-se amostragem complexa e estratificada, por renda, para a avaliação da toxocaríase humana. O método diagnóstico empregado foi o teste de ELISA para detecção de anticorpos IgG anti-Toxocara spp. O estudo da contaminação do solo deu-se por meio da avaliação de amostras de solo de praças, parques públicos e escolas municipais e pela avaliação de amostras de fezes provenientes de 10 praças públicas. Foram avaliados 252 indivíduos em dois estratos, o primeiro representando baixa renda com 120 (47,6%) crianças e o segundo com 132 (52,4%) representando renda elevada. A frequência geral de positividade ao antígeno TES foi de 15,4% (39), sendo 28,3% (34) para o primeiro estrato contra 3,7% (5) do segundo (p<0,000). A exposição à geofagia (exposto OR ajustado 14,65 - IC95% = 2,14 a 89,25 e muito expostos OR ajustado 19,15 a IC95% = 2,96 a 123,94), o hábito de levar objetos à boca (exposto OR ajustado 9,31 - IC95% = 1,63 a 53,03 e muito expostos OR ajustado 42,29 a IC95% = 5,49 a 326,01) e a presença de mais de dois cães em domicílio (OR ajustado 21,25 = 1,7 a 264,87) foram variáveis associadas à positividade. O hábito de lavar as mãos antes das refeições (OR ajustado 0,01 - IC95% 0,00 a 0,05) representou importante fator de proteção. Foram avaliadas 225 amostras de solo, sendo 71% (160) provenientes de praças e parques públicos e 29% (65), de escolas municipais. Foi observado alto grau de contaminação de praças e parques públicos 28,4% (64), ao passo que nas escolas a positividade foi de 1,7% (6). Os parasitos encontrados com maior frequência foram de Toxocara spp 79,6% (47), Trichuris spp 13,5% (8) e ancilostomídeo 6,4% (4). Foram avaliadas ainda 400 amostras de fezes de cães, e observou-se uma positividade de 23,7% (95). Os parasitos observados com maior frequência nas amostras positivas foram ancilostomídeo símile 74,7% (71) e Toxocara canis, 53,6% (51). A positividade a anticorpos anti-Toxocara spp em indivíduos de 1 a 12 anos de idade, provenientes de cinco escolas do município de Fernandópolis/SP, foi relativamente baixa. Os principais fatores de risco/proteção dizem respeito às questões modificáveis como a geofagia, o hábito de levar objetos à boca, a existência de mais de dois cães em domicílio e o hábito de lavar as mãos antes das refeições. Os solos de praças e parques públicos de Fernandópolis/SP e amostras de fezes recolhidas em ambiente estavam altamente contaminados com geo-helmintos zoonóticos e representam fonte de infecção relevante para a população / Toxocariasis is a zoonosis of worldwide occurrence. It is defined as the human infection by larvae of nematodes, especially Toxocara canis, common intestinal parasite of dogs. The aim of this study was to estimate the frequency of anti-Toxocara spp antibodies, identify risk factors in groups of school children from the city of Fernandópolis/SP and evaluate soil contamination by eggs of this and other geohelminths between 2007 and 2008. It was conducted a cross-sectional study using complex sampling for the assessment of human toxocariasis. The diagnostic method used was the ELISA test for detection of IgG anti-Toxocara spp antibodies. The study of soil contamination was done through evaluation of soil samples from public places, sand boxes of municipal schools and evaluation of dogs stool samples from 10 public places. Two hundred and fifty two children were evaluated in two strata, the first with 120 children (47.6%) from low income families and the second with 132 (52.4%) from high income ones. The overall frequency of antibodies anti-Toxocara spp was 15.4% (39), being 28.3% (34) for the first stratum compared with 3.7% (5) of the second (p <0.000). The exposure to geophagy (exposed: adjusted OR 14.65 - CI 95% = 2.14 to 89.25; very exposed: adjusted OR 19.15 - CI 95%= 2.96 to 123.94), the habit of rising objects up to the mouth (exposed: adjusted OR 9.31 1.63 to 53.03; very exposed: adjusted OR 42.29 - CI 95%= 5.49 to 326.01) and the presence of more than two dogs at home (adjusted OR 21.25 - 1.7 to 264.87) were variables associated with positivity. The habit of washing hands before meals (adjusted OR 0.01 - CI 95% = 0.00 to 0.05) represented an important protective factor. Were evaluated 225 samples of soil: 71% (160) from public places and 29% (65) of municipal schools. It was observed a high contamination of public places with 28.4% (64) being positive, while in school positivity was 1.7% (6). The most frequent parasites eggs found were Toxocara spp 79.6% (47), Trichuris spp 13.5% (8) and Ancylostomatidae 6.4% (4). They were also evaluated 400 fecal samples of dogs and observed a positivity of 23.7% (95). The most frequent parasites observed in positive samples were Ancylostoma simile 74.7% (71) and Toxocara canis 53.6% (51). The anti-Toxocara spp antibodies positivity in school children from Fernandópolis/SP was relatively low. The main factors of risk/protection concern to modifiable issues like geophagy, the habit of rising objects up to the mouth, the existence of more than two dogs at home and the habit of washing hands before meals. The soil of public places of Fernandópolis/SP and feces samples collected from the environment were highly contaminated with zoonotic helminths and represent important source of infection for the population