The Iran's nuclear program makes really deep wrinkles to the United States as one of the main supporters of peace and stability in the world. Despite the fact that Iran has not showed any tests of its nuclear weapons, the USA still tends to destroy Iranian nuclear facilities to protect its national interests. The aim of the thesis is not only to analyze US foreign policy towards Iran but also to deal with the issue of the US non-intervention of Iranian territory to halt the Iranian nuclear program.

This thesis focuses on the analysis of the current state of an information system in order to detect it´s deficiencies and to propose a motion for their elimination. Via application of selected methods, it reveals lack in the system security policy, on which this thesis further focuses. Specifies how to implement asset assessment as a part of the risk management in the company and also contains its own security policy solution using Safetica software, which helps reducing the likelihood of the company security incidents.

The aim of this master‘s thesis is the description of the information security implementation into a specific small business. The theoretical part of the paper summarizes the information of related standards and methods. The analytical part describes the process, information and ICT enviroment of a particular organization. The third part of this thesis focuses on a risk analysis and choosing and deployment the relevant controls and their objectives for ISMS implementation.

This work proposes the system for dynamic enforcement of access rights on Android. Each suspicious application can be repackaged by this system, so that the access to selected private data is restricted for the outer world. The system intercepts the system calls using Aurasium framework and adds an innovative approach of tracking the information flows from the privacy-sensitive sources using tainting mechanism without need of administrator rights. There has been designed file-level and data-level taint propagation and policy enforcement based on Android binder.

The thesis explores the use of the term European Strategic Autonomy in the Common Security and Defence Policy (CFSP) of the European Union. The security environment around Europe has become increasingly unstable in the last 15 years. The EU Commission has tried to take account of the deteriorating geopolitical landscape by publishing an EU Global Strategy document in 2016 to share its vision for a stronger Europe. The document calls for strategic autonomy without properly defining it. Since then, many policy papers have captured the term and used it as a popular buzzword. Because it has not been properly defined on the political level, European Strategy Autonomy (ESA) was subject to speculations and national interpretations which did not help to advance the debate. Based on an extensive literature review the paper provides a comprehensive understanding by giving an historic overview and presenting different configurations of ESA in the contemporary context. A comparative case study, including France, Germany, and the Czech Republic has been conducted to assess their interpretation of the notion. The result of the case studies showed inherently different perceptions underlaid by different motivations and identifies the political layer to be the biggest challenge for moving forward with the topic....

The relationship between Russia and Norway is one dictated by the asymmetric nature and ideological differences among the two states. Ever since the Cold War, the relationship has been one of cooperation and communication, characterized by Norway's dual policy and constant balancing between assertiveness and reassurance. After the Russian annexation of Crimea, the Norwegian security policy seemingly shifted in an assertive direction. Russia was once again lifted from the politics of normal to the politics of extra through a securitization. This thesis aims to demonstrate how Russia became resecuritized after the Russian annexation of Crimea. The empirical evidence presented in this thesis demonstrates that this assertive shift that came after the resecuritization of Russia is a result of the Russian demonstration of its modernized military, rather than a natural consequence of the hostile act the annexation was. It seeks to demonstrate that the changing security climate with Russia's new ways of war, or so-called hybrid warfare, coupled with a diminishing US interest in the Alliance, is the reason for this change in Norwegian security policy.

En ny geopolitisk våg kan skönjas, Europeiska unionen vill stärka sin geopolitiska makt och små stater som Sverige, Norge och Finland påtalar vikten av samarbete kopplat mot bakgrund av den försämrade säkerhetssituationen. Ett antal händelser visar på detta; den ryska annekteringen av Krim 2014, ökad rysk militär närvaro och styrkeprojektion i olika länders närområden samt geopolitiska infrastrukturprojekt syftandes till maktutövning där Kina är en framträdande aktör.  I ljuset av detta kan en jämförande studie bidra till förståelse och insikter rörande olika säkerhetspolitiska förutsättningar som är till nytta då samarbeten mellan olika länder ökar på det säkerhetspolitiska området. Trender och fokusområden kan klarläggas och därmed fungera som en indikator på vilka säkerhetspolitiska åtgärder som prioriteras för framtiden. Genom en jämförande fallstudie byggd på kvalitativ innehållsanalys undersöks hur länderna Sverige, Norge och Finland valt att kommunicera den säkerhetspolitiska situationen. Analysen tar sin teoretiska utgångspunkt från geopolitiken. De huvudsakliga resultaten visar på att geopolitiken alltjämt är aktuell och genomsyrar det empiriska materialet, men ny teknik och ett globaliserat samhälle skapar nya utmaningar. Sverige, Norge och Finland är alla beroende av stormakters agerande i sitt närområde och utvecklingen i Arktis är av stor betydelse för ländernas säkerhetspolitik. Resultatet visar dock på tre säkerhetspolitiska realiteter som till del skiljer länderna åt.  Utan dessa insikter kan andra geopolitiska intressen bli tongivande i större säkerhetspolitiska samarbeten. För mindre länder, som de tre vi undersökt, kan utvecklingen i värsta fall gå i en ogynnsam riktning. Ökad geopolitisk förståelse kan också bidra till en ökad acceptans och vilja till samarbete länderna emellan. / A new geopolitical wave can be seen, the European Union wants to strengthen its geopolitical power and small states such as Sweden, Norway and Finland stress the importance of cooperation linked to the deteriorating security situation. A number of events indicate this; the Russian annexation of Crimea in 2014, increased Russian military presence and force projection in areas close to other countries, and geopolitical infrastructure projects aimed at the exercise of power where China is a prominent player. In light of this, a comparative study can contribute to understanding and insights regarding different security policy conditions that are useful as cooperation between different countries increases in the field of security policy. Trends and focus areas can be clarified and thus serve as an indicator of what security policy measures will be prioritized for the future. A comparative case study based on qualitative content analysis examines how the countries Sweden, Norway and Finland have chosen to communicate the security policy situation. The analysis takes its theoretical starting point from geopolitics. The main findings show that geopolitics is still current and are present throughout the empirical material, but new technologies and a globalized society create new challenges. Sweden, Norway and Finland are all dependent on the actions of superpowers in their immediate area and developments in the Arctic are of great importance for the surveyed countries security policy. However, the results show three security policy realities that partly differentiate the surveyed countries from each other. Without these insights, other geopolitical interests can become influential in major security policy collaborations. For smaller countries, such as the three we surveyed, the worst-case scenario, is that these interests may be moving in an unfavorable direction. Increased geopolitical understanding can also contribute to increased acceptance and willingness to cooperate between countries.

Bakgrund: Banker fyller en mycket viktig funktion i samhället och har sedan digitaliseringen varit särskilt utsatta för cyberhot. Samtidigt bygger bankens verksamhet till stor del på att upprätthålla förtroendet hos sina kunder, varpå det är av stor vikt för banker att ha en hög cybersäkerhet. Framför allt kan interna cyberhot i form av mänskliga misstag konstateras vara den svaga länken i bankers säkerhetsarbete idag. Därför är det intressant att undersöka hur banker i Sverige arbetar för att öka cybersäkerheten genom formella och informella styrmedel, som kan påverka anställdas beteenden.  Syfte: Studien syftar till att bidra till ökad förståelse om hur banker styr sin verksamhet med formella och informella styrmedel för att förebygga interna cyberhot på arbetsplatsen.  Metod: Studien har ett hermeneutiskt perspektiv och är utformad enligt en kvalitativ metod. Vidare har en abduktiv ansats format uppsatsen. Syfte och frågeställningar har besvarats genom en flerfallstudie av fyra olika banker i Sverige. Det empiriska materialet har inhämtats med hjälp av intervjuer med representanter från respektive bank som arbetar med säkerhet.  Slutsats: För att förebygga interna cyberhot arbetar banker med formella styrmedel främst i form av regler, där de tar hjälp av globala standarder vid utformningen. Reglerna utformas även utifrån bankens kultur och uppdateras ofta. Vi har sett att kompetens och medvetenhet inom cybersäkerhet hos anställda är något som samtliga fallföretag värderar högt, och för att stärka kompetensen lägger bankerna stora resurser på utbildning. Att göra säkerhetstänket till en naturlig del av anställdas dagliga arbete har framför allt understrukits av respondenterna, samtidigt som arbetet med kultur till stor del görs passivt då det starka regelverket formar kulturen. Informella dialoger menas dock vara något som ökar medvetenheten och därmed stärker kulturen. Slutligen har vi identifierat att samtliga styrmedel nämnda ovan påverkar varandra, varpå det är viktigt att ha ett helhetstänk vid styrningsarbetet vad gäller cybersäkerhet. / Background: Banks play an important role in society and have since the increasing digitalization been particularly exposed to cyber threats. At the same time, the bank's operations are largely based on maintaining trust of its customers, and therefore it is of great importance for banks to have a high level of cyber security. Above all, internal cyber threats in the form of human error constitute one of the greatest risks to banks' security work today. Therefore, it is interesting to investigate how banks work to mitigate internal cyber threats through formal and informal management controls.  Purpose: This study aims to contribute to an increased understanding of how banks use formal and informal management control to mitigate internal cyber threats in the workplace.  Methodology: This study adopts a hermeneutic perspective and uses qualitative method. Furthermore, an abductive approach has shaped the essay. The purpose and research questions have been answered through a multiple case study of four different banks in Sweden. The empirical material has been obtained with the help of interviews with representatives from each bank who work with security.  Conclusion: To prevent internal cyber threats, banks work with rules which global standards and the company’s culture help design. We have noted that competence and awareness in cyber security is something that is valued highly. To strengthen the competence banks invest large resources in training. Making the idea of safety a natural part of employees' daily work has above all been emphasized by, at the same time as cultural development is largely done passively as the strong regulations shape culture. Informal dialogues, however, increase awareness and thus strengthen culture. Finally, we have identified that all the management controls mentioned above affect each other. Therefore, it is important to have a holistic approach to the governance work regarding cyber security.

The strategic decision-making mechanisms a state has at its disposal to shape and develop its military means of power are complex. Perceptions of the outside world may be particularly problematic because perceptions of threats change. Political decisions which aim to create robust and long-term security strategies where several factors must be taken into account that are largely determined by the interests of other actors can be difficult to understand and explain. The investment in defence set out in Swedish Defence Bill 2020 is a paradigm shift from reducing to enlarging the armed forces This involves a continued investment into a dedicated professional defence, but in combination with conscription, new establishment of regiments, more military units and increased materiel investment. The purpose of this study is to, examine the driving forces and explanatory factors linked to this paradigm shift, where political decisions to enlarge the military are in focus and examined using Graham Allison and Philip Zelikow's three theoretical perspectives on strategic decision-making. The results of this study clearly show that the dominant driving force for the re-expansion of Sweden's defence capability was the deteriorating external situation, which was evident in terms of all three theoretical perspectives. It is also possible to see traces of other driving forces in the bill, such as long-termism, sustainability and the degree of detailed control of the Armed Forces, which demonstrates the complexity of political decision-making about the creation of military power.

This graduate thesis analyzes the security policy of the United States during the previous administration of President George W. Bush and the current administration of President Obama. The first section is devoted to a detailed analysis of the security strategies of both administrations as well as to their practical applications, not only in the field of defense and military, but also in foreign trade and building of alliances and partnerships. Based on this analysis the first part concludes that, although the Obama's security policy is criticized for being just a "Bush lite", it differs clearly in almost all mentioned areas. The thesis identifies, as the most essential, the difference in the overall concept of the security policy, which is multilateral and less militarily engaged at the time of the Obama administration than during the Bush administration which is characterized by unilateral approach with pre-emptive use of force. The second part of this thesis thus builds on these major differences. Based on previous analysis of both policies then generates hypotheses which aim at finding a cause of this change. To test the hypotheses this study makes use of three classical theories of international relations, which include elements that have been previously identified as a possible driving force...