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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
81

Conseqüências da defaunação na dispersão e predação de sementes e no recrutamento de plântulas da palmeira Brejaúva (Astrocaryum aculeatissimum) na Mata Atlântica. / Consequences of defaunation on seed dispersal, seed predation and seedlings recruitment of the brejaúva palm (Astrocaryum aculeatissimum) in The Atlantic Forest.

Donatti, Camila Iotte 21 December 2004 (has links)
As palmeiras figuram entre as espécies vegetais mais importantes aos animais, já que seus frutos são bastante nutritivos e estão disponíveis geralmente em épocas de escassez de alimentos. Uma gama de animais alimentam-se de seus frutos, incluindo aves, morcegos, mamíferos não voadores, répteis, peixes e insetos. As palmeiras com frutos grandes apresentam, entretanto, limitação na dispersão de suas sementes, pois apenas poucas espécies animais podem atuar como dispersoras. As florestas tropicais vêm sofrendo da chamada “síndrome de florestas vazias", onde interações mutualísticas e agonísticas entre animais e plantas já foram perdidas, pela ausência de dispersores e predadores de sementes e herbívoros de grande porte. O primeiro capítulo teve como objetivo verificar os frugívoros que dispersam e predam as sementes da palmeira brejaúva, Astrocaryum aculeatissimum, bem como avaliar as proporções de predação das sementes por invertebrados e o recrutamento de plântulas próximos às plantas-mãe. No segundo capítulo foi avaliado o efeito da defaunação, relacionado a abundância de cutias, na remoção e na distância de dispersão das sementes. A predação por invertebrados e o recrutamento de plântulas e jovens ao redor da planta mãe também foram comparados em cinco áreas na Mata Atlântica com diferentes abundâncias de cutias. As hipóteses testadas foram que as áreas com baixas abundâncias de cutias apresentariam uma menor remoção das sementes, uma maior predação por invertebrados e um menor recrutamento de plântulas. Além das cutias (Dasyprocta spp.), ratos de espinho (Trynomis iheringi) e esquilos (Sciurus aestuans) também foram os responsáveis pela remoção de sementes e atuaram mais como dispersores do que predadores nos cinco dias de exposição das sementes. A massa das sementes não mostrou relação com a remoção pelas espécies animais. Sementes mais pesadas foram levadas a maiores distâncias da planta-mãe e as sementes predadas foram levadas a maiores distâncias do que as sementes dispersas. As áreas mais defaunadas mostraram uma menor porcentagem de remoção de sementes, bem como de predação e dispersão. A proporção de endocarpos predados por vertebrados foi maior na área com maior abundância de cutias (Ilha Anchieta) e as proporções de endocarpos intactos e predados por invertebrados foram maiores na área com menor abundância (Xixová Japuí). O recrutamento de plântulas embaixo das plantas-mãe amostradas não mostrou diferença significativa entre as áreas. O número de plântulas de Astrocaryum aculeatissimum nos 0,8 ha amostrados em cada área foi maior na Ilha do Cardoso, onde há também uma alta densidade de cutias e o menor recrutamento foi encontrado em Xixová Japuí, a área mais defaunada. Como a espécie estudada não é dispersa por uma grande diversidade de frugívoros, mudanças sutis na composição faunística do local podem ter efeitos cruciais na população da brejaúva a longo prazo. O estudo mostrou que o decréscimo populacional de cutias diminui a remoção, a predação e a dispersão de sementes, aumenta a proporção de sementes predadas por invertebrados embaixo das plantas-mãe, diminuindo o recrutamento das plântulas de Astrocaryum aculeatissimum. / The palms are among the most important plant species to the animals, because their fruits are nutritive and are available in periods of fruit scarcity. Lots of animals feed on palm fruits, including birds, bats, non-volant mammals, reptiles, fishes and insects. The palm species with big fruits show, however, limitation in seed dispersal because only a few animal`s species can act as dispersers. The tropical forest has suffered the “Empty Forest Syndrome", where mutualistic and agonistic interactions between animals and plants have just gone due to the absence of seed dispersers and predators and large size herbivores. The first chapter has as an objective study the frugivores responsible to disperse and predate the seeds of the palm brejaúva Astrocaryum aculeatissimum and evaluate the proportion of seed predation by invertebrates and the seedling recruitment close to the mother-plant. In the second chapter, the defaunation effect was evaluated, related to the agoutis’ abundance, on the removal and on the seed dispersal distance. The seed predation by invertebrates and the seedling and juvenile recruitment near the mother-plant were compared in five study sites with different agoutis`abundance. The principal hypothesis was that in areas with low agoutis’ abundance, the seed removal and the seedling recruitment were lower and the seed predation by invertebrates were higher. Besides agoutis (Dasyprocta spp.), spiny rats (Trynomis iheringi) and squirrels (Sciurus aestuans) were also responsible for the seed removal and acted more as seed dispersers than seed predators, during the five days of the experiment. The seed mass didn`t show relation with the seed removal by each of the animal species. Heavier seeds were carried to long distances, and the predated seeds were carried longer than the dispersed seeds. The most defaunated study site showed less seed removal, seed dispersal and seed predation. The proportion of seed predation by vertebrates was higher in study site with higher agoutis` abundance (Ilha Anchieta) and the proportion of intacts endocarps and predated by invertebrates were higher in the study site with less agoutis’ abundance (Xixová Japuí). The seedling recruitment near the mother plant didn`t show difference among the areas. The number of Astrocaryum aculeatissimum seedlings in the 0,8 hectares sampled in each area was higher at Ilha do Cardoso, where we have a high agoutis’ abundance and the smaller recruitment was found in Xixová Japuí, the more defaunated area. The study showed that the decrease in agoutis` population, decrease the Astrocaryum aculeatissimum seed removal, dispersal and predation and increase the seed predation by invertebrates, decreasing the seedling recruitment.
82

Diversidade e riqueza funcional de assembleias de aves na Mata Atlântica / Functional richness and diversity of bird assemblages in the Atlantic Forest

Bovo, Alex Augusto de Abreu 02 February 2016 (has links)
A composição das assembleias de aves sofre mudanças de acordo com alterações na paisagem em que ocorrem. A transição de florestas para outros usos do solo pode modificar também o conjunto de funções e, consequentemente, impactar os processos ecológicos desempenhados pelas aves. Desse modo, a presente dissertação teve como objetivos principais: 1) identificar características da estrutura da paisagem que apresentem relação com a diversidade e riqueza funcional de assembleias de aves; e 2) identificar alterações morfológicas na assembleia de aves consumidoras de frutos e discutir seus possíveis impactos no processo de dispersão de sementes. Para isso, um levantamento bibliográfico foi realizado resultando em um banco de dados com 48 assembleias de fragmentos florestais da Mata Atlântica oriundas de 33 estudos. Para cada fragmento foi utilizado um buffer de 2000 m de raio para criar uma paisagem focal, o uso do solo foi classificado em \'floresta\' ou \'não-floresta\', e métricas foram calculadas. As assembleias de aves foram caracterizadas a partir de índices de composição de diversidade e riqueza funcional, usando diversas características morfológicas e de habitat. Regressões lineares e modelos mistos foram usadas para investigar a relação entre características da estrutura da paisagem e i) diversidade e riqueza funcional de aves florestais (obj. 1) e ii) riqueza de espécies, diversidade funcional e características morfológicas para aves consumidoras de frutos (obj. 2). Os resultados mostraram que a área do fragmento, juntamente com área nuclear foram as características mais importantes em relação à manutenção das funções na assembleia de aves florestais, demonstrando a importância de grandes áreas florestais. Para as alterações morfológicas, a diminuição na quantidade de cobertura florestal foi relacionada à diminuição de valores de massa corpórea, índice de asa e largura de bico. A redução desses valores pode implicar na dispersão de sementes menores, na redução de dispersão de espécies com sementes grandes e na redução da área abrangida pela chuva de sementes. / Bird assemblages composition suffer alteration according to landscape changes. The substitution of forest by others land uses can affect the group of functions, and consequently, the ecological process played by birds. This dissertation had two main goals: 1) to identify landscape metrics which has relation with functional diversity and richness of bird assemblages; and 2) to identify morphological changes in fruit-eater bird assemblage and discuss the potentials impacts on the seed dispersal process. To reach this, a database was created using literature data, with 48 bird assemblages of Atlantic Forest remnants from 33 studies. From the most central point of each fragment, was created a focal landscape of 2000 meters buffer, the land use was classified in \'forest\' or \'non-forest\' and metrics was calculated. The index of bird assemblages used were composition and functional diversity and richness, calculated using morphological and habitat traits. Linear regression and mixed models were used to investigate relationships between landscape metrics and i) functional diversity and richness of forest birds (obj. 1) and ii) functional diversity, species richness and morphological traits of fruit-eater birds (obj. 2). The results showed that fragment area and core area were the most important traits to preserve the functions in bird assemblage, demonstrating the importance of big blocks of forest. To morphological changes, the decreasing on forest over was related to decreases on values of: body mass, hand-wing index and bill width. The reduction of these values can promote the dispersal of smaller seeds, reduction on dispersal of plants with big seed and decreases of area cover by seed rain.
83

Frugivoria de Ficus (Moraceae) por aves em paisagens com diferentes níveis de fragmentação florestal no Estado de São Paulo / Frugivory of Ficus (Moraceae) by birds in areas with different levels of forest fragmentation in São Paulo State

Lapate, Mariana Esther 27 November 2009 (has links)
Ficus (Moraceae) é o gênero mais importante para animais frugívoros nas florestas tropicais, considerado um recurso-chave durante períodos de escassez de frutos. Esses animais dispersam suas sementes e contribuem para a manutenção das populações de figueiras. A perda de hábitat e a fragmentação da paisagem podem afetar a sobrevivência de populações e a composição de comunidades e suas interações. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram (1) comparar a frugivoria e a dispersão de sementes por aves frugívoras entre espécies de Ficus encontradas em remanescentes de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual e (2) testar se a perda de hábitat influencia a frugivoria e dispersão de sementes dessas árvores. Estudamos três áreas de reservas florestais no Estado de São Paulo, sudeste do Brasil, com diferentes áreas e nível de fragmentação da paisagem: Parque Estadual do Morro do Diabo (33.845 ha), Estação Ecológica dos Caetetus (2.176 ha) e Estação Ecológica de Ribeirão Preto (180 ha). Ao longo de 443 h de observação árvore-focal, registramos todas as espécies de aves frugívoras se alimentando de figos e estimamos a taxa de remoção de figos e sementes. Como nossos dados não se adequaram a métodos estatísticos tradicionais, utilizamos a reamostragem por bootstrap para estimar os intervalos de confiança das taxas de remoção e dispersão de sementes e testar as diferenças entre as espécies de figueira e as áreas de estudo. Trinta e duas espécies de aves foram observadas consumindo figos de seis espécies de Ficus. As figueiras que apresentam figos verdes, de tamanho médio ou grande, foram consumidas por uma boa variedade de espécies, mas apenas uma das aves de cada assembléia foi responsável pela remoção da maior parte dos figos. Ficus luschnathiana, com figos pequenos e vermelhos quando maduros, foi consumida de forma mais equitativa pelos seus visitantes, e apresentou taxa de dispersão de sementes significativamente maior que as demais espécies. A fragmentação reduziu a remoção de figos e sementes de F. citrifolia. Ficus eximia não demonstrou nenhum padrão claro, uma vez que só teve um consumo expressivo em um microhábitat específico, não incluído na análise da fragmentação. No fragmento menor, aves de grande porte, consideradas bons dispersores de sementes, não foram encontradas e as aves menores e generalistas não compensaram a perda do serviço de dispersão de sementes. Essas espécies de Ficus, no entanto, devem depender mais de morcegos e macacos-prego que das aves no processo de dispersão, e devem inclusive ser beneficiadas pelo aumento na extensão de bordas. Mesmo que essa comunidade de figueiras no fragmento menor não estabeleça uma interação forte com a avifauna, ainda é relevante testar se a baixa densidade de indivíduos de F. luschnathiana é consequencia da ausência de bons dispersores de sementes. / Ficus (Moraceae) is the most important plant genus for tropical frugivores and is considered a keystone resource during periods of general fruit scarcity. Frugivorous animals disperse their seeds and contribute for the maintenance of fig trees populations. Habitat loss and landscape fragmentation can affect species survival as well as community composition and their interactions. The goals of this study were (1) to compare the frugivory and seed dispersal by frugivorous birds among Ficus species found in Semideciduous Seasonal Forest remnants and (2) to assess whether habitat loss influences frugivory and seed dispersal of these trees. We studied three natural reserves in São Paulo State, southeastern Brazil, which differ in area and landscape fragmentation: Morro do Diabo State Park (33.845 ha), Caetetus Ecological Station (2.176 ha) and Ribeirão Preto Ecological Station (180 ha). During 443 h focal tree observation, we registered all frugivorous birds eating figs and estimated their fruit removal and seed dispersal. As traditional statistical methods were not suitable for our data, we used bootstrap data resampling to estimate confidence limits of fruit removal and seed dispersal and test for differences between fig trees and forest fragments. A total of 32 bird species were observed consuming figs of six Ficus species. Fig trees bearing green-fruited and medium or large figs were consumed by a great diversity of birds, but showed a dominance of only one species over the others on the fruit removal. Ficus luschnathiana, whose figs are small and red when ripe, was more equally consumed by all visitors and had significantly more seeds dispersed per hour than the other species. Fragmentation reduced fruit removal and seed dispersal of F. citrifolia. Ficus eximia did not show a clear pattern, once it was only highly consumed by birds in a specific microhabitat not included on the fragmentation analysis. The effect upon other Ficus species remains to be tested. In the smallest forest remnant, large-bodied birds, considered high quality seed dispersers, cannot be found anymore and small and generalist birds are not able to compensate for this loss on seed dispersal service. These Ficus species, however, may depend more upon bats and capuchin monkeys than on birds for seed dispersal, and may even benefit from the increase in extension of forest edges. Even if this Ficus community as a whole does not seem to interact with birds, it remains relevant, though, to test whether F. luschnathiana\'s low density in the smallest fragment is due to the absence of good seed dispersers.
84

Frugivoria e dispersão de sementes por Tapirus terrestris (Linnaeus, 1758) na paisagem fragmentada do Pontal do Paranapanema, São Paulo / Frugivory and Seed Dispersal by Tapirus terrestris (Linnaeus, 1758) at patched landscape in the Pontal do Paranapanema region, São Paulo, Brazil

Tófoli, Cristina Farah de 28 March 2007 (has links)
Tapirus terrestris (Linnaeus, 1758), o maior frugívoro do Brasil, desempenha um papel importante na dinâmica dos ambientes e é muito suscetível à perda de habitats. Devido à Floresta Estacional Semidecidual ser o ecossistema mais fragmentado e ameaçado do Domínio Florestal Atlântico do Brasil e o Pontal do Paranapanema ser igualmente constituído apenas por remanescentes florestais, as populações de antas (T. terrestris) nessa região, sentindo os efeitos dessas mudanças ambientais, podem estar reduzidas a níveis insustentáveis ao longo do tempo, e conseqüentemente, todo ecossistema pode ser prejudicado. O conhecimento da ecologia alimentar é um dos fatores mais importantes para realização de ações que visem a conservação das espécies e as interações entre plantas e animais são fundamentais para manutenção da dinâmica florestal, assim, os objetivos desse estudo foram conhecer a composição de frutos consumidos pela anta e verificar se houve variação sazonal em sua dieta e sua ação potencial como dispersor de sementes. Diante da paisagem fragmentada da região onde o estudo foi conduzido e da possibilidade dessa alteração afetar a dieta de espécies, objetivou-se verificar se a fragmentação de habitats influencia o consumo de frutos pelas antas. Para isso, foram analisadas 170 amostras fecais e dois conteúdos estomacais, coletados entre maio de 2003 e maio de 2005, no Parque Estadual Morro do Diabo (PEMD), nos fragmentos florestais da Estação Ecológica Mico-Leão-Preto e em outros remanescentes florestais da região do Pontal do Paranapanema, Estado de São Paulo. Depois de coletadas, as fezes foram lavadas, secas em estufa, as sementes foram retiradas das fezes e pesadas separadamente das partes vegetativas. Posteriormente, os frutos foram identificados por pesquisador especialista e foi montado experimento de germinação para verificar a viabilidade das sementes. Sua dieta foi composta por 65,5% de fibras e 34,5% de frutos e sementes. Comparando a composição sazonal da dieta, não houve diferença entre a massa consumida de fibras e frutos (seca: t=0.15, gl=114, p=0,88; chuvosa: t=1,431, gl=56, p=0,16). Com relação à fragmentação florestal, a massa de fibras e frutos consumidos no PEMD não apresentou diferença (t=1.54, gl=129, p=0,13); já nos fragmentos foi composta por maior massa de fibras do que sementes (t=-5.69, gl=41, p<0.001). Foi identificado o consumo de 58 tipos de frutos, pertencentes a 23 famílias vegetais. Dentre estes, 22 itens e oito famílias são registros inéditos. Os frutos mais representativos foram Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Glassm, Psychotria spp., Bromelia balansae (Mez, 1891), Ilex spp. e Annona cacans (Warm.). Syagrus romanzoffiana, Psychotria spp. e Bromelia balansae foram os frutos mais representativos, apresentando importância considerável nas duas estações, sendo freqüentemente consumidos no PEMD e nos fragmentos florestais. Foi estimada uma riqueza maior de frutos consumidos na estação seca e no PEMD, enquanto a estação chuvosa e os fragmentos apresentaram menores valores (seca=72,77, chuvosa=41,77; PEMD=79,8, fragmentos=33). Não houve predação de sementes durante a mastigação e para certas espécies o processo digestório não inviabilizou as sementes. Estes resultados sugerem que a espécie pode atuar como potencial dispersora ou predadora de sementes. O consumo de maior riqueza de frutos na época seca acompanhou o período com maior número de espécies frutificando na região e conseqüentemente, mais recursos alimentares disponíveis durante essa estação. Como nos remanescentes fragmentados há diminuição das interações ecológicas, levando a redução na abundância de frutos, riqueza e diversidade de espécies, menores massa de sementes e riqueza de frutos nos fragmentos pode ser uma conseqüência do isolamento de habitats. Assim, apesar de T. terrestris consumir uma grande variedade de frutos no Pontal do Paranapanema, sugerindo uma dieta rica e diversa, ao longo do tempo, a população da região pode ser afetada pela fragmentação florestal. / The lowland tapir Tapirus terrestris (Linnaeus, 1758), the largest mammalian frugivore in Brazil, plays an important role in environmental dynamics and is particularly susceptible to habitat loss. The Atlantic Plateau Forest is the most threatened ecosystem of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest Domain. In the Pontal do Paranapanema region (western São Paulo State), this system is entirely composed of remnant forest fragments. Here, the tapir population may decrease to an unsustainable size in long-term and, consequently, the whole ecosystem may become compromised. Food habits are some of the most important data needed for species conservation and to understand the plant-animal interactions necessary to maintain forest dynamics. Thus, the objectives of this study were to investigate in tapirs: fruit species composition in the diet, seasonal variation of consumed items and the animals? potential as seed dispersers. Due to the fragmented landscape in the study region and the possibility that such alteration affects the species? diet, a subsequent objective was to verify if forest fragmentation influences fruit consumption. We analyzed 170 fecal and two stomach-content samples obtained from May 2003 to May 2005. These were collected from Morro do Diabo State Park (MDSP, 36000 ha), forest fragments from the Mico-Leão-Preto Ecological Station and other fragments in the Pontal do Paranapanema region. The tapir diet was composed of 65.5% fibers and leaves and 34.5% fruits and seeds. Tapirs consumed the same amount of fibers and fruits during the wet and dry seasons (t=1.431, p=0.16; t=0.15, p=0.88, respectively). Seed and fiber weight were not significantly different from fruits weight in MDSP (t=1.54, d.f.=129, p=0.13), although in forest patches a lower amount of fruits was consumed (t=-5.69, d.f.=41, p<0.001). Fifty-eight different items from 23 Families of plants were identified ? among these, 22 fruits and eight Families were recorded for the first time in the species? diet. Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Glassm, Psychotria spp. and Bromelia balansae (Mez, 1891) were the most consumed fruits, important during both seasons and in both MDSP and other forest fragments. The variables associated with the higher richness of fruits consumed were in the dry season and in MDSP (relative to rainy season and other forest fragments): dry=72.77; rainy=41.77; MDSP=79.8, other fragments=33). Observations of seeds found in feces indicated that mastication rarely contributes to seed damage. Germination experiments were undertaken with both whole and damaged seeds originated from feces, several of these remained viable. Suggesting that tapirs can act as seed dispersers. Tapirs consumed the highest richness of fruits during the dry season, likely associated with higher fruit production in the habitat during these months. Our data further suggests that forest fragmentation may be associated with the lower seed mass and species richness found in the tapir diet. Despite the diversity of fruit consumed by tapirs in the Pontal do Paranapanema, the long-term population stability in this region can be affected by habitat fragmentation.
85

Small-scalle fisheries of frugovorous fish in clear and black water rivers of the brazilian amazon

Nagl, Paula January 2017 (has links)
Nas florestas sazonalmente inundadas de terras baixas da Amazônia, os peixes frugívoros desempenham diferentes serviços ecossistêmicos: possuem um papel importante na dispersão de sementes (regulação), além de serem um recurso (provisão) para pescadores artesanais. O uso extensivo de recursos limitados pode gerar conflitos de interesse entre os objetivos conservacionistas e as necessidades dos habitantes locais. O co-manejo tenta integrar a segurança alimentar e a conservação dos ecossistemas na forma de reservas extrativistas (RESEX), onde os habitantes locais podem retirar recursos florestais seguindo regras de manejo. Neste trabalho testamos a influência do co-manejo sobre os peixes frugívoros do rio Tapajós (águas claras) e Negro (águas pretas) na Amazônia brasileira. Foram testadas as seguintes hipóteses: 1)Peixes frugívoros são importantes para os pescadores e são seletivamente escolhidos pela pesca; 2) A abundância, tamanho e a produtividade pesqueira dos peixes frugívoros são maior dentro da RESEX. Durante quatro meses, pescadores locais registraram 1.457 desembarques pesqueiros em oito comunidades em cada rio. Além disso, foram amostrados 12.730 peixes em 208 pontos de malhadeira em 32 sitios em lagos e no canal do rio nas comunidades estudadas. Peixes frugívoros estão entre as dez espécies mais pescadas nos dois rios, indicando a sua importância para as comunidades locais. Nos dois rios a porcentagem de peixes frugívoros era maior no registro dos desembarques pesqueiros (22% de 7.342 kg no rio Tapajós e 14% of 4.609 kg no rio Negro) que vii nas amostragens científicas (5,9% de 349,2 kg no rio Tapajós e 6% of 458,3 kg no rio Negro), indicando uma seletividade dos pescadores para os frugívoros. / In seasonally flooded forests of lowland Amazonia, frugivorous fish provide different ecosystem services (ESS): They play an important role in seed dispersal (regulating ESS), but they are also an essential resource for artisanal fisheries (provisioning ESS). Extensive use of limited resources can generate conflicts of interest between conservation goals and the needs of local livelihoods. Co-management schemes try to integrate local food security and ecosystem conservation in the form of extractive reserves (RESEX), where inhabitants are exclusively allowed to extract forest resources while following management rules. Here, we assess the influence of co-management on frugivorous fish and local fisheries of Tapajos (clear water) and Negro (black water) River in the Brazilian Amazon. To this end, we test the following hypotheses: 1) Frugivorous fish are important for fisheries and selectively extracted; 2) Frugivorous fish abundance, size and fisheries productivity is higher inside the RESEX than outside. Fish landings from 1457 fishing trips were registered over four months by local fishermen in eight fishing communities of each river. Further, 12,730 fish were sampled through 208 gillnet placements, in 32 sites in the floodplain lakes and river channels of the communities. Frugivorous fish are among the ten most fished species in both rivers, reflecting their importance for local communities. In both rivers, landing records show a higher percentage of frugivorous fish biomass (22% of 7,342 kg in Tapajós and 14% of 4,609 kg in Negro River) than samplings (5.9% of 349.2 kg in Tapajós and 6% of 458.3 kg in Negro River), indicating a selectivity of fisheries towards frugivores. A pressão pesqueira (medida como demanda por pescado) nos frugívoros se mostrou mais elevada fora de cada RESEX (8 ± 5,4 kg no Rio Tapajós e 5,6 ± 3,1 kg no Rio Negro) que dentro (0,7 ± 0,3 kg no Rio Tapajós e 0,8 ± 0,1 kg no rio Negro). A produtividade da pesca, medida em Captura por Unidade de Esforço (CPUE), e a proporção de peixes frugívoros na captura total foram maiores fora da RESEX no rio Tapajós (CPUE: t=-3,7; dF = 4,2; p = 0,02; proporçao: t = -6,7; dF = 5; p = 0,001) e não variaram no rio Negro (CPUE: t = -1,9; dF = 5,6; p = 0,1; proporçao: t = -0,9; dF = 4,6; p = 0,4). No geral, o tamanho dos peixes frugívoros foi maior dentro da RESEX no rio Negro, mas não no rio Tapajós. Os pescadores capturaram pacus de maior tamanho (Myleus spp., Mylossoma spp., Myloplus spp., Metynnis spp.) dentro da RESEX no rio Negro (D=0,42; p<0,001). No rio Tapajós não foi possível detectar efeitos da RESEX nos parâmetros medidos para os peixes frugívoros. A reserva do rio Negro parece favorecer o tamanho e a disponibilidade de peixes frugívoros, apesar de eles serem selecionados pela pesca local. Apesar de uma pressão pesqueira possivelmente elevada, peixes frugívoros foram abundantes dentro e fora da RESEX em ambos os rios, possivelmente devido a demandas do mercado, efeitos de spillover ou baixa conformidade às regras de de manejo dentro da RESEX. Contudo, os frugívoros parecem estar cumprindo seu papel de recurso alimentar e de dispersores de sementes. Nosso estudo evidencia que o monitoramento participativo baseado na comunidade é uma ferramenta economicamente eficiente para a caracterização da pesca local. No entanto, para se atingir os objetivos de conservação e assegurar o recurso alimentar, é necessário que haja um controle do acesso de pessoas de fora das áreas de conservação e um reforço do cumprimento das regras de manejo. Portanto, continua sendo possível manter os dois serviços ecossistêmicos fornecidos por esses peixes nos rios de águas claras e negras estudadas na Amazônia brasileira.
86

Morcegos frugívoros no uso do hábitat fragmentado e seu potencial para recuperação de áreas degradadas : subsídios para uma nova ferramenta voltada à conservação /

Bianconi, Gledson Vigiano. January 2009 (has links)
Resumo: Filostomídeos frugívoros são considerados elementos-chave na conservação e restauração florestal dado à sua representatividade numérica (espécies e indivíduos), alto potencial de deslocamento e eficiência na dispersão de sementes. Técnicas que potencializem esse papel ecológico podem ter grande aplicação na recuperação de hábitats degradados, comuns à Mata Atlântica brasileira. Estudos com óleos essenciais isolados de frutos quiropterocóricos maduros sugeriram que eles podem ser utilizados para atrair e capturar morcegos frugívoros no interior de áreas florestais. Assim, a presente tese foi desenvolvida para fundamentar o caráter prático-funcional desta nova ferramenta, na medida em que se propôs a investigar os movimentos e o uso do hábitat fragmentado por espécies frugívoras, bem como as suas respostas a atrativos odoríferos instalados na matriz agropecuária de uma paisagem intensamente fragmentada no sul do Brasil (municípios de Fênix e São Pedro do Ivaí, estado do Paraná). Seus resultados indicaram uma atração altamente significativa dos morcegos aos óleos, um elevado potencial de dispersão de um grande número e diversidade de propágulos, e a possibilidade de manter os indivíduos por algum tempo sobrevoando pontos específicos da matriz, o que incrementaria, sobremaneira, a chuva-de-sementes no local. Os métodos de marcação/recaptura e radiotelemetria demonstraram existir uma alta mobilidade de Artibeus lituratus (Olfers, 1818) e Carollia perspicillata (Linnaeus, 1758), morcegos frugívoros mais comuns na região, dentro e entre os remanescentes florestais, com a utilização conjunta de diferentes elementos da paisagem (fragmentos, matriz agropecuária, pomares, rios, etc.). A matriz agropecuária da região parece não inibir os deslocamentos das espécies, padrão este relevante para o processo de dispersão de sementes e para a eficácia... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Frugivorous phyllostomids are considered key elements to forest conservation and restoration due to their representative number (species and individuals), high mobility, and efficiency as seed dispersers. Techniques to improve this ecological role can find great application in the recovery of degraded habitats, usually found in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Previous tests with essential oils from ripe chiropterochoric fruits suggested they can be used to attract and capture fruit-eating bats inside forest remnants. The present thesis was conducted to provide the basis to functional and practical characteristics of this new tool. Thus, we investigated the movements and use of a fragmented habitat by frugivorous species, as well as bats' response to odor attractives installed in the agropecuary matrix of an extremely fragmented field at South Brazil (city of Fênix and São Pedro do Ivaí, State of Paraná). The results indicate a significant bat attraction to the essential oils, a great potential for dispersion of a large number and diversified seeds, the possibility of keeping bats flying for some time over specific locations of the matrix, which can increase significantly seeds dispersion in specific spots. By using mark/recapture and radiotelemetry techniques we observed high mobility of Artibeus lituratus (Olfers, 1818) and Carollia perspicillata (Linnaeus, 1758), the most common frugivorous bats in the study region , inside and between forests remnants with the combined use of different habitat attributes (fragments, agropecuary matrix, orchards, rivers, etc.). So, the regional agropecuary matrix does not seem to inhibit the movement of the species, which is an important behavior for seed dispersal and for the efficacy of the tool used for restoration of degraded areas. / Orientador: Ariovaldo Pereira da Cruz Neto / Coorientador: Sandra Bos Mikich / Banca: Wagner Andre Pedro / Banca: Eleonora Trajano / Banca: Marco Aurélio Ribeiro de Mello / Banca: Mauro Galetti Rodrigues / Doutor
87

A network perspective on ecosystems, societies and natural resource management

Bodin, Örjan January 2006 (has links)
<p>This thesis employs a network perspective in studying ecosystems and natural resource management. It explores the structural characteristics of social and/or ecological networks and their implications on societies’ and ecosystems’ ability to adapt to change and to cope with disturbances while still maintaining essential functions and structures (i.e. resilience).</p><p>Paper I introduces terminology from the network sciences and puts these into the context of ecology and natural resource management. Paper II and III focus on habitat fragmentation and how it affects an agricultural landscape in southern Madagascar. Two ecosystem services were addressed: (1) crop pollination by bees, and (2) seed dispersal by ring-tailed lemurs. It is shown that the fraction of the studied landscape presently covered by both crop pollination and seed dispersal is surprisingly high, but that further removal of the smallest habitat patches in the study area could have a severe negative impact on the landscape’s capacity to support these ecosystem services.</p><p>In Papers IV and V, the network approach is used to study social networks and the impact they may have on the management of natural resources. In Paper IV it is found that social networks of low- to moderate link densities (among managers) significantly increase the probability for relatively high and stable utility returns whereas high link densities cause occasional large-scale ecological crises between periods of stable and excessively high utility returns. In Paper V, social networks of a rural fishing community in eastern Africa were analyzed. The results indicate that patterns of communication partly explain the distribution of ecological knowledge among villagers, and that gear type used by small-scale coastal fishermen strongly correlates with their patterns of communication. The results also show that groups most central in the network, and hence potentially most influential, are dominated by one type of fishermen.</p>
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Etude expérimentale et comparative de la myrmécochorie : le cas des fourmis dispersatrices Lasius niger et Myrmica rubra / Experimental and comparative study of myrmecochory: the case of seed-disperser ants Lasius niger and Myrmica rubra

Servigne, Pablo 21 October 2008 (has links)
Ce travail porte sur la dispersion des graines par les fourmis et se divise en deux parties : l’une expérimentale (Chapitres 1, 2 & 3) et l’autre synthétique (Chapitres 4 & 5). L’approche expérimentale a consisté en une exploration en conditions de laboratoire des comportements des fourmis à deux étapes du processus de myrmécochorie: à la source de graines et dans le nid. Des graines des plantes myrmécochores Viola odorata et Chelidonium majus ont été présentées aux fourmis Lasius niger et Myrmica rubra. Chaque étape de la séquence myrmécochorique a généré une variabilité des comportements propre à chacun des quatre couples fourmis-graines. L’élaiosome n’attire pas les fourmis à distance. Les fourmis suivent toujours la même séquence de comportements : antennation, manipulation et prise des graines. Le nombre d’antennations et de manipulations avant la prise de graines peut être considéré comme un indicateur de l’« hésitation » des fourmis à prendre les graines. L’espèce à tendance carnivore Myrmica rubra a été plus rapide et efficace dans la prise de graines que l’espèce éleveuse de pucerons Lasius niger. Parallèlement, les fourmis ont moins antenné, moins manipulé et plus pris de graines de Chelidonium majus, ce qui montre un intérêt particulier pour cette espèce. Un jour après l’expérience, toutes les graines des deux espèces se trouvaient dans les déchets à l’extérieur du nid, avec au moins la moitié des élaiosomes consommés (Chapitre 1). Lors du passage des graines à l’intérieur du nid, les fourmis Myrmica rubra ont également montré une capacité à traiter les graines rapidement, en montrant une dynamique d’arrachage de l’élaiosome et de rejet des graines hors du nid plus rapide. Le taux d’arrachage de l’élaiosome a été influencé par l’espèce de graine, plus important pour les graines de Chelidonium majus. Nous avons montré qu’une proportion variable de graines rapportées au nid (moins de la moitié) étaient déposées directement au contact des larves, les autres étant traitées ailleurs par les ouvrières ou laissées temporairement à l’abandon dans le nid. Par ailleurs, les dynamiques de rejet des items hors du nid ont curieusement été peu influencées par l’espèce de graine. Pour une graine, le fait de ne plus avoir d’élaiosome diminue le nombre moyen d’ouvrières qui la contacte simultanément. Parallèlement, même si la réponse n’est pas de type « tout ou rien », l’absence d’élaiosome accroit aussi la probabilité qu’une graine a d’être rejetée. (Chapitre 2). Nous avons isolé expérimentalement le paramètre de dessiccation des graines afin mesurer son influence sur le taux de prises. La dessiccation progressive des graines réduit les taux de prises par les fourmis Myrmica rubra. La réhydratation des mêmes graines leur permet de retrouver une attractivité et donc une valeur fonctionnelle prolongée. Les graines de Viola odorata perdent presque toute attractivité après 4 jours de dessiccation et leur réhydratation ne rétabli que faiblement leur attractivité. A l’inverse, les graines de Chelidonium majus gardent un tiers de leur attractivité après un mois de dessiccation et leur réhydratation restaure presque entièrement leur attractivité (Chapitre 3). La synthèse bibliographique a permis de dresser un aperçu des principales caractéristiques des fourmis dispersatrices de graines myrmécochores. Certains traits « généralistes » rendent les rencontres entre fourmis et graines très probables : leur ubiquité et diversité taxonomique, leur régime alimentaire omnivore, et leur fourragement « diffus » et opportuniste. Les fourmis possèdent des traits qui les rendent uniques par rapport aux autres insectes : le fourragement au sol, la capacité à transporter de la nourriture, ainsi que la nidification. Certains traits des fourmis ont une influence considérable sur la dispersion des graines : leur taille, les préférences de régime alimentaire, la phénologie, la capacité d’apprentissage et la fréquence de déménagement des nids. Nous développons également l’hypothèse que la rapidité et l’efficacité du traitement des graines par les fourmis seraient une conséquence d’un comportement hygiénique des fourmis à tendance carnivore, habituées à gérer des proies périssables (Chapitre 4). Nous avons dressé pour la première fois une liste des espèces de plantes myrmécochores et potentiellement myrmécochores des régions d’Europe tempérée (260 spp.). Nous montrons que ces dernières sont majoritairement herbacées, et ont tendance à fleurir plus précocement que les autres espèces. La proportion de graines myrmécochores comprises entre 1 et 3 mm et entre 0,6 et 10 mg est plus importante que dans le reste de la flore (Chapitre 5). / This study concerns seed dispersal by ants and is divided in two parts: one experimental (chapters 1, 2 & 3), and one synthetic (chapters 4 & 5). Experimental work consisted in a series of laboratory experiments, in which ant behaviour was studied at two stages of the dispersal process: at the seed source and inside the nest. Seeds of the myrmecochorous plants Viola odorata and Chelidonium majus were presented to two ant species: Lasius niger and Myrmica rubra. Each stage of the myrmecochory sequence generated a variability of behaviours for each of the four ant-seed pairs. The elaiosomedo not attract seed at a distance. Ants followed always the same behavioural sequence: antennations, manipulations, and removal. The number of antennations and manipulations before removal can be considered as a measure of ants’ “hesitation” to remove seeds. The carnivorous species Myrmica rubra was faster and more efficient at taking seeds than the aphid-tending Lasius niger. At the same time, ants antennated and manipulated less Chelidonium majus seeds, which shows a particular interest for this seed species. One day after the experiment, all seeds of both species were located outside the nest in the refuse piles. At least half of their elaiosomes had been consumed (chapter 1). Inside the nest, Myrmica rubra also showed a great ability to treat seeds quickly, i.e. quicker dynamics of elaiosome removal and seed rejection outside the nest. Elaiosome removal rates were influenced by seed species (higher for Chelidonium majus). We showed that a variable proportion of seeds (less than half) was directly deposited in contact with larvae. The rest of the seeds were handled elsewhere by workers, or left temporarily unattended in the nest. Dynamics of seed rejection outside the nest were curiously little influenced by the seed species. For a seed, to loose the elaiosome decreased the number of workers manipulating it. At the same time, even if the rejection response is not automatic, the absence of elaiosome increases the probability for a seed to be rejected (Chapter 2). We isolated the desiccation parameter in order to measure its influence on seed removal rates. Progressive seed desiccation reduced Myrmica rubra removal rates. Rehydration of the same seeds restored their attractiveness, thereby prolonging their functional life. Viola odorata seeds lost almost all their attractiveness after 4 days of desiccation, and rehydration only restored a reduced part of their attractiveness. On the contrary, Chelidonium majus seeds kept one third of their attractiveness after one month of desiccation, and recovered almost all their attractiveness after rehydration (Chapter 3). The bibliographic review allowed us to compile an outline of the main features of seed-disperser ants. Some generalist features highly increase the probability that ants encounter seeds: their ubiquity and taxonomic diversity, omnivorous diet and their opportunistic “diffuse” foraging. Among insects, ants have unique traits that make them broad dispsersers: ground foraging, the ability to transport items, and nesting behaviour. Some other traits have a great influence on the seed dispersal system: the ant body size, their diet preferences, the phenology of the colony, the learning, and the frequence of nest relocation. We also develop the hypothesis according to which, handling efficiency of ants is a byproduct of hygienic behaviour of carnivorous oriented species, since they are used to manage perishable preys (Chapter 4). We compiled the first list of myrmecochorous and potentially myrmecochorous plants species of European temperate regions (260 spp.). We show that these plants are mainly herbaceous. They also tend to flower earlier than the whole flora. The proportions of myrmecochorous seeds having a size range between 1 and 3 mm, and a weight range between 0.6 and 10 mg are higher than in the rest of the flora (Chapter 5).
89

A network perspective on ecosystems, societies and natural resource management

Bodin, Örjan January 2006 (has links)
This thesis employs a network perspective in studying ecosystems and natural resource management. It explores the structural characteristics of social and/or ecological networks and their implications on societies’ and ecosystems’ ability to adapt to change and to cope with disturbances while still maintaining essential functions and structures (i.e. resilience). Paper I introduces terminology from the network sciences and puts these into the context of ecology and natural resource management. Paper II and III focus on habitat fragmentation and how it affects an agricultural landscape in southern Madagascar. Two ecosystem services were addressed: (1) crop pollination by bees, and (2) seed dispersal by ring-tailed lemurs. It is shown that the fraction of the studied landscape presently covered by both crop pollination and seed dispersal is surprisingly high, but that further removal of the smallest habitat patches in the study area could have a severe negative impact on the landscape’s capacity to support these ecosystem services. In Papers IV and V, the network approach is used to study social networks and the impact they may have on the management of natural resources. In Paper IV it is found that social networks of low- to moderate link densities (among managers) significantly increase the probability for relatively high and stable utility returns whereas high link densities cause occasional large-scale ecological crises between periods of stable and excessively high utility returns. In Paper V, social networks of a rural fishing community in eastern Africa were analyzed. The results indicate that patterns of communication partly explain the distribution of ecological knowledge among villagers, and that gear type used by small-scale coastal fishermen strongly correlates with their patterns of communication. The results also show that groups most central in the network, and hence potentially most influential, are dominated by one type of fishermen.
90

Seed mobility and connectivity in changing rural landscapes

Auffret, Alistair G. January 2013 (has links)
The success or failure of many organisms to respond to the challenges of habitat destruction and a warming climate lies in the ability of plant species to disperse between isolated habitats or to migrate to new ranges. European semi-natural grasslands represent one of the world's most species-rich habitats at small scales, but agricultural intensification during the 20th century has meant that many plant species are left only on small fragments of former habitat. It is important that these plants can disperse, both for the maintenance of existing populations, and for the colonisation of target species to restored grasslands. This thesis investigates the ecological, geographical and historical influences on seed dispersal and connectivity in semi-natural grasslands, and the mobility of plants through time and space. Seed dispersal by human activity has played a large role in the build-up of plant communities in rural landscapes, but patterns have shifted. Livestock are the most traditional, and probably the most capable seed dispersal vector in the landscape, but other dispersal methods may also be effective. Motor vehicles disperse seeds with similar traits to those dispersed by livestock, while 39% of valuable grasslands in southern Sweden are connected by the road network. Humans are found to disperse around one-third of available grassland species, including several protected and red-listed species, indicating that humans may have been valuable seed dispersers in the past when rural populations were larger. Past activities can also affect seed mobility in time through the seed bank, as seeds of grassland plant species are shown to remain in the soil even after the grassland had been abandoned. Today however, low seed rain in intensively grazed semi-natural grasslands indicates that seed production may be a limiting factor in allowing seeds to be dispersed in space through the landscape. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Accepted. Paper 4: In press. Paper 5: Manuscript.</p>

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