Stress is the main contributing risk factor in the development of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and diabetes as well as mental illnesses such as depression, anxiety, and somatic symptoms. In particular, job stress may undermine the productivity, morale, relationships, and well-being of employees. Mounting research demonstrate that leisure can contribute to one’s health and well-being by enhancing a stress coping mechanism. The primary purpose of this study is to investigate stress coping and health-promoting behaviors in conjunction with leisure by comparing three types of leisure (active, passive, and social). In addition, the associations between types of leisure motivation and types of leisure, personal attributes influencing types of leisure, and personal attributes moderating the impact of types of leisure motivation on active leisure, were examined. A cross-sectional study was conducted by distributing electronic surveys containing five instruments (Types of Leisure, Leisure Motivation, Coping Self-Efficacy, Perceived Stress, and Health-Promoting Behaviors) along with a demographic questionnaire to 3739 Southern Illinois University (SIU) full-time employees. Self-Determination Theory (SDT) was used to provide the theoretical framework for this study. Perceived stress, coping self-efficacy, and health-promoting behaviors in conjunction with types of leisure were examined. SDT, which mainly posits human psychological well-being induced by fostering intrinsic motivation as opposed to extrinsic motivation, derived research questions with respect to the relationships between types of leisure, types of leisure motivation, and health-promoting behaviors. In addition, the influences of types of leisure motivation on alleviation of perceived stress were examined by comparing the types of leisure (active, passive, and social). For the demographic variables, the influences of personal attributes such as age and BMI on types of leisure were examined. Lastly, whether perceived health status moderates the effect of the type of leisure motivation on active leisure was investigated. Demographic data showed that out of 605 (N = 605) who participated in the survey, 448 participants completed all the survey questions. Statistical analyses which employ descriptive, Pearson correlation, simple/simultaneous regression, and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) were performed to investigate the research questions. The analyses revealed that all three types of leisure (active, passive, and social) were positively correlated with each other, coping self-efficacy, health-promoting behaviors and negatively correlated with perceived stress. Also, coping self-efficacy significantly predicted health-promoting behaviors as well as perceived stress. With respect to the associations between types of leisure motivation and types of leisure, intrinsic leisure motivation toward stimulation had the strongest significant association with active leisure. Intrinsic leisure motivation toward knowledge had the strongest significant association with passive leisure. Extrinsic leisure motivation identified had the strongest significant association with social leisure. With regard to types of leisure motivation influencing perceived stress, intrinsic leisure motivation toward external regulation was the strongest significant predictor for elevated levels of perceived stress even after taking into account intrinsic leisure motivation toward stimulation and extrinsic leisure motivation identified. In addition, extrinsic leisure motivation identified significantly predicted lowered levels of perceived stress. With regard to the association between types of leisure motivation and health-promoting behaviors, extrinsic leisure motivation identified had the strongest significant association with health-promoting behaviors. For the demographic variables in conjunction with types of leisure, females exhibited a significantly higher score on social leisure than males and education levels influenced active leisure, indicating that employees with a master's degree had a significantly higher score on active leisure than those with bachelor's degree or some college/high school diploma. Perceived health status significantly predicted active leisure, indicating that university employees with higher levels of perceived health status were more likely to participate in active leisure than those with lower levels of perceived health status. Lastly, the interaction between perceived health status and intrinsic leisure motivation toward stimulation was significant, indicating that the impact of intrinsic leisure motivation toward stimulation on active leisure differed depending on perceived health status. In other words, the impact of intrinsic leisure motivation toward stimulation was significantly greater in university employees with low perceived health status as compared to those with high perceived health status. This study seems to be meaningful in suggesting that leisure can be a contributing factor for health possibly through reducing perceived stress and enhancing health behaviors. Also, meaningful engagement in leisure may play a role as an effective stress coping strategy, which may lead to long term health-promoting behaviors by fostering intrinsic motivation. Personal attributes such as age, BMI, education level, and perceived health status may impact participating in active leisure. Furthermore, perceived health status may moderate the impact of intrinsic leisure motivation toward stimulation on active leisure. Further research comparing types of leisure impacting stress and health behaviors with more well-refined types of leisure scale is warranted.

Proposed associations between social influence strategies (i.e., persuasion, coercion, and relationship referencing), Kelman's (1958; 1961) processes of change (i.e., internalization, identification, and compliance), and types of motivation derived from self-determination theory were examined. Proposed associations between social influence strategies and relationship satisfaction were also examined. A sample of 194 undergraduate students answered various questionnaires to measure relationship satisfaction, motivation to engage in exercise, Kelman's processes, and forms of social influence. Results indicated significant associations between social influence strategies and Kelman's processes, as well as significant associations between Kelman's processes and motivation. Results supported one mediation path (i.e., persuasion is associated with intrinsic motivation via internalization). Results also indicated an association between persuasive influence strategies and relationship satisfaction.

A presente dissertação de mestrado objetivou a adaptação transcultural para o Português Brasileiro da Medida Integrada de Independência Decisória para Adolescentes (MIIDA). Esta foi desenvolvida por pesquisadores da Bélgica, constitui-se de três subescalas que avaliam a tomada de decisão dependente e independente, com base nos preceitos da Teoria da Autodeterminação (TAD). O estudo de validação contou com uma amostra de 672 adolescentes (52,7% meninas), de 11 a 20 anos (M=15,6; DP=1,6), estudantes de escolas da rede pública de Porto Alegre (RS). Após análises a estrutura do instrumento mostrou-se consistente de acordo com a medida original, apresentando uma solução de dois fatores para as três subescalas: Quem decide, independência decisória e dependência decisória. Além disso, foram realizadas análises de correlação com a escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg (1965) e com a escala de Estilos Parentais (Teixeira, Bardagi & Gomes, 2004) com intuito de verificar a validade de construto da MIIDA. Os resultados demonstraram que a MIIDA apresenta boas propriedades psicométricas e evidências de validade e fidedignidade, sendo um instrumento útil para avaliar a independência decisória em termos de motivação para a tomada de decisão. / This master's thesis made the cultural adaptation to Brazilian Portuguese of the Integrated Measure of Decisional Independence for Adolescents. It is based on the precepts of Self- Determination Theory and consists of three subscales that assess the dependent and independent decision-making. The validation study included a sample of 672 adolescents (52.7 % female) , 11-20 years ( M = 15.6 , SD = 1.6), attending public schools in Porto Alegre, Brazil. Factorial analyses indicated a two-factor solution for the three subscales: Who decides, independent and dependent decision-making. The results pointed out for good psychometric properties and evidence of validity and reliability, being a useful tool to evaluate the decision-making independence regarding motivation for decision-making.

abstract: People are motivated to participate in musical activities for many reasons. Whereas musicians may be driven by an intrinsic desire for musical growth, self-determination theory suggests that this drive must also be sustained and supported by the social environment. Social network analysis is an interdisciplinary theoretical framework and collection of analytical methods that allows us to describe the social context of a musical ensemble. These frameworks are utilized to investigate the relationship of participatory motivation and social networks in a large Division I collegiate marching band. This study concludes that marching band members are predominantly self-determined to participate in marching band and are particularly motivated for social reasons, regardless of their experience over the course of the band season. The members who are highly motived are also more integrated into the band's friendship and advice networks. These highly integrated members also tend to be motivated by the value and importance others display for the marching band activity suggesting these members have begun to internalized those values and seek out others with similar viewpoints. These findings highlight the central nature of the social experience of marching band and have possible implications for other musical leisure ensembles. After a brief review of social music making and the theoretical frameworks, I will provide illustrations of the relationship between motivation and social networks in a musical ensemble, consider the implications of these findings for promoting self-determined motivation and the wellbeing of musical ensembles, and identify directions for future research. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Music 2015

abstract: This paper addresses a local problem of practice at Arizona State University regarding the support for potentially underprepared students. The overarching goal of this study was to better understand the role rapport plays in student achievement. This study examines how the LEAD Project (Learn, Explore, Advance, Design), in particular student relationships with instructors and their peers, may or may not influence student achievement. LEAD students complete three courses as a group – Introduction to Human Communication (COM 100), Critical Reading and Thinking (UNI 110), and The LEAD Project (ASU 150). The innovation was designed to give students the opportunity to build relationships with their instructors and with each other, so class sizes are limited to 40 students. Additionally, instructors work together outside of class to develop curriculum, instructional plans, and how to best support individual students. Guiding literature for this study included Self-Determination Theory (SDT) as well as related studies (Deci & Flaste, 1995). This theory describes human motivation as a factor of the extent to which one feels autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Though relevant in many contexts, past researchers used SDT as a tool for understanding students’ motivation to learn (Black & Deci, 2000; Freiberger, Steinmayr, & Spinath, 2012; Reeve & Jang, 2006). The study used a concurrent mixed-method action research design including interviews, questionnaires, and institutional data. Over 400 first-year students participated in the study. Students shared their perceptions of their rapport with their instructors and peers, and their perceived learning in each of the three LEAD courses. Data were analyzed using correlation and linear regression approaches. Significant relations occurred between many instructor-student rapport scales, peer rapport, perceived learning, and course grades. Additionally, instructor-student rapport scales significantly predicted perceived learning. Qualitative and quantitative findings were aligned with each other, and were consistent with previous studies. This study advances the body of knowledge about instructor-student rapport by extending the findings around its role in student achievement. Results also suggested the need to further explore the role of peer rapport and its influence on student achievement. Results from the study show instructor-student rapport was mediators of student achievement. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Leadership and Innovation 2018

Previous research proves clear differences between different generations when it comes to attitude towards work. There have been divisions of the different generations which enables research and drawing conclusions of what characteristics that are typical for the different generations. Meanwhile, work motivation and job satisfaction have become a bigger social discussion, which have resulted with a need for employers to change their way of working to reach the employees. This is specifically relevant for the latest generation who is active on the labor market, Generation Y. Increased demands and changed motivation factors for that generation differ how earlier generations on the labor market is motivated to their work. This study aims to create understanding for how the different motivation factors differ for the different generations who today are active on the labor market. To understand this, we used Deci & Ryan’s (2000) Self Determination Theory. That theory explains the intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and lifts three motivation factors; competence, autonomy and relatedness. This study contributes with knowledge to employers about how different generations are satisfied at their work and how you as an employer can encounter the different generations depending on what they are motivated by. The results of this study show that generations value work different and are motivated in different ways. Baby Boomers is the generation who are most satisfied with their work and are triggered by intrinsic motivation while Generation Y is driven by extrinsic motivation and is the generation who is least satisfied. In general, it showed that Swedes are satisfied at work, independent if they work within the private or public sector. The biggest motivating factor for all generations was autonomy and what correlated between work motivation and job satisfaction is the level of social relatedness.

Self-determination theory states that people need autonomy, competence, and relatedness in an area to facilitate intrinsic motivation and growth. Parents play a major role in the development of these three psychological needs. The current study examines whether there is a relationship between parental behavior and whether this relationship is mediated by autonomy, competence and relatedness in their sport. Undergraduate participants (n=189) were recruited from varsity athletic teams and asked to complete surveys about perceived parental control and the three psychological needs. Results showed the parental behavior can predict satisfaction of psychological needs, but only one partial mediation was found, between perceived parental autonomy support and leadership role occupancy through competence. A subset (n=8) participated in semi-structured interviews delved deeper into parental influence. Common responses showed that athletes felt that they benefitted from autonomy support, were hurt by psychological control, and that satisfaction of the needs of relatedness and competence contributed to deciding to play and keep playing their sport in college. The results provide examples of positive parental behaviors, and show that these behaviors can predict the satisfaction of the basic psychological needs needed for intrinsic motivation.

A presente dissertação de mestrado objetivou a adaptação transcultural para o Português Brasileiro da Medida Integrada de Independência Decisória para Adolescentes (MIIDA). Esta foi desenvolvida por pesquisadores da Bélgica, constitui-se de três subescalas que avaliam a tomada de decisão dependente e independente, com base nos preceitos da Teoria da Autodeterminação (TAD). O estudo de validação contou com uma amostra de 672 adolescentes (52,7% meninas), de 11 a 20 anos (M=15,6; DP=1,6), estudantes de escolas da rede pública de Porto Alegre (RS). Após análises a estrutura do instrumento mostrou-se consistente de acordo com a medida original, apresentando uma solução de dois fatores para as três subescalas: Quem decide, independência decisória e dependência decisória. Além disso, foram realizadas análises de correlação com a escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg (1965) e com a escala de Estilos Parentais (Teixeira, Bardagi & Gomes, 2004) com intuito de verificar a validade de construto da MIIDA. Os resultados demonstraram que a MIIDA apresenta boas propriedades psicométricas e evidências de validade e fidedignidade, sendo um instrumento útil para avaliar a independência decisória em termos de motivação para a tomada de decisão. / This master's thesis made the cultural adaptation to Brazilian Portuguese of the Integrated Measure of Decisional Independence for Adolescents. It is based on the precepts of Self- Determination Theory and consists of three subscales that assess the dependent and independent decision-making. The validation study included a sample of 672 adolescents (52.7 % female) , 11-20 years ( M = 15.6 , SD = 1.6), attending public schools in Porto Alegre, Brazil. Factorial analyses indicated a two-factor solution for the three subscales: Who decides, independent and dependent decision-making. The results pointed out for good psychometric properties and evidence of validity and reliability, being a useful tool to evaluate the decision-making independence regarding motivation for decision-making.

Essa pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar a motivação de coristas para participar da atividade coral de extensão universitária. As questões que nortearam essa investigação foram: a) Quais os motivos que levam o indivíduo a procurar um coro? São os mesmos que o fazem continuar? b) qual a influência do ambiente coral na motivação dos coristas? c) Quais os motivos que podem levar o corista a abandonar um grupo coral? São internos ou externos à atividade? O referencial teórico utilizado foi fundamentado na Teoria da Autodeterminação, que analisa as razões pelas quais os indivíduos se envolvem ou evitam determinadas atividades. Essas razões são evidenciadas pelos diferentes tipos de motivação que podem ser distinguidos de acordo com seu nível de autodeterminação, através da satisfação de três necessidades psicológicas básicas: a necessidade de autonomia, a necessidade de competência e a necessidade de pertencimento. Na metodologia da pesquisa optamos por uma abordagem qualitativa, através de entrevistas semiestruturadas a coristas ativos e ex-coristas de um dos grupos corais de extensão universitária. Os dados foram reduzidos baseados nas questões da pesquisa e foram analisados à luz da teoria da autodeterminação. Os dados revelaram que os coristas nem sempre buscam a atividade por motivos intrínsecos a ela e que o contexto coral, por vezes, frustra alguma das necessidades psicológicas básicas, podendo influenciar na motivação para continuar na atividade. Como resultados, pretende-se fomentar a reflexão sobre questões motivacionais entre regentes e educadores musicais que trabalham com coros, bem como sua respectiva formação. / This research aimed to investigate the chorister motivation to join the choir activity of an university extension program. The questions that guided this research were: a) What are the reasons a person seeks a chorus? Are the same reasons that make them continue? b) What is the influence of choral environment in chorister motivation? c) What are the reasons the chorister gives up a choir? Are these reasons internal or external to the activity? The theoretical framework was based on Self-determination Theory, which analyzes the reasons why individuals engage or avoid certain activities. These reasons are evidenced by different types of motivation that can be distinguished according to their level of self-determination, through the satisfaction of three basic psychological needs: the need for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. In research methodology we decided for a qualitative approach, through semi-structured interviews with active choristers and former choristers from one of the university extension choirs. Data were reduced based on the research questions and were analyzed in the light of self-determination theory. The data revealed that the choristers not always seek the activity for intrinsic reasons and that the choral environment sometimes frustrates some of the basic psychological needs, which may influence the motivation to continue in the activity. As a result, we intend to foster reflection on motivational issues between conductors and music educators who work with choir, as well as their respective education.

Tidigare forskning har undersökt sambandet mellan medvetenhet om värderingar och motivation. Tidigare forskning har däremot inte konkretiserat hur medvetenhet om värderingar kommer till uttryck inom motivation. Studien syftar till att undersöka om anställdas inre motivation påverkas av medvetenhet kring värderingar. Syftet är även att identifiera hur en eventuell motivationsförändring hos de anställda har tagit sig i uttryck. En kvalitativ studie har tillämpats där resultatet gav flera exempel på hur medvetenhet om personliga- och organisationsvärderingar påverkar inre motivation. Ur ett autonomiperspektiv har studien funnit att ökad medvetenhet om värderingar gör det lättare att leva efter sina värderingar. Ur ett samhörighetsperspektiv visar resultatet att en hög medvetenhet kan förstärka gemenskapen. Detta genom förbättrad intern kommunikation grundad i en ökad förståelse för varandra. Vidare visas att individer som tar beslut i linje med sina personliga värderingar och organisationens upplever högre nöjdhet med sin insats, vilket visar att kongruens bidrar till att tillgodose behovet för både autonomi, kompetens och samhörighet.