I samhället finns lagar och normer som är till för att reglera och styra människors beteende. Ibland står lagar i vägen för individens självbestämmande och egna värderingar. Syftet med undersökningen var att undersöka motiven till att medborgare av det svenska samhället bryter mot lagar och typen av brott som begås. Deltagarna var 100 studenter och lärare varav 77 kvinnor och 23 män. Undersökningen var inspirerad av EPP-metoden där skriftliga berättelser samlades in för att söka efter mönster. Begreppet selektivt laglydiga medborgare växte fram. Begreppet innebär att individen ibland bryter lagen när det passar den att göra det. Resultatet visade två mönster för motiven, egenintresse och praktiska motiv. Två mönster identifierades för brottens karaktär som var att brotten inte drabbar enskild individ och har lågt straffvärde. Ämnet är relativt outforskat, därför är framtida forskning önskvärt kring den selektivt laglydiga medborgaren.

Essa pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar a motivação de coristas para participar da atividade coral de extensão universitária. As questões que nortearam essa investigação foram: a) Quais os motivos que levam o indivíduo a procurar um coro? São os mesmos que o fazem continuar? b) qual a influência do ambiente coral na motivação dos coristas? c) Quais os motivos que podem levar o corista a abandonar um grupo coral? São internos ou externos à atividade? O referencial teórico utilizado foi fundamentado na Teoria da Autodeterminação, que analisa as razões pelas quais os indivíduos se envolvem ou evitam determinadas atividades. Essas razões são evidenciadas pelos diferentes tipos de motivação que podem ser distinguidos de acordo com seu nível de autodeterminação, através da satisfação de três necessidades psicológicas básicas: a necessidade de autonomia, a necessidade de competência e a necessidade de pertencimento. Na metodologia da pesquisa optamos por uma abordagem qualitativa, através de entrevistas semiestruturadas a coristas ativos e ex-coristas de um dos grupos corais de extensão universitária. Os dados foram reduzidos baseados nas questões da pesquisa e foram analisados à luz da teoria da autodeterminação. Os dados revelaram que os coristas nem sempre buscam a atividade por motivos intrínsecos a ela e que o contexto coral, por vezes, frustra alguma das necessidades psicológicas básicas, podendo influenciar na motivação para continuar na atividade. Como resultados, pretende-se fomentar a reflexão sobre questões motivacionais entre regentes e educadores musicais que trabalham com coros, bem como sua respectiva formação. / This research aimed to investigate the chorister motivation to join the choir activity of an university extension program. The questions that guided this research were: a) What are the reasons a person seeks a chorus? Are the same reasons that make them continue? b) What is the influence of choral environment in chorister motivation? c) What are the reasons the chorister gives up a choir? Are these reasons internal or external to the activity? The theoretical framework was based on Self-determination Theory, which analyzes the reasons why individuals engage or avoid certain activities. These reasons are evidenced by different types of motivation that can be distinguished according to their level of self-determination, through the satisfaction of three basic psychological needs: the need for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. In research methodology we decided for a qualitative approach, through semi-structured interviews with active choristers and former choristers from one of the university extension choirs. Data were reduced based on the research questions and were analyzed in the light of self-determination theory. The data revealed that the choristers not always seek the activity for intrinsic reasons and that the choral environment sometimes frustrates some of the basic psychological needs, which may influence the motivation to continue in the activity. As a result, we intend to foster reflection on motivational issues between conductors and music educators who work with choir, as well as their respective education.

Agile methods have become a popular project managing method within software development (Cervone, 2011, ss. 19-20; Maximini, 2015, s. 3). Though there is an absence of studies on agile methods and motivation in employees (Dybå & Dingsøyr, 2008). Furthermore, the agile manifesto (2001) explains the importance of motivated employees for the development of software.   The purpose of this study is to examine how employees in two well-known Swedish companies perceive the use and the effects of agile methods in their organization, and their internal communication. The study followed a qualitative approach to measure data collected from semi-structured interviews and includes interviews with eight developers and two agile coaches in two organizations. The theoretical framework is based on Media Richness Theory and Self-determination Theory. The selected theories help the examination why a communication channel is chosen for disseminating information and motivational factors through asking questions about their sense of autonomy, relatedness and competence.   The results show that face-to-face conversation is the efficient communication channel to disseminate information, but the most utilized channel was chat and mail to the respondents. Additionally, our respondents experience motivational factors such as the feeling of competence and relatedness as being moderately fulfilled at their workplace, though feelings of autonomy on an individual level were not fulfilled. This indicates that a complete introduction to the work method, a variation between independent and group work and face-to-face communication should be encouraged to achieve internal communication.

Restaurangbranschen har ett rykte om sig att vara en tuff bransch med påfrestande arbetsmiljö och låg finansiell ersättning. Trots detta väljer många att viga sina liv åt den. I denna studie undersöks vad som motiverar anställda inom restaurangbranschen, och om skillnader står att finna mellan de som arbetar på mellanklassrestauranger jämfört med anställda på Fine dining- restauranger. Tidigare forskning har inte gett några entydiga svar på detta utan visar på stora skillnader framförallt geografiskt. I denna uppsats gör vi, utifrån Ryan & Deci ́s Self- determination theory, en ansats att bidra till forskningen genom att kartlägga inre och yttre motivationsfaktorer hos anställda i den svenska restaurangbranschen. Datainsamling skedde genom intervjuer med sex respondenter i form av serveringspersonal och restaurangchefer, anställda på restauranger i Stockholm och Uppsala. Resultaten visar att intresse för service, relationen till kollegor, möjligheten till personlig utveckling samt intresse för mat och dryck är huvudsakliga motivationsfaktorer hos respondenterna. Anställda på Fine dining- restauranger visade sig också vara något mer drivna av finansiella belöningar jämfört med den andra undersökningsgruppen. Vår slutsats är att restauranganställda i Sverige huvudsakligen motiveras i sitt arbete genom inre motivationsfaktorer.

Doctor of Education / Department of Educational Leadership / Royce Ann Collins / Judith F. Favor / As higher education populations are changing, institutions are forced to find new ways to meet students’ needs and schools’ declining budgets. Institutions have found that changing their business models by creating accelerated learning programs and extended campuses are assisting in this area. An outcome of these modifications is increased usage of adjunct faculty. These extended sites typically have small staffs and adjunct faculty members usually have little connection to the main campus, work a primary job, and have limited teaching experience. This research explored adjunct business faculty members teaching face-to-face at a private institution's off campus locations to understand their motivation level and perception of organizational support, as well as if the two interrelate. Multiple regression was completed to further explore the relationship of their demographics and motivation level or perceived organizational support. Self-determination theory was used to explore adjunct faculty members’ motivations, measuring motivation along a continuum from external to intrinsic motivation when a person is not exclusively one or the other. Adjunct faculty members at this institution have an identified motivation level moving toward integration, moving from extrinsic motivation and closer to being more intrinsically motivated. These adjunct faculty members have commitment to the organization’s goals and value their work. Organizational support was used to understand workers’ commitment to their organization as well as their satisfaction. These adjunct faculty members also reported a high level of perceived organizational support. A more thorough understanding of adjunct faculty members’ motivation levels and perceived organizational support will allow for better recruiting as well as create training and development programs to retain qualified, high-quality adjunct faculty members.

School-based physical education (PE) has been identified as an effective avenue for addressing issues of inactivity among adolescent girls. However, often times PE courses fail to meet the needs of young women and instead lead to disaffection; ultimately resulting in the majority of adolescent girls dropping out of PE once it is no longer mandatory. Self-Determination Theory (SDT) has proven to be a useful framework for understanding PE motivation among this population. In particular, supporting the need for relatedness among female PE students appears significant for enhancing PE motivation and engagement. Therefore, providing relatedness-supportive learning environments may be an effective way for teachers to encourage continued PE and PA participation among their female students. The purpose of this research study was to gain insight into the experiences of grade 9 and 10 girls participating in a girls-only PE course that employed relatedness-supportive teaching strategies. The goal was to use a case study approach with semi-structured (teacher) and focus group interviews (students) to explore the role of relatedness-supportive learning environments in enhancing PE motivation and enjoyment among adolescent girls, as well as their overall feelings of social relatedness. Findings highlighted the importance of (a) meeting students where they are at, (b) creating open, respectful and active environments, (c) providing opportunities for organic connection-making, and (c) the role of resource and curriculum constraints. / Graduate / 2019-04-12

Adam Smith considered consumption the sole end and purpose of all production. Concerning the measurement of welfare, this requires a sound understanding of the connection between consumption and welfare. The consumerist conceptualization of this connection implies that the amount of consumption equals welfare and the level of production can be an indicator for welfare. The limits and problems of production measures are widely accepted. Yet, indicators like GDP remain the focus of mainstream economic theory and policy. We trace the origin of this lock-in back to the economic model of behaviour and the concept of agency in mainstream economics. The suggested alternative stems from literature about human needs in heterodox economics and psychology. This literature incorporates the relevance of social aspects and cultural change for welfare. It turns out that consumerism can be a threat to well-being and welfare rather than a requirement for it. / Series: SRE - Discussion Papers

Se estudió la relación entre los Lazos Parentales de la infancia y la Satisfacción de las Necesidades Psicológicas Básicas en una muestra de 153 estudiantes de psicología de una universidad privada de Lima Metropolitana. Para lograr el objetivo del presente estudio correlacional se administró el Cuestionario General de las Necesidades Psicológicas Básicas (Deci & Ryan, 2000 en Chen et al., 2015) y el Instrumento de Lazos Parentales (Parker, Tupling & Brown, 1979 en Gómez, Vallejo, Villada, & Zambrano, 2009). Ambos evidenciaron óptimas propiedades psicométricas (validez de constructo y confiabilidad). Los resultados mostraron correlaciones directas y significativas entre el Cuidado Materno y la satisfacción de las tres necesidades psicológicas básicas y correlaciones directas y significativas entre el Cuidado Paterno y la satisfacción de la necesidad de competencia. Asimismo, se evidenciaron correlaciones inversas y significativas entre la Sobreprotección Materna y la satisfacción de las necesidades de autonomía y relación y correlaciones inversas y significativas entre la Sobreprotección Paterna y las tres necesidades psicológicas básicas. Estos resultados sugieren que se acepta parcialmente la hipótesis planteada. / The relationship between parental bonds of childhood and satisfaction of basic psychological needs was studied in a sample of 153 psychology students at a university in Lima. To reach the aim of this study were administrated the Basic Psychological Needs in General Questionnaire (Deci & Ryan, 2000 in Chen et al., 2015) and the Parental Bonding Instrument (Parker, Tupling & Brown, 1979 Gómez , Vallejo, Villada , & Zambrano , 2009) were administered. Both showed optimal psychometric properties (construct validity and reliability). Results also showed significant positive correlations between the Maternal Care and satisfaction of three basic and significant positive correlations between the Parental Care and satisfying the need for competition psychological needs. Also were showed significant negative correlations between Maternal Overprotection and satisfying the autonomy and relationship needs and significant negative correlations between the Parental Overprotection and the three basic psychological needs. These results suggest that the hypothesis is partially accepted.

In general, scholars and practitioners agree that sales coaching enhances sales performance. Sales firms continue to invest billions of dollars towards coaching endeavors. However, despite the positive benefits of sales coaching, the fact is that most sales coaches are ineffective. In three essays, this dissertation aims to offer insight that will help companies and coaching programs improve the effectiveness of their sales coaches. The first essay explores the sales coaching process and how it is affected by factors related to the sales manager (coach) and the salesperson (coachee). Using in-depth interviews, we identified various skills, behaviors, and abilities that reflect the overall effectiveness of the sales manager as a coach, as well as gained a better understanding of how effective sales coach indirectly affects a salesperson’s performance. We also identified different behaviors, preferences, and characteristics related to the salesperson that affect the sales coaching process. The second essay is focused on the development and validation of a sales coaching effectiveness scale (SCES). We identified, measured and validated a three-factor, 16-item scale that reflect dimensions of effective sales coaches: involvement, rapport, and adaptability. The SCES scale is distinguished from previous coaching scales that were designed and validated in non-coaching contexts. The SCES scale offers benefits to practitioners and academics. The third essay is focused on measuring how effective sales coaches affect sales performance. Drawing on self-determination theory, we proposed a dual-process model in which effective sales coaches influence performance through motivation and through sales development. One, the results suggested that effective sales coaches intrinsically (versus extrinsically) motivate salespeople to exert extra effort towards selling, which increases their overall sales performance. Two, the results suggested that effective sales coaches enhance the selling confidence among salespeople, which allows them to adapt their selling behaviors to various selling situations and buyers, thus increasing their overall sales performance.

Forskning har visat att socialt stöd har en betydelse för arbetsmotivationen, samtidigt som forskningen är oense gällande stödets effekt beroende på om stödet kommer från chef, kollega eller privatliv. Studiens syfte var att undersöka den relativa betydelsen av socialt stöd från kollegor, chefer respektive privatliv på arbetsmotivation utifrån teorin Self Determination Theory:s tre motivationstyper amotivation, yttre motivation och inre motivation. Datainsamlingen gjordes via en elektronisk enkät och svar insamlades från 205 personer. Av resultatet från tre hierarkiska regressionsanalyser framkom att socialt stöd från kollega var en signifikant prediktor för amotivation och inre motivation, medan de övriga två stöden inte predicerade arbetsmotivation. Möjliga förklaringar till resultatet kan vara en inverkan av rådande organisationsstruktur, generationsskillnader samt kulturella skillnader vilka kan påverka vilket stöd den anställde har störst behov av för att uppleva sig motiverad på arbetsplatsen.