Qu’est-ce que l’être humain ? La question se pose depuis plusieurs millénaires. Platon n’y échappe pas et il suit l’inscription du temple de Delphes, le fameux « connais-toi toi-même », lorsqu’il cherche à mieux cerner l’homme dans ses écrits. Cette quête de l’essence de l’homme est présente à plusieurs moments de l’œuvre de Platon, mais nous sommes d’avis qu’il ne suggère jamais de définition de l’homme aussi claire que dans l’Alcibiade. Toute la fin de ce dialogue se consacre à cette question et l’on y trouve un Socrate avide de partager sa propre pensée sur le sujet. Les commentateurs de ce dialogue ne s’entendent pourtant pas sur la signification que l’on doit donner à ce développement parfois obscur sur l’essence de l’homme. Plusieurs affirment que l’homme y est présenté comme étant essentiellement son âme, d’aucuns que l’homme y est la réunion du corps et de l’âme, et d’autres encore que l’homme y est plutôt présenté comme étant la partie rationnelle de son âme. Les trois chapitres de ce mémoire présentent et analysent les arguments principaux de chaque camp dans le but de trancher la question. Il y est défendu que dans l’Alcibiade l’homme est, de manière approximative, son âme, mais que de manière plus précise, il correspond à la partie en lui qui domine, soit sa raison. Il y est également suggéré que cette conception de la nature humaine est reprise ailleurs dans le corpus platonicien. / What does it mean to be human? Plato is one of many to have pondered the eternal question and followed the famous Temple of Delphi inscription, “Know thyself.” While the quest for the essence of humanity is present in many of Plato’s writings, I believe that the Alcibiades gives us his clearest definition. Indeed, the entire ending of the dialogue is devoted to it, with Socrates enthusiastically offering his thoughts on the matter. Scholars are of different minds as to the proper interpretation of this somewhat obscure passage on the essence of human nature. Some argue that Plato is portraying man as primarily defined by his soul, others that the body and soul are both part of the definition of man, and others still, that man is the rational part of his soul. The three chapters of this thesis outline and analyze the main arguments of each school of thought in the hopes of resolving this contentious question. The argument will be made that in the Alcibiades, man is defined broadly as his soul, but more specifically as the dominant part of himself, his reason in other words. It will also be suggested that a similar portrayal of humanity is found in other works by Plato.

This qualitative research study determined what factors influenced or hindered the successes of eight African American women who earned doctorates in the field of Education within the past 10 years. The researcher gathered and shared the stories of African American women doctoral degree completers in their own words. Interviews were conducted using the Polycom H.323 videoconferencing system in the School ofEducation at Virginia Commonwealth University.The participants in this study collectively attributed more than 15 factors to helping them complete a doctoral program. Some of the success factors cited include self-determination, knowledge of self and purpose for earning a doctorate, spirituality, development of response and navigational skills, full-time doctoral matriculation and dedicated dissertation writing time. Social support provided by family members, colleagues, and university faculty was determined to be a major factor. Financial support in the form of fellowships, grants, assistantships and student loans was also cited. Institutional factors such as a warm, supportive environment and ease of transition to graduate school also played a role in the women's successes.Likewise, approximately 15 factors were counted as hindrances or obstacles. Some of the hindrances included poor relationships with advisors, lack of financial aid, racism, isolation as a minority student, time encumbrances associated with assistantship duties, family responsibilities and personal illness. Although the number of hindrances and obstacles were nearly equal to success factors, participants overcame these barriers and successfully earned the Doctor of Philosophy degree.Recommendations for doctoral students, advisors and university administrators have implications for changes in higher education policy and practice. African American women doctoral students must be knowledgeable about themselves and possess a clear understanding of their purpose for seeking a doctorate. This knowledge should help guide decision-making and shape a plan of action for successful doctoral program completion.Based upon the results of this study, doctoral advisors and university administrators should commit to fostering success for African American doctoral students by offering academic, financial and social support, as well as establishing a diverse learning environment with a critical mass of faculty and students of color, particularly African Americans.

This diploma thesis focuses on problems of mental hygiene in the current managerial practices. The theoretical part reveals to readers basic concepts and background to this isme for more understanding. It deals gradually with the role of mental hygiene in an individual life, self-knowledge and selfmanagement, and last but not least, managerial practice. The main practical part presents three case studies, relating to mental hygiene and its application in the world of managers. Research objective is trough a semi-structured interviews with managers to identify to which extent they apply mental hygiene in personal and professional life. After the discovery of deficiencies will attempt to find concrete advice and recommendations needed to improve some of the monitored questions. Finally will be respondents collating and analyzing each other. The main contribution of this thesis is a real insight into the life of managers and the discovery of the importance and the role attributed to mental hygiene.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T19:20:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Waldinei Comercio de Souza Guimaraes.pdf: 878301 bytes, checksum: 7519b5149c942547c00e726be758b242 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-15 / The rediscovery of pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela observed during the last couple of decades of the twenty century inspire the investigation upon the causes and to follow the events that come in the lives of those who are determined to accomplish the journey in the course of Post Modern age. This investigation takes place effectively when we define the field of knowledge that is able to help us to understand the phenomena; according to this statement we started with Anthropology, which help us to illuminate the pilgrimage considering the social movements around the rites, the religion, spirituality and the search of meaning present in the human history until these days. The meanings of each rite, symbol, and gesture, have suffered modifications along the history, however they preserve their essence. The pursuit of the modern pilgrim s vision concerning the transformations that happen along the Caminho , lead us to do research among some of the pilgrims of Santiago and check the hypotheses proposed in this project. In this sense, we observed that the experience is capable of reconnecting the person to his or her religiosity and the transcendence enabled through the rite. Finally, we analyze the Hero s Journey of Joseph Campbell and according to the Jung s thoughts, establishing relations between the myth structure and the archetypical expressions. Beginning with an analysis of the data obtained in this research, we found elements that reveal the capability of transformation generated by the rite of pilgrimage to Santiago, a fundamental component in the development process of the self / A redescoberta da peregrinação no Caminho de Santiago de Compostela, observada no final do século XX, desperta um desejo de investigação sobre suas causas e desdobramentos na vida de quem se propõe a percorrê-lo em plena pósmodernidade. Essa investigação toma corpo na medida em que definimos as áreas de conhecimento que podem nos auxiliar a compreender o fenômeno, e nesse sentido a análise inicia-se pela Antropologia, que permitiu iluminar a peregrinação considerando os movimentos sociais em torno dos ritos de passagem, da religião, espiritualidade e busca de sentido ao longo dos séculos até os dias de hoje. Os significados de cada rito, símbolo, gesto, sofreram modificações ao longo da história, mas preservam sua essência. Em busca da visão do peregrino moderno sobre as transformações do Caminho de Santiago, realizamos uma pesquisa com peregrinos de Santiago, cidadãos de classe média urbana brasileira. Observamos pelas entrevistas que o Caminho, de fato, é capaz de reconectar o indivíduo com sua religiosidade e com a possibilidade de transcendência através do rito. Estes resultados são analisados em conjunto com a descrição da jornada do herói em Joseph Campbell, segundo o pensamento Junguiano, aproximando a estrutura do mito com as manifestações arquetípicas. Buscando o aprofundamento no conteúdo obtido com a pesquisa, encontramos elementos que revelam a capacidade de transformação proporcionada pelo ritual de peregrinação a Santiago, um ingrediente fundamental no processo de encontro com o si-mesmo e de reintegração com as próprias experiências religiosas dos entrevistados

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T19:21:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Deolino Pedro Baldissera.pdf: 8494629 bytes, checksum: 2bd69b1a8e397d1afa7c39477322cf38 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-16 / This research intends to demonstrate that human beings in their maturing process set up symbolical and original personal manners making up a map where they place themselves and communicate with the world (people and environment). One of the subtle ways such symbols manifest themselves is through certain keywords they build up to translate meaningful aspects of themselves and their history. Their existential experiences go through complex subjective elaborations that stick to their conscious and unconscious levels as memories of which the hermeneutics is not always easily understood. Thus, the inventiveness of every human being creates its own symbolisms, which makes self-understanding easier and works out as a way to express other human beings his way of seeing and relating to himself, the world and the others, that is, his cosmogenesis and his cosmoview. This seems to a part of the complexity of psychic processes not subdued to conscious intentionality, thus distorting situations which do not allow clear and objective communication. Such processes generate conditionings that are accumulated all along personal history and become stalactites formed thanks to slow repetition and sedimentation of similar experiences, until they become aspects of personality itself. Such nuclei are communicated through attitudes and behaviors that are significant for the individual himself, but are not always deciphered in their true nature and meaning. Such nuclei usually keep not fully developed areas their reach, thus creating obstacles for the objective living of desires and/or ideals. They become psycho-dynamic nuclei having influence upon the individual s everyday life. In this paper our thesis is that such keywords are symbolical expressions of internalized contents in every individual, assuming the character of a way, not always conscious, of selfrevelation. In this thesis we concentrated on the analysis of keywords related to the individual s religiosity, and somehow to his vocation for religious life, since all individuals are theology students and aspire to presbyteriat in the Catholic Church. We analyzed propositions, phrases and words that, according to researched individuals, talk about the perception they have of their own beliefs, goals and life sense. On the conscious level, everyone has his own reasons to justify them. In our analysis we found that their keywords have meanings that are deeper than they themselves could suppose. Very often they were liked to conflicts and badly developed experiments in their inner selves, the meanings of which were masked by inconsistent psychological processes generating tensions. Therefore, the keywords offer an autobiography of the maturing process experienced by the individual. Thus, they stand for a clinically useful method for the individual to review his own history, which allows meaningful re-elaborations of himself and his religiosity / Nesta pesquisa pretende-se demonstrar que o sujeito humano em seu processo de amadurecimento, elabora maneiras pessoais simbólicas originais e subjetivas que se constituem num mapa onde ele se situa e se comunica com o mundo (pessoas e ambiente). Uma das formas sutis em que seus símbolos se manifestam é através de certas palavras-chave que ele constrói e para ele passam a traduzir aspectos significativos de si e de sua história. Suas experiências existenciais passam por elaborações subjetivas complexas, que ficam guardadas em seu nível consciente e inconsciente sob a forma de memórias, cuja hermenêutica nem sempre é de fácil compreensão. Assim, a inventividade de cada um cria simbolismos próprios que são facilitadores da auto compreensão e servem como meios para expressar aos outros sua maneira de ver e de se relacionar consigo, com o mundo e os outros, ou seja, a sua cosmogênese e sua cosmovisão. Isso parece ser parte da complexidade dos processos psíquicos que não se submetem à intencionalidade consciente, e por isso distorcem situações que não permitem uma comunicação clara e objetiva. Tais processos criam condicionamentos que vão se acumulando ao longo da história pessoal e se tornam estalactites formadas através da lenta repetição e sedimentação de experiências semelhantes, a ponto de se tornarem aspectos da própria personalidade. Tais núcleos são comunicados através de atitudes e comportamentos que são significativos para o próprio sujeito, mas nem sempre decifráveis em sua verdadeira natureza e significado. É comum que tais núcleos mantenham as áreas por ele atingidas, pouco desenvolvidas, criando obstáculos para a vivência objetiva dos desejos e/ou ideais. Eles se tornam núcleos psicodinâmicos que influem sobre o cotidiano do sujeito. A hipótese aqui proposta é de que tais palavras chave são expressões simbólicas de conteúdos internalizados de cada sujeito e assumem o caráter de um caminho, nem sempre consciente, de auto revelação. Nesta tese nos ativemos na análise de palavras-chave relacionadas com a religiosidade do sujeito e de alguma maneira de sua vocação à vida religiosa, uma vez que todos os sujeitos são estudantes de teologia e aspiram ao presbiterado na Igreja Católica. Analisamos proposições, frases preferidas e palavras que, segundo os pesquisados, falam da percepção que eles têm de suas próprias crenças, objetivos e sentido de vida. No nível consciente, cada um tem suas razões para justificá-las. Em nossa análise verificamos que suas palavras-chave contêm significados mais profundos do que os alegados pelos sujeitos, dizendo mais de sua religiosidade do que eles mesmos supõem. Freqüentemente estavam ligadas a conflitos ou experiências mal elaboradas internamente, cujos significados ficavam mascarados por processos psicológicos inconsistentes, geradores de tensões. As palavras-chave oferecem, portanto, uma autobiografia do amadurecimento de fato vivido pelo sujeito. Representam, assim, um método que se mostra útil clinicamente para o sujeito rever sua história permitindo reelaborações significativas de si e de sua religiosidade

Au Moyen Age, les théories physiologique, psychologique et philosophique de la perception se sont mutuellement influencées jusqu’à aboutir au modèle théorique de la cognition visuelle. Les définitions médiévales de la connaissance intuitive confirment d’ailleurs le « caractère visuel » de la métaphysique occidentale, ainsi que l’influence de l’optique sur l’épistémologie. Jean Duns Scot (1265-1308) est le premier philosophe qui se sert, de manière systématique, de la distinction entre deux modes cognitifs pré-discursifs et pré-judicatifs : abstractif et intuitif. Il donne ainsi une définition rigoureuse au concept d’intuition, qu’il applique de manière univoque à la connaissance du singulier immatériel et matériel. Avant lui, Matthieu d’Aquasparta (1237-1302) avait étendu le concept théologique d’intuition, utilisé traditionnellement pour expliquer la vision béatifique, à la problématique de la connaissance de soi. Il avait utilisé le terme intuitio pour désigner le rapport cognitif direct et immédiat de l’âme à ses propres actes, sans l’appliquer pour autant à la connaissance du singulier matériel. Pour Duns Scot, la connaissance de soi est directe et immédiate et intuitive et garantit la certitude dans le processus cognitifs, le fonctionnement de la mémoire, la conscience de soi et l’identité personnelle. L’intuition intellectuelle du singulier matériel constitue ainsi une des applications possibles de la distinction scotiste entre cognitio intuitiva et cognitio abstractiva, qui s’ajoute à celles représentées par la vision béatifique, la connaissance angélique et la connaissance auto-réflexive. / In the Middle Ages, the physiological, psychological and philosophical theories of perception were mutually influenced to the point where they generated a theoretical model of visual cognition. The medieval definitions of intuitive knowledge confirm the “visual character” of the Western metaphysics, much like the influence of optics on epistemology. John Duns Scotus (1265-1308) is the first philosopher to use in a systematic manner the distinction between the two pre-discursive and pre-judgment cognitive modes: abstractive and intuitive. He also gives a rigorous definition for the concept of intuition that he applies univocally to the knowledge of both the immaterial and material singular. Before him, Matthew of Aquasparta (1237-1302) extended the theological concept of intuition, traditionally used to explain the beatific vision, to the problem of knowledge of the self. He employed the term intuitio to name the direct and immediate cognitive relation between the soul and its own acts, but without applying it to the material singular. For Duns Scotus, the knowledge of the self is direct, immediate, and intuitive and guarantees the certitude in the cognitive process, the operations of the memory, self-consciousness and personal identity. The intellectual intuition of the material singular constitutes yet another one of the possible applications of the Scotist distinction between cognitio intuitiva and cognitio abstractiva that adds to those represented by the beatific vision, the angelic knowledge and the self-knowledge.

[pt] Algumas das principais questões que têm sido objeto do estudo das organizações dizem respeito à tentativa de melhor compreender como promover a motivação dos indivíduos e a sua capacidade de trabalhar em equipe, de modo a que possam contribuir para o alcance dos objetivos organizacionais. Talvez uma das maiores limitações de parte das teorias venha do fato de procurarem compreender o comportamento humano de modo padronizado, sem levar em conta a diversidade de fatores sociais que podem influenciar este comportamento tais como o gênero, a idade, as etnias e classes e sem considerar que cada indivíduo é único em sua forma de ver o mundo, em seus desejos e suas características mais intrínsecas. Nas últimas décadas, mais e mais organizações engajam-se na implementação de projetos sociais, nos quais, em geral, esperam contar com a participação ativa de seus funcionários. Muito se tem discutido a respeito da importância destes projetos sob a ótica das organizações, de suas estratégias, seus objetivos e seu modo de gerenciamento. No entanto, faz-se necessário, ainda, melhor compreender o verdadeiro significado que a participação nestes tipos de projetos tem para os indivíduos, o que justifica a relevância do presente estudo. A partir de uma revisão do que se tem estudado sobre a responsabilidade social das organizações e sobre os projetos sociais abraçados pelas mesmas, este estudo focaliza os funcionários participantes dos projetos sociais selecionados por organizações varejistas têxteis no mercado brasileiro e busca identificar até que ponto a participação dos indivíduos nesses projetos afeta ou facilita o seu processo de subjetivação, gerando também um melhor ajuste na sua relação com a organização. / [en] Some of the main organizational studies discuss how to promote individuals motivation and capacity to work as a team to archive corporate objectives. Perhaps the major limitations of these theories are related to the fact that they try to understand human behavior in a standardized way, not considering the diversity of social factors that might influence the human behavior such as gender, age and social class. Sometimes, these theories do not consider each individual as an unique, with own desires and intrinsic characteristics. When observing these limitations, it is possible to understand some influences on the organizational productivity and profitability. What shall we say when the organizations finds out the importance of developing other kinds of objectives that requires another level of individual conscience, such as innovation and social performance? In the last decades, many organizations were engaged in the implementation of social projects, counting on its employee s devotion. A lot have been discussed about the importance of these social projects, under an organizational view. However, a better understanding of the true meaning of the effects of these projects on individuals is needed. Through a Literature Review about organizational social responsibility, this study focuses employees of textile industries in Brazil that are part of their companies social projects. The study tries to identify whether the participation of these individuals on their companies social projects affect or not their process of subjectivity, providing a best fit in their relation with the organization.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:38:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vitor Faustino Sampaio.pdf: 1096064 bytes, checksum: d96d880b48ba1326c5e27b161c2962a3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-01-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The research objective was to understand the meaning of self knowledgement in a existential phenomenological perspective as from an experience where the opening to self knowledge is found. We´ve chosen as an experience the practice of Aikido and the authorial reflections about it. The use of personal narrative, making the research building, became the own experience witnessing and investigation method, founded on Martin Heidegger´s hermeneutics. Questions about the self knowledgement emerged from the personal report about the author experience from he´s Aikido´s practice. We explained those questions as self caring disposal, and submitted it to a phenomenological analysis, done in three essays: The comprehension of its self as access to the way , where we explore the meaning and explain the knowledge of its self as a walking through the existence on its execution; The self knowledge and being-with , as from reflections about the others, we learn them as inseparable part of knowing its self, and we also reflect about the dwelling in the human ethos; The self knowledge and bodyhood , on this essay we discern the conception of body on the philosophical history from the conception of bodyhood for Heidegger´s Ontology. By doing so, we could think about the body (bodyhood) as fundamental for understanding the human existence. The conceptual probation we realize on these essays, allows us to understand those were the possible aspects to be accessed from the initial narrative. Such aspects we analyzed opened the reflection about the self knowledge´s theme that permeates the human existence on its everydayness, and its implications when thinking the Existential Phenomenological Clinics practices / O objetivo da pesquisa era compreender o que significa conhecer si mesmo em uma perspectiva fenomenológico existencial a partir de uma experiência em que há abertura para este conhecer-se. Escolhemos como experiência a prática do Aikido e as reflexões autorais oriundas desta prática. O uso da narrativa pessoal, perfazendo a construção da pesquisa, tornou-se testemunho da própria experiência e método de investigação da pesquisa, fundamentada na hermenêutica da facticidade de Martin Heidegger. A partir do relato pessoal do autor sobre sua experiência e compreensão na prática do Aikido, surgiram questionamentos sobre o conhecer si mesmo, que explicitamos como disposição do cuidar de si. Submetemos tais questionamentos a uma análise fenomenológica realizada em três ensaios distintos: O entendimento de si mesmo como acesso ao sentido , em que exploramos o que significa si mesmo e esclarecemos o conhecimento de si como um caminhar pela própria existência em sua realização fática; Conhecer si mesmo e ser-com , a partir das reflexões sobre os co-existentes, apreendemos os outros como parte indissociável do conhecer si mesmo, e refletimos sobre o habitar no ethos dos homens; Conhecer si mesmo e corporeidade , neste ensaio, ao diferenciarmos a concepção de corpo na historia da filosofia da concepção de corporeidade na Ontologia Fundamental, pudemos pensar sobre o tema do corpo (corporeidade) como fundamental na compreensão do existir humano. O aprofundamento conceitual realizado nestes ensaios nos permitiu compreender que estes foram os aspectos possíveis de serem acessados via a narrativa inicial. Estes aspectos analisados nos abriram para a reflexão sobre tema do conhecer si mesmo que permeia o existir humano em sua cotidianidade e suas implicações no pensar a clínica fenomenológico existencial

Thesis (Ph.D. (African Languages)) -- University of Limpopo, 1999 / Refer to the document / Alma Mater Fund Scholarship, University of the North TELP and Research offices

This dissertation examines three of Carmen Martín Gaite’s later novels, identifying existential issues that are presented through the narrative. It aims to unravel issues pertaining to personal identity, freedom, communication and ethical stances in a postmodern context. The thesis is divided into three studies, one for each novel examined. The corpus of novels includes Nubosidad variable (1992), La reina de las nieves (1994) and Lo raro es vivir (1996). The Introduction and the General Conclusions cover all three studies. The first examines the epistolary nature of Nubosidad variable, presenting the subjective and dialogical aspects of the texts in question. The protagonists’ quest for true identity, concealed beneath acquired social roles, elicits a search for authenticity. The second study analyses the intertextual character of La reina de las nieves, identifying the existential issues that are imbedded in the intertexts and the narrative. The third study looks into the importance of communication in a self-exploratory process in which death and life-giving issues are discussed. Identity is understood as a combination of ipse, selfhood, and idem, sameness and narrative identity as a narrative formation of discourse in which human experience is articulated and subject to change over time (Ricoeur). Freedom, responsibility, authenticity and subjectivity are viewed in light of theoretical considerations offered, inter alia, by Sartre and Kierkegaard. The study concludes that the main idea of these novels is that the act of writing gives purpose or meaning to life. Although death is ever-present, emphasis is placed on life challenges and the subject’s existential sense of direction. As regards ethical inclinations in the novels, there is an appraisal of the effort to acquire self-knowledge and self-fulfilment, assuming personal responsibility for choices made in life.