Project evaluation is concerned with indicators setting and performance tracking along the life of a project. It plays an essential role to the success of any project and therefore demands special attention. At the heart of this process lies a system of criteria one has to take into account when performing the evaluation. Our thesis considers this problem in a particular context, namely New Service Development (NSD) projects. The topic is of our interest because innovation (hence NSD) has become an inherent aspect of service industry while the research dedicated to NSD project evaluation is rather limited. Our thesis aims at understanding the purposes, the process of evaluating NSD projects and pointing out specific criteria included during the evaluation of NSD projects. As a result, the research question pursuing is: ‘What are key Evaluation Criteria for New Service Development projects?’ From the literature review on project evaluation and new service development, our study reveals a list of eight important criteria of evaluation. This consists of three financial criteria: (1) profitability, (2) production cost, (3) return on investment; and five non-financial criteria: (4) strategic fit, (5) marketing criteria, (6) corporate social responsibilities, (7) information quality, and (8) facilitating factors. From empirical perspective, qualitative approach is applied to collect data through three case studies and a series of semi-structured interviews with seventeen respondents in Albania, Italy, Sweden and Vietnam, from companies offering various types of service. The case studies build comprehensive understanding on the process of new service development, of project evaluation for NSD whereas interviews check the transferability of the three cases and identify evaluation criteria employed in practice. The empirical results were analyzed in comparison with the arguments found from literature. Regarding the research question, the study found that the set of evaluation criteria collected from empirical study fits with the list of eight criteria proposed by literature. Among this set, two main criteria ‘strategic fit’ (4) and ‘customer satisfaction’ which is apart of ‘marketing criteria’ (5) are recommended as ‘must’ for the evaluation process on any type of NSD project. Findings of this research contribute to the existing knowledge provided by both academic and practitioners regarding both project management field and new service development area, by suggesting a set of key criteria that should be used as guidance in order to succeed with evaluation of NSD projects.

隨著這幾年大環境趨勢的變動下，台灣美髮業的產業結構正逐漸轉變中。 首先，民眾在美髮產業的消費型態正產生變化，未來的消費者只會愈來愈趨向 兩種極端的消費模式，意即高單價與低單價的消費型態。這種現象對於採取以 中價位為定價策略的店家而言，顯而易見地，將會是一大威脅。除此之外，在 大環境變遷下，現代消費者對於服務品質的要求已愈來愈挑惕。因此，以服務 為導向的美髮業正是處於一種服務競爭的時代，如何改善消費者服務體驗過程 以提升消費者的感知是現在台灣美髮業者所需致力的方向。 為因應上述大環境下所造成的美髮消費型態改變，本研究將選取現正以中 間路線為發展策略的 L 美髮公司為研究個案。為能深入分析 L 美髮公司目前運 行現況，並提供 L 公司改善方案以有效解決所面臨的顧客價值和服務創新之瓶 頸，本文採用「個案研究法」進行研究探討。藉由「服務創新」與「顧客價值」 文獻並結合 L 公司的經營現狀分析，以擬定出 L 公司基於顧客價值為導向的服 務創新策略，重新挖掘其競爭優勢。 透過本研究針對 L 美髮公司所處的產業環境分析與消費者間的價值落差分 析後，本研究提出「建立個人化服務網站」以及「顧客關係管理系統」來解決 現存的價值落差議題。前者可提供消費者「一對一的個人化服務」；後者利用 資訊科技技術建構顧客關係管理系統，達到顧客及商情收集分析。藉由這兩項 解決方案將可推動 L 公司美髮消費者的個人化服務，以提供差異化的服務提升 顧客價值並達到滿足美髮消費者需求之效，而增進顧客滿意度與忠誠度，建立 「以顧客為中心」的經營模式。

For a retailer, who has a close and everyday contact with its customers, understanding the customers can be of benefit if they know how to use the information in the right way. One way of using the customer is to integrate customers when developing new services, to enhance the possibility of the new service gaining market acceptance. Customer insight, Omnichannel retailing and Big Data are areas that recently have caught the interest of retailers. The latter two are of interest as these provide retailers with better possibilities of gaining customer insight, by taking the opportunities to observe the customers’ virtual footsteps to a whole new level. This thesis is a study made with the market research company Nepa as employer of the thesis, in order to develop their B2B offer with end-customer integration. Why and how customers are integrated were further studied through the frame of reference. The factors that were chosen to describe from a theoretical standpoint how customers can be integrated were type of integration, role of the customer, type of customer and timing of the integration. The underlying factors that were chosen to answer why retailers choose different alternatives among the above mentioned factors were market orientation, service/goods dominant logic, environmental uncertainty and market maturity. The study was made with a qualitative, positivistic approach using a collective case study. The case study is a good way to be able to answer both how and why-questions and was therefore chosen as method. By investigating multiple cases and performing a cross case analysis the authors were able to draw more generalizable conclusions. Five retailers took part in the study and for each of these a developed service was chosen as case for investigation. By doing low structured interviews using a method called story-telling, the authors let the respondents from each company speak freely about the chosen case, and that information could then be analyzed. The conclusions of the study concern the different ways retailers choose to integrate customers and the reasons they do it in different ways. A company’s market orientation affects if and what type of customer integration is used in the idea-generating phases. The degree of market orientation also affects the amount of occasions and what type of customer integration is used in the execution-oriented phases. Retailers’ turbulent technology environment has influenced their general perception of risk and the risk of unacceptance with the specific project. This results in that a company can initially integrate customers proactively to let them guide the company or the company can consider customer integration to be secondary. Retailers generally are guided by a goods dominant logic which leads to them not choosing to integrate the customers in active roles in the innovation process. Instead, the retailers combine different integration techniques to gain some of the advantages that active customer could have brought. This is also connected to the retailers wanting to get quickly through the early phases of the process and instead use agile development after the launch of the service. The retailers do not choose different types of customers for integration, but the combination of integration techniques can still provide them with some of the characteristics of the more knowledgeable customer.

摘 要 為因應服務經濟時代的挑戰，企業必須不斷的追求服務創新來建構本身的競爭優勢，而資訊科技和網路通訊技術的發展，亦讓組織、系統、人力以及資訊等各種資源更加有效率、有效能的聯結在一起。對於以服務為導向的組織而言，如何運用資訊科技以提供線上及時、互動的服務給顧客，已成為攸關組織未來存亡的重要課題。 本論文在探討組織推動科技化互動服務創新(IT-enabled Interactive Service Innovation)時所面臨的相關議題，並定義科技化互動服務創新係指一項以資訊科技(亦包含通訊及網路)為基礎的互動式服務創新，其發展、建置以及播散的過程。研究目的是為了解科技化互動服務創新如何由最初的提案轉換至最終的企業經營績效，而其轉換過程中有那些可能的挑戰或窒礙。 本論文採用過程理論並提出一完整的分析架構，藉以闡述科技化互動服務創新於價值實現過程中，所有阻礙其推動或減損其價值的相關挑戰。研究中進行了三個田野個案(Field case)分析及三個圖書館個案(Library case)分析，所涵蓋的創新服務包括互動電視服務、證劵服務與旅遊服務。 研究貢獻包含：(1)提出一分析架構，完整描述科技化互動服務創新之價值轉換過程；(2)對於過程中造成價值減損的相關挑戰有全面性的呈現，對實務界的高階主管在推動科技化互動服務創新時，可作為決策之參考。 關鍵字：科技化服務，服務創新，互動服務 / As the economies are becoming increasingly service oriented, firms need to create competitive service advantages to compete in the service arena. Thus, enterprises endeavor to develop innovative services to meet the rapid changing customers’ needs and to create leverage from these innovations. Furthermore, with the significant advances in networks, telecommunications, and computing technologies, people, organizations, systems and heterogeneous information sources now can be linked together more efficiently and cost effectively than ever before (Qiu, 2010). For the service-oriented businesses, a lot of emerging service opportunities, such as e-services, e-commerce, and auctions, are envisioned, and well utilizing IT to provide on-line, real-time interactive services to customers becomes an imperative for company’s survival. Therefore, the call for responsive, flexible, agile and on-demand services forces the enterprises deliberating the IT-enabled interactive service innovation (IISI) to enhance their distinctive competency. This research conceptualizes the IT-enabled interactive service innovation as the development, deployment, and diffusion of a new interactive service through information technologies (IT) (including the communication and networking) for the customers. The purpose of this research is to answer the question of how an IISI is transformed from the initial proposal, IT assets, competency, and to the end, the business performance, and what the possible challenges may encounter during the transformation. This research adopts process approach and proposes a holistic analytical framework to highlight various challenges that will erode the value realization and even hamper the firms’ evolution. Three field cases and three library cases are adopted to show the empirical evidences that support the framework of IISI. The related industries involve interactive television services, securities brokerage services, and traveling services industry. The research contributions in this dissertation include; (1) building up an analytical framework to expound the process of value generation in IT-enabled service innovation; (2) to delineate the gapping hole in the value chain of IT-enabled service innovation. The practical contributions involve providing a global picture of the IT-enabled service innovation process, thus, the top management or decision makers can foresee the possible challenges, and take proactive strategies to overcome them lest the values will be eroded.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Handelshögsk., 2003. / Härtill 6 uppsatser.

La recherche que nous menons s’interroge sur l’organisation des innovations incrémentales et radicales, au niveau intra et inter-entreprise, à la lumière des travaux sur l’ambidextrie organisationnelle (Tushman et O’Reilly, 1996, 1999 ; O’Reilly et Tushman, 2004 ; Birkinshaw et Gibson 2004). En prenant le cas de la prestation de services logistiques, secteur relevant de la problématique de l’innovation intensive (Le Masson, Weil et Hatchuel, 2006), notre recherche vise à étudier les modalités organisationnelles mises en œuvre pour innover, à comprendre et à identifier les facteurs explicatifs du recours aux formes d’ambidextrie organisationnelle. De plus, à notre connaissance, aucune étude n’a encore été conduite sur l’ambidextrie organisationnelle dans le secteur des services. Il s’agit donc aussi d’identifier les spécificités liées à l’organisation de l’innovation dans les entreprises de services. Pour mener à bien notre recherche, 8 études de cas ont été conduites auprès de Prestataires de Services Logistiques (PSL). 49 entretiens ont été réalisés auprès des acteurs participant aux processus d’innovation dans chaque entreprise, des données secondaires (documentation interne, presse professionnelle, etc.) ont également été collectées. Les résultats de notre étude éclairent les chercheurs et les praticiens sur les modalités organisationnelles mises en œuvre pour innover dans les entreprises de services et au sein de réseaux d’entreprises interconnectées. Notre étude identifie également les facteurs explicatifs du recours et de la combinaison des formes d’ambidextrie organisationnelle. Ces facteurs sont liés aux caractéristiques de l’entreprise, aux caractéristiques de l’innovation mais aussi aux relations inter-organisationnelles entretenues entre le prestataire et son client. / The research that we carry out examines the organization of incremental and radical innovations, both intra- and inter-enterprise, in the light of organizational ambidextry works (Tushman and O’Reilly, 1996, 1999; O’Reilly and Tushman, 2004; Birkinshaw and Gibson, 2004).Taking the case of logistics service provision, an industry concerned by the extensive innovation dilemma (Le Masson, Weil and Hatchuel, 2006), our research aims to study the organizational modalities implemented to innovate, but also to identify and understand the explanatory factors of the recourse to organizational ambidextry forms. Moreover, to our knowledge, no study has been performed on organizational ambidextry in the service industry. It is therefore, also about the identification of the specificities bound to the organization of innovation on service companies.To successfully achieve our research, case studies were performed with 8 Logistics Service Providers (LSP) companies. 49 interviews were carried out with the actors participating in the innovation process in each company. Secondary data (internal documentation, professional press, etc.) was also collected.The results enlighten the organizational modalities implemented to innovate in service companies and within interconnected companies for both researchers and practitioners. Our study also identifies the explanatory factors of the recourse to, and the combination of, organizational ambidextry forms. These factors are bound to the company’s characteristics as well as the characteristics of the innovation, but also to the inter-organizational relationship between the provider and its costumer.

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2016-04-04T21:12:54Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Luciana Padovez Cualheta - 2015.pdf: 1603506 bytes, checksum: 640fe4870b9279aeeca49723b2392ea9 (MD5) license_rdf: 19874 bytes, checksum: 38cb62ef53e6f513db2fb7e337df6485 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-04-05T11:13:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Luciana Padovez Cualheta - 2015.pdf: 1603506 bytes, checksum: 640fe4870b9279aeeca49723b2392ea9 (MD5) license_rdf: 19874 bytes, checksum: 38cb62ef53e6f513db2fb7e337df6485 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-05T11:13:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Luciana Padovez Cualheta - 2015.pdf: 1603506 bytes, checksum: 640fe4870b9279aeeca49723b2392ea9 (MD5) license_rdf: 19874 bytes, checksum: 38cb62ef53e6f513db2fb7e337df6485 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-10-30 / The air transport sector is highly relevant to the global economy and has grown about six times the global GDP in recent years. Nevertheless, it has not been able to generate the desired profitability, due to high costs and the inability to deliver differentiated services to customers. In this context, innovation in services is a priority. This study aimed to identify what are the main practices in the new service development process (NSDP) for companies in the air transport industry. Several NSDP practices are identified in the literature which make up a conceptual model. By conducting multiple case studies and comparing the results with the literature, ten of those practices are found to be recurrent in the air transport industry. They are: analyzing the external environment, analysis of the financial capacity of the company, the creation of support activities, the new service price definition, employee training, adaptation of the physical structure, the disclosure of the new service, disclosure of the benefits of the new service for the customer, obtaining customer feedback and the comparison of actual costs versus planned costs. Future research should try to understand how and why those activities occur. / O setor de serviços de transporte aéreo é altamente relevante para a economia global e tem crescido cerca de seis vezes mais que o PIB mundial nos últimos anos. Apesar disso, o setor não tem sido capaz de gerar a rentabilidade desejada devido aos altos custos e a incapacidade de entregar um serviço diferenciado ao cliente. Nesse contexto, a inovação em serviços tornase prioritária. O presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar quais são as principais práticas do processo de desenvolvimento de um novo serviço (PDNS) para empresas do setor de transporte aéreo. Para tanto, são identificadas as práticas de PDNS propostas na literatura, que compõem um modelo conceitual. Através da condução de estudos de casos múltiplos e da comparação dos seus resultados com a literatura, identificou-se que dez dessas práticas são recorrentes para as empresas do setor de transporte aéreo, sendo elas a análise do ambiente externo, análise da capacidade financeira da empresa, a criação de atividades de suporte, a definição do preço do novo serviço, o treinamento dos funcionários, a adaptação da estrutura física da empresa, a divulgação do novo serviço, evidenciação dos benefícios do novo serviço para o cliente, a obtenção de feedback dos clientes e a comparação dos custos realizados versus o planejado. Sugere-se que pesquisas futuras busquem compreender como e porque cada uma dessas práticas é realizada, ampliando a compreensão acerca do assunto

以製造產品為主要獲利手段的企業面臨商品陷阱(Commodity Trap)困境，即製造活動全球轉移導致的低成本競爭、網路資訊流通導致的產品週期縮短及顧客對客製化需求的增加，這些趨勢使其競爭環境更加困難。為脫離商品陷阱現象，服務化已成趨勢。 製造服務化( Servitization )一詞，強調原本以製造產品為主的企業，從顧客為主(Customer-focus)的角度，整合服務至其核心產品，以滿足顧客的需求，並提升其附加價值。其過程通常伴隨著企業往價值鏈上、下游提供延伸服務、企業與顧客親合度的提升及企業從「產品導向」轉變為「服務導向」。 企業於製造服務化過程中如何發展新服務並持續創新為其核心議題。因此本研究架構整合「服務創新」與「知識管理」之理論。以Den Hertog (2010)提出的「服務創新」模型為研究基礎，以探討其新服務發展之內涵。並透過「知識管理」之：知識吸收、知識整合、知識創造，以探討企業如何學習發展新服務所需之能耐。 過去雖然已有許多製造服務化相關之研究，但是對於製造服務化與知識管理連結之研究並不多，且無探討服務創新之因果關係的相關研究。本研究以此作為研究缺口，以「服務創新與製造服務化」、「服務傳遞系統」、「知識管理」三構面，透過多重個案研究法，以訪談及次級資料蒐集研究資料並進行分析，研究我國三間企業製造服務化之發展過程，得到以下研究結論。 結論一: 企業進行製造服務化，會整合自身之能力，與外界資源，以發展新服務。在跨入門檻較低的部分，通常會採用自行學習法；在跨入門檻較高的部分，則會尋求新商業夥伴合作的方式。 結論二： 企業進行製造服務化並發展服務創新時，會透過軟體科技的導入以促進創意發展並提升溝通效率。 結論三： 企業進行製造服務化並發展服務創新時，其新服務概念的內涵會受到企業文化的影響。 結論四： 企業進行製造服務化並發展服務創新時，在知識吸收上，會以吸收：市場競爭、行銷與銷售、人力資源管理、新商業夥伴等知識為主。在知識整合上，則會以市場知識與技術知識的整合以及市場知識面各因子間的整合為重心。在知識創造上，會強調透過「實驗」的方式，來發展未來更符合消費者的服務。 結論五： 企業進行製造服務化並發展服務創新時，其新服務概念會受到知識吸收的來源與知識吸收的機制影響。其新顧客互動會受到技術知識與市場知識的整合或者市場知識與市場知識的整合影響。 / Companies that sell products as their primary means of making profit face the dilemma of Commodity Trap. Commodity Trap means low cost caused by global shift in manufacturing activity, shorter product life cycle due to development of internet and increased demand for customization. Those trend make it more difficult for companies to survive in the competitive environment. In order to be out of Commodity Trap, servitization has become a trend. Servitization is the innovation of an company's capabilities and processes to shift from selling products to selling integrated products and services in term of customer-focus that enhance its added value. It follows company’s development of application service and value chain shift to it’s upstream or downstream, closer relationship with their customers and transformation from product oriented to service oriented. The core issue for a company in process of servitization is how to develop new service and keep innovative. So, this research’s structure integrated theories in service innovation area and knowledge management area. Used Den Hertog (2010) model of service innovation as base to discuss the connotation of new service development. To explore how companies learned to develop the capability to provide new service, this research separated knowledge management theories into knowledge absorption, knowledge integration and knowledge creation. Although there have been many studies related to servitization in the past, there are not much research on the links between servitization and knowledge management. This study uses this as a research gap, and uses service innovation and servitization, service delivery system and knowledge management as three research facets. Through multi-case study method. Collecting and analysis data by interview and secondary data . Researched the servitization process of three local companies and got the following research findings. The research findings include: 1.In the process of servitization, companies will integrate it’s self capability and external resource to develop new service. In the part that have lower barriers to entry, companies usually choose self-learning. In the part that have higher barriers to entry, companies usually seek new business partners. 2. In the process of servitization, companies will implement software to facilitate innovation efficiency and improve communication efficiency. 3. In the process of servitization, companies’ connotation of their new service concept will be influenced by their corporate culture. 4. In the process of servitization, companies’ knowledge absorption will focus on marketing competition, marketing and sales, human resource , business company and so on. In knowledge integration part, companies will focus on integrating marketing knowledge and technology knowledge or integrating each marketing knowledge factors. In knowledge creation part, companies will focus on experiment to develop new services that are correspond to customer’s requirement. 5. In the process of servitization, companies’ new service concept will be influenced by their resources and mechanisms of knowledge absorption. Their New Client Interface will be influenced by their integration of technology knowledge and marketing knowledge or marketing knowledge and marketing knowledge.

Au vu du contexte actuel (mondialisation des échanges, concurrence, innovations technologiques…), les entreprises doivent trouver les moyens de proposer des produits et services toujours plus innovants pour se différencier. C’est pourquoi, elles font de plus en plus appel aux compétences des clients pour concevoir leurs offres qui correspondront davantage à leurs besoins. Cette pratique qui suscite un réel engouement auprès des managers est appelée « co-création ».Or, d’après la littérature, il semblerait que peu de recherches ne se sont intéressées aux raisons pour lesquelles certaines entreprises sont plus prédisposées que d’autres à co-créer des services dans le contexte interorganisationnel (Business-to Business, B to B). Pourtant, cette question est fondamentale. En effet, s’il est démontré que certains facteurs favorisent l’adhésion des clients et la gestion de projets de co-création, les organisations pourront mieux choisir des partenaires (candidats) à un projet de co-création. Ainsi, notre travail de recherche propose de répondre à la question suivante : Pourquoi certaines entreprises sont-elles plus disposées à co-créer un service alors que d’autres le sont moins ?Dès lors, après avoir réalisé un état de l’art sur la co-création de services, nous menons deux études qualitatives auprès de dirigeants et de clients B to B impliqués dans des démarches de co-création de services innovants. La troisième étude de nature quantitative est réalisée auprès d’un échantillon de prestataires de services destinés aux entreprises afin de tester nos hypothèses de recherche. Les résultats obtenus ont permis d’identifier des critères à la fois organisationnels (spécifiques à l’entreprise) et sectoriels (c’est-à-dire, relatifs au marché) explicatifs de la prédisposition et du degré d’implication des entreprises dans un processus de co-création. D’un point de vu managérial, cette recherche souligne les bonnes pratiques à mettre en place au sein des organisations avant d’initier cette démarche collaborative. / In the current world context (globalization, competition, technological innovations,.), companies must look for new ways to offer more innovative goods and services. Therefore, they require customer’s competencies to design offerings that meet their needs. This practice which is raising a great deal of enthusiasm from the managers is called “co-creation”.An examination of the existing literature on services suggests that little has been done on the reasons why some companies are more disposed to engage in a B to B service co-creation process while others are less disposed to do so. Yet, this is an important issue. Indeed, if we can show that there are some criteria which can be used to identify potential co-creators and that facilitate the management of co-creation projects, then organizations could use this knowledge to select their partners in a co-creation process.In the light of the foregoing, our research study seeks to answer the following question: Why are some B-to-B service providers more disposed to co-create services than others?After a literature review on service co-creation, we conduct two qualitative studies with leaders and B to B customers involved in innovative service co-creation projects. The third study that is quantitative surveys a number of service providers in order to test our research hypothesis.Our empirical results allow us to identify firm-level and industry-level criteria relevant for explaining businesses’ willingness to engage in a co-creation process as well as their level of involvement in this process. From a managerial perspective, the present research also underlines the best practices to implement in service organizations before starting such a collaborative approach.

Studiens syfte avser att öka kunskapen kring tjänsteinnovation hos svenska FinTechbolag och storbanker samt att ta reda på hur de olika typerna av bolag arbetar med att styra denna typ av innovation. Vidare är syftet att identifiera samt förklara likheter och skillnader som existerar kring arbete och styrning av tjänsteinnovation hos FinTech-bolag och storbanker i Sverige. Detta görs för att ge en ökad förståelse till varför det finns olika syn i hur effektiva grupperingarna är gällande innovationsarbete. Således ska uppsatsen bidra med en tydligare förklaring kring varför FinTech-bolag anses mer innovativa än storbanker i Sverige. / The purpose of the study is to increase knowledge about service innovation at FinTech companies and major banks in Sweden and to find out how the different types of companies work and govern this type of innovation. Furthermore, the purpose is to identify and explain similarities and differences that exists in work and governance of service innovation at FinTech companies and major banks in Sweden. This is carried out to create a better understanding to why there is a different view of the groups efficiency in regards of innovational work. Thus, the thesis will contribute with further explanations to why FinTech companies are regarded as more innovative than major banks in Sweden.