This study was intended to explore the role male partners play in preventing adolescent pregnancy in the Letlhabile area, of Brits district, which is located in the North West Province. Adolescent males and females whose ages ranged between 13-20 years were included in the sample. The inclusion criteria was determined on the basis of the adolescents who were pregnant and non- pregnant, as well as males who had already became parents and those who hadn't experienced fatherhood. Focus group discussions and individual in-depth interviews were conducted.ObservaJions and the review of existing documents were triangulated to gather valid and reliable information. Quantitative and qualitative data analysis were blended. The findings revealed significant factors that ranged from the reaction of parents and/or partner to the announcement of pregnancy, to issues that impact on consequences of multiple sex partners. The recommendations of this project deal with aspects that include contraception, sexuality education, parental involvement among many relevant policy issues. / Health Studies / M.A. (Nursing Science)

O conceito de saúde sexual e reprodutiva (SSR) ganha visibilidade na década de 1990, marcada por ativismo social e pela IV Conferência Internacional sobre População e Desenvolvimento e a IV Conferência Internacional sobre Mulheres, que afirmam a atenção primária à saúde (APS) como prioritária. No Brasil, a APS é considerada estratégica para efetivar políticas de SSR no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Com o objetivo de avaliar a implementação de ações de SSR em serviços de APS, no SUS, no estado de São Paulo (SP), foi desenvolvida avaliação que adota a teoria do trabalho em saúde e a integralidade como referenciais, e utiliza banco de respostas de 2735 serviços ao questionário QualiAB - Avaliação da qualidade da Atenção Básica em Municípios de SP, em 2010. Construiu-se um modelo teórico da avaliação de práticas de SSR na APS - compreendendo os domínios promoção à SSR, prevenção e assistência às doenças sexualmente transmissíveis (DST)/aids, e atenção à saúde reprodutiva, com 25, 43 e 31 indicadores, respectivamente. As respostas dos serviços apontam: pré-natal com início e exames adequados, melhor organização para puerpério imediato do que tardio, planejamento reprodutivo seletivo para alguns contraceptivos; prevenção baseada em proteção específica, limites na prevenção da sífilis congênita, no tratamento de DST, no rastreamento do câncer cervical e mamário; atividades educativas pontuais, com restrita abordagem das vulnerabilidades, e predomínio do enfoque da sexualidade centrado na reprodução. A média geral de desempenho em SSR é 56,84%. O domínio atenção à saúde reprodutiva tem maior participação, seguido por prevenção e assistência das DST/aids e promoção à SSR (teste de Friedman estimou a contribuição no escore; Dunn, a participação relativa). Os três domínios são correlacionados (Spearman > 0,5). Técnica de agrupamento por k-médias mostrou 5 grupos de desempenho: A, B, C, D e E, compostos por 675, 811, 346, 676 e 227 serviços, com médias de 74,71; 61,95; 55,19; 45,57; e 21,56%, respectivamente. Arranjos organizacionais com saúde da família, ou saúde da família com Unidade Básica de Saúde; localização urbana periférica; delimitação da área de abrangência por planejamento; uso de dados de produção e epidemiológicos para organização do trabalho; presença de serviço especializado de atenção à aids no município, são variáveis associadas ao pertencimento do serviço de APS ao grupo A. Ajustadas em modelo de regressão logística, duas variáveis se apresentam independentemente associadas à maior chance de o serviço pertencer ao grupo A: uso de dados de produção e de dados epidemiológicos para organização do trabalho. Os resultados indicam que a implementação das ações de SSR na APS paulista é incipiente e corroboram a hipótese do reconhecimento inadequado da SSR como objeto de trabalho na APS; bem como de definição inapropriada das tecnologias, que limitam a tradução operacional do programa de SSR. Faz-se necessário: rever o objeto SSR para a APS, enfatizando sua abordagem integral; disseminar tecnologias de atenção à SSR; investir em capacitações, sobretudo, de gerências realmente técnicas; e ainda, fortalecer redes regionais temáticas para SSR. O modelo teórico da avaliação construído mostra-se viável e pode ser utilizado em futuras avaliações / The concept of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) gains visibility in the 1990s, a decade characterized by social activism and by the IV International Conference on Population and Development and the IV World Conference on Women, which affirm that primary health care (PHC) is a priority. In Brazil, PHC is considered strategic for the implementation of SRH in the Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS). An evaluation was developed with the purpose of assessing the implementation of SRH actions in PHC at the SUS units in the state of São Paulo (SP), adopting the theory of work in health and comprehensiveness as references and using response database from 2735 units to the Questionnaire PHC Quality Evaluation in SP Municipalities - QualiAB in 2010. A theoretical model of evaluation for SRH actions in the PHC was designed - comprising the following domains: SHR promotion, prevention and assistance of sexually transmitted disease (STD)/AIDS, and reproductive care, with 25, 43 and 31 indicators, respectively. The responses from the units indicate: early start of antenatal care with proper test delivery, more effective organization for immediate postpartum than for late postpartum, and selective reproductive planning for some contraceptives; predominance of specific protection actions, limits in prevention of congenital syphilis, STD syndromic treatment and cervical and breast screening; occasional education activities with a restricted approach to vulnerabilities, an approach to sexuality predominantly through reproduction. The general performance score for dimension SRH at the units is 56,84%. The Reproductive care domain has a bigger participation in the general score, followed by STD/AIDS prevention/assistance and SRH promotion (Friedman test estimated contribution to the general score; Dunn, relative participation). The three domains are correlated (Spearman > 0,5). K-means clustering method showed 5 performance groups: A, B, C, D and E, consisting of 675, 811, 346, 676 and 227 units, with an average of 74,71; 61,95; 55,19; 45,57; and 21,56%, respectively. Organizational arrangements for work in PHC with family health, or the traditional health center combined with family health; urban outskirts, delimitation of area through management criteria; use of epidemiological and production data for work organization; specialized AIDS care in the municipality, are variables associated with PHC units taking part in group A. Adjusted in logistic regression model, two variables are independently associated to a higher chance of the unit to belong to group A: use of epidemiological and production data for work organization. The results indicate that the implementation of SRH services in PHC in the state of São Paulo is incipient and corroborate with the hypothesis of inadequate recognition of SRH as a PHC object of work; as well as inappropriate definition of technologies, which limit the operational translation of the SRH program. It is necessary to: review the SRH object for the PHC emphasizing its comprehensive approach; disseminate technologies of SRH care; invest in training, mainly in technical management, as well as strengthen thematic regional networks for SRH. The theoretical evaluation model designed is feasible and can be used in future evaluations

A la croisée de l’anthropologie de la maladie et de l’anthropologie de la santé, cette thèse explore la diversité des savoirs et des pratiques de soins dédiés à la prévention ainsi qu’au traitement des problèmes de santé considérés comme spécifiquement féminins en France rurale. L’ethnographie a été menée sur la presqu’île du Médoc, territoire où l’imaginaire lié à la nature fait naître des représentations sur la population entre fantasmes et stigmates, et où se pose régulièrement la question de la désertification médicale, à l’instar d’autres campagnes françaises. Dans ce contexte, des observations et des entretiens qualitatifs ont été réalisés auprès d’une soixantaine de femmes et d’une quarantaine d’acteurs du soin aux profils variés, afin de dessiner les contours et les dynamiques du pluralisme thérapeutique local consacré aux « maux de femmes ». Cette catégorie opératoire regroupe l’ensemble des malaises, mal-être et maladies, souvent sensibles et tabous, qui m’ont été confiés par mes interlocutrices. La thèse éclaire les diverses logiques de recours aux soins qu’elles développent au cours de ces itinéraires thérapeutiques particuliers, constitués de soins biomédicaux, spécialisés ou non dans le domaine de la « santé sexuelle et reproductive », de soins non conventionnels et de soins domestiques. La réflexion globale porte sur la complémentarité des soins façonnée par les usagères du pluralisme thérapeutique au fil de leurs quêtes de soins efficaces, en même temps qu’elle questionne les quêtes de soi suscitées chez les femmes selon que les soins normalisent ou non leurs conduites, les rendent ou non actrices de leur santé, ou qu’ils réifient ou réinventent les normes de genre. / This thesis in medical anthropology explores the diversity of knowledge and care practices dedicated to prevention and treatment of health problems considered as specifically feminine in rural France. The ethnography was conducted in the Medoc peninsula, an area where nature related imaginary leads to representations between fantasy and stigmas from the local population. It is also an area discussed for its medical desertification alike other French rural areas. In this context, observations and qualitative interviews were conducted with about sixty women and forty care actors with various profiles in order to understand and present the contours and dynamics of local therapeutic pluralism dedicated to “women health issues”. This operational category stands for all illness, sickness and diseases, often sensitive, taboo and revealed to me in confidence. This thesis enlightens women’s diverse uses of healthcare in their singular therapeutic itineraries, made of biomedical care, specialized or not in the sexual and reproductive health sector, of non-conventional or alternative medicines and of domestic cares. The overall reflection addresses the complementarity of treatments developed by users of therapeutic pluralism in their quest for health, and questions women’s personal quest according to the way treatments normalize or not their practices, make them actor of their own health or not, or re-invent or re-conduct gender norms.

Despite all the legislative efforts regarding child protection and campaigns to prevent and combat early marriage and maternity, Mozambique was ranked 9th globally in terms of the prevalence of early marriage, with 48% of girls aged 20-24 marrying before the age of 18 years. The aim of this study was to develop a strategic alignment framework for the prevention and combat of early marriage and maternity in Zambézia Province, Mozambique. This study used a two-stage equal-status concurrent sequential mixed-method design. Data were collected through a cross-sectional survey, administered to 383 early married, maternity and pregnant girls; life story interviews with early married, maternity and pregnant girls (25) aged 10-19 years; semi-structured interviews with professionals from the education and health sectors, local authorities, families of the early married, maternity and pregnant girls (37), and group discussions with members of a child committee (16). The results indicated that the majority of early married, maternity and pregnant girls only completed primary education (55.9%), followed by secondary education (39.9%), and higher education (2.9%). About 65% of adolescent girls became pregnant at the age of 15-17. Among adolescent girls, 18.8% had their first baby before the age of 15 years and 99.2% had their first baby before they were 18 years old. Among the early maternity girls (362), 24.3% responded “yes” to the questions about health complications during their first baby’s birth and 75.7% of the respondents said “no”. Socio-cultural meanings, such as socialisation into roles, legitimising having children, the value and benefits of the bridewealth, the role of initiation, the social meaning of the first menstruation, geographical and transport issues were the main drivers for school dropout, forcing adolescent girls to marry. Engaging in sexual practices was found to provide the girls a sense of meaning and purpose, or as a result of poverty. Physical aspects, interpersonal relations, education, work, and emotional distress were some of the negative consequences of early marriage and maternity. There were some relevant interventions and efforts to prevent and combat early marriage and maternity in Maganja da Costa and Morrumbala districts in Zambézia Province, Mozambique. However, the alignment of the activities implemented by different NGOs and CBOs to MNSPCM (2016-2019) was still a challenge. Only World Vision was implementing programmes aligned to the National Strategy. Based on the results, I developed a strategic alignment framework for the prevention and combat of early marriage and maternity in Zambézia Province, Mozambique. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

Introduction : Les droits en matière de santé sexuelle et reproductive (SSR) sont essentiels pour parvenir à une couverture sanitaire universelle pour tous, y compris les personnes handicapées. L'Ouganda a émergé d'un conflit armé de 20 ans qui a engendré à la fois des handicaps et des dommages aux systèmes de santé, en particulier au nord du pays. Une personne sur cinq vit avec un handicap en Ouganda où plusieurs lois et politiques ont été adoptées promouvant les droits des personnes handicapées. Or, leur accès aux services de SSR demeure limité. Les rôles genrés restent omniprésents et les hommes et les jeunes handicapés sont moins ciblés par les programmes de SSR (article 1). Les politiques de santé et leur mise en œuvre nécessitent donc une analyse contextuelle plus approfondie pour protéger le droit à la santé des personnes handicapées. Cette thèse visait à examiner les relations perçues et empiriques entre la législation, les politiques de santé et l'utilisation des services de SSR par les personnes handicapées dans la région post-conflit au nord l'Ouganda. Méthodes : Un devis séquentiel exploratoire de méthodes mixtes s'est appuyé sur le cadre d’analyse des politiques basée sur l'intersectionnalité (IBPA). 1) Nous avons mené une étude de cas multiples auprès de cinq groupes d'acteurs des politiques (personnes handicapées, prestataires de services, organisations de personnes handicapées, organisations nationales et internationales, et décideurs politiques nationaux), thématiquement analysé 45 entretiens approfondis et neuf groupes de discussion, et observé sept structures de santé en matière d'accessibilité. 2) Nous avons analysé des données secondaires provenant des enquêtes démographiques et sanitaires ougandaises de 2006, 2011 et 2016 à l'aide de régressions logistiques multivariées. Le but était d’analyser l'utilisation des services de SSR chez 15 739 personnes au cours de la décennie qui a suivi l'adoption de la Loi sur le handicap en Ouganda. 3) Une revue systématique a été réalisée pour examiner les relations entre la législation, les politiques de santé et l'utilisation des services de SSR parmi les populations vulnérables en Afrique subsaharienne (1994-2019). Résultats : Cette thèse met en exergue quatre résultats principaux. 1) Le cadre de l’IBPA a mis en évidence des relations complexes entre la législation, les politiques de santé et l'utilisation des services de SSR chez les personnes handicapées au nord de l'Ouganda. Ces relations ont été marquées par des défis de mise en œuvre des politiques, la violation des droits des personnes handicapées, et des vulnérabilités croisées vécues par les personnes handicapées, exacerbées par les structures de pouvoir sociétales sous-jacentes. Les perceptions des différents groupes d'acteurs des politiques convergeaient en soulignant les iniquités persistantes en matière de SSR auxquelles sont confrontées les personnes handicapées (articles 2 et 3). L'utilisation des services de SSR s’est accrue au fil du temps. Cependant, elle ne s'est pas améliorée de la même manière pour tous. L'évolution de l'utilisation des services de SSR sur une décennie a révélé des tendances d’utilisation des services nuancées chez les personnes vivant avec différentes incapacités; notamment, les femmes plus nanties avec une incapacité auditive étaient moins susceptibles d'avoir utilisé les services de maternité comparativement aux femmes pauvres non handicapées (article 4). 2) Les cinq groupes d’acteurs des politiques ont identifié des défis en matière de mise en œuvre des politiques et ont émis plusieurs recommandations concrètes et complémentaires pour lever les barrières et rendre opérationnelles les mesures transformatrices, telles que la budgétisation et la collecte de données sur le handicap (articles 2 et 3). 3) Les résultats au niveau local (Ouganda) ont permis de contextualiser ceux au niveau régional (Afrique subsaharienne), et vice versa. Une revue systématique sur une période de 25 ans a montré que les personnes handicapées restent dans l’angle mort de la recherche sur l'analyse des politiques en matière d’utilisation des services SSR (article 5). 4) La pratique de la réflexivité tout au long de la recherche a mis en lumière les tensions dans l'application des normes éthiques dans le contexte de la recherche qualitative en santé mondiale avec des personnes handicapées menée dans le Sud (article 6). Conclusion : Ces résultats permettent aux acteurs des politiques à différents niveaux d'agir – maintenant – pour aborder et corriger les iniquités sociales de santé vécues par les personnes handicapées. Le cadre de l'IBPA s'est avéré un outil analytique et théorique utile pour mieux comprendre les questions complexes liées aux politiques et aux vulnérabilités intersectionnelles auxquelles font face les personnes handicapées. Ce cadre pourrait enrichir d’autres cadres existants d’analyse des politiques. La thèse propose deux adaptations théoriques, soit le cadre du IBPA combiné au « Multiple Streams Framework» de Kingdon et au « Policy Triangle Model» de Walt et Gilson pour de futures recherches en santé mondiale sensibles au handicap et axées sur l'analyse des politiques basées sur l'équité. / Introduction: Sexual and reproductive health (SRH) rights are essential to achieve universal health coverage (UHC) for all, including people with disabilities. Uganda emerged from a 20-year armed conflict which created both disability and damage to health systems, especially in the Northern region. One Ugandan in five lives with some disability. Uganda adopted a series of normative tools promoting the rights of people with disabilities. However, their access to SRH services remains limited. More broadly, ableist gendered roles remain pervasive and men and youth with disabilities are less targeted by SRH programmes (Article 1). Health policies and their implementation need deeper contextualised analysis to protect the right to health of people with disabilities. This thesis aimed to examine the perceived and empirical relationships among legislation, health policies, and SRH service utilisation among people with disabilities in post-conflict Northern Uganda. Methods: A sequential exploratory mixed methods design was informed by the Intersectionality-based Policy Analysis (IPBA) framework. First, I conducted a multiple case study with five groups of policy actors (people with disabilities, service providers, disabled people’s organisations, national and international organisations, and national policy-makers). I thematically analysed 45 in-depth interviews and nine focus groups and observed seven health facilities regarding accessibility. Second, I analysed secondary data with multivariable logistic regressions, from the 2006, 2011, and 2016 Uganda Demographic and Health Surveys regarding SRH service use among 15,739 individuals in the decade following the adoption of national legislation promoting the rights of people with disabilities. Third, I conducted a systematic review examining the relationships among legislation, health policies, and SRH service use among vulnerable populations in sub-Saharan Africa (1994-2019). Results: This thesis highlights four main findings. First, the IBPA framework revealed complex relationships among legislation, health policy, and the use of SRH services by people with disabilities in Northern Uganda. These relationships were marked by policy implementation challenges, disability rights violation through multiple barriers to access, and intersecting vulnerabilities experienced by people with disabilities, exacerbated by underlying societal power structures. On one hand, the perceptions of different groups of policy actors converged by emphasising the ongoing SRH inequities faced by people with disabilities (Articles 2 and 3). On the other hand, although SRH service use improved over time, it did not improve equally for everyone. The 10-year SRH service use trend showed nuanced patterns across people with different impairments; notably, richer women with hearing impairments were less likely than poor non-disabled women to have used safe motherhood services (Article 4). Second, despite identifying legislation and policy implementation challenges, the five groups of policy actors suggested several concrete and complementary recommendations to address barriers and operationalise transformative measures, such as disability data collection and budgeting (Articles 2 and 3). Third, research findings at the local level (Uganda) contextualised the findings at the regional level (sub-Saharan Africa), and vice versa. A 25-year systematic review showed that people with disabilities continue to be a blind spot in research on SRH service use and policy analysis (Article 5). Finally, the practice of reflexivity throughout the research revealed tensions in the application of ethics norms in the context of global health qualitative research with people with disabilities conducted in the Global South (Article 6). Conclusion: The IPBA framework proved to be a useful and transformation-oriented analytical tool to disentangle complex policy implementation issues and multiple intersecting vulnerabilities and barriers to SRH service access and utilisation by people with disabilities. This thesis proposes two adapted conceptual frameworks for future disability-sensitive research focusing on equity-focused policy analysis in global health, integrating IBPA with Kingdon’s Policy Streams framework to enhance sensitivity to equity and Walt and Gilson’s Policy Triangle model to enhance sensitivity to the multiple dimensions of (in)equity. The Sustainable Development Goals emphasise inclusiveness and accountability. UHC for all is only possible through transformative action and research to fill knowledge and programmatic gaps, focusing on equity and human and disability rights. This thesis provides evidence enabling policy actors at different levels to act – now – to address and redress the social health inequities experienced by people with disabilities.

Bakgrund: Tonårsperioden är en avgörande tid för unga. Ungdomars utsatthet för våld utgör en väsentlig folkhälsofråga globalt och nationellt. Vid mötet med ungdomar kan barnmorskor på ungdomsmottagningar ta upp ämnen som relationer, livsstil och sexuellt beteende. Västra Götalandsregionen har utvecklat SEXIT, en metod som kan bidra till att identifiera ungdomars sexuella risker och våldsutsatthet.   Motiv: Ungdomars sexuella och reproduktiva hälsa och rättigheter behöver förbättras. Genom att kartlägga ungdomars självrapporterade sexuella beteende och erfarenheter av våldsutsatthet kan en bättre uppfattning om vilka risker som de utsätter sig eller andra för nås.    Syfte: Att via SEXIT kartlägga ungdomars sexuella beteende och deras utsatthet för våld samt att utforska eventuella skillnader mellan ålder och kön.   Metod: Stickprovsundersökning med 284 ungdomar vid en ungdomsmottagning i Norrland under 2022, som besvarat SEXIT enkäten som innehöll bakgrundsfrågor, våldsutsatthet och sexuella riskbeteenden. 96 sorterades bort, 188 deskriptiva statistiska analyser utfördes i statistikprogrammet Jamovi 2.4.8.0., med uppdelning i ungdomar och unga vuxna samt jämförelser mellan våldsutsatthet, sexuellt risktagande, ålder och kön.   Resultat: En hög andel ungdomar och unga vuxna rapporterade utsatthet för fysiskt, psykiskt och sexuellt våld. Fler kvinnor uppger att de blev pressade till sex (kvinnor 22%, män 3%). Mer än en tredjedel (34%) av kvinnor rapporterade utsatthet för psykiskt våld och motsvarande siffra för män är 38%. Unga vuxna män angav att de oftare har blivit utsatt för fysiskt våld jämfört med unga vuxna kvinnor (p=0.018). Mer än hälften av kvinnor (60%), rapporterade att de hade utsatts för oönskade handlingar mot sin vilja. 15% använde sex som en strategi för att hantera känslomässiga svårigheter eller en form av självskada.  Konklusion: En betydande andel ungdomar rapporterade att de utsatts för psykiskt, fysiskt och sexuellt våld, och de tar stora sexuella risker. Tillgängliga ungdomsmottagningar är väsentligt för deras hälsa. / Background: Adolescence is a crucial period for youth. Youth exposure to violence is a public health issue globally and nationally. Midwives at youth clinics adress topics such as relationships, lifestyle and sexual behaviour. Västra Götaland Region has developed SEXIT, method to identify youth’s sexual risks and experiences of violence.  Motive: Adolescents' sexual and reproductive health needs to be improved and their rights strengthened. By mapping young people's sexual behavior and experiences of violence, we can see what risks they expose themselves to or expose others to.  Aim: to map adolescens´ sexual behavior and their exposure to violence through SEXIT and to explore potential differenses between age and gender.  Method: Survey with 284 youths at a youth clinic in Norrland during 2022, responding to the SEXIT questionnaire containing background questions,exposure to violence, and sexual risk behaviors. 96 were excluded, and 188 analyses were conducted using the statsistical software Jamovi 2.4.8.0, categorized by youths and young adults, including comparisions between exposure to violence, sexual risk-taking, age and gender.   Results: A high proportion of adolescents and young adults reported exposure to physical, psychological and sexual violence. More women state that they are pressured into sex (women 22%, men 3%). Over a third(34%) of women report exposure to psychological violence, corresponting to men who report 38%. Young adult men indicated that they have often been exposed to physical violence compared to young adult women (p=0.018)  More than half of women reported experiencing unwanted actions against their will. 15% used sex as a strategy to cope with emotional difficulties or as a form of self-harm.   Conclusion: A significant proportion of youths report exposure to psychological, physical and sexual violence, and they take substantial sexual risks. Accessible youth clinics are crucial for their health.