Directement inspirée de P. Ethington et son projet de "situer le passé" (placing the past), cette thèse adopte une démarche spatiale pour « rematérialiser », « réincarner » et « repolitiser » l'histoire de la publicité à Shanghai (1905-1949), à la fois dans la presse locale (Shenbao, North China Daily News) et dans les rues de la ville. Refusant tout usage métaphorique de l'espace, cette thèse emprunte aux différentes « sciences de l'espace » pour tourner autour de l'objet publicitaire et l'appréhender dans ses multiples dimensions. Dans la première partie, la démographie et géopolitique sont convoquées pour prendre la mesure des populations et des territoires publicitaires (chapitres 1 et 2). La deuxième partie propose une sociologie des acteurs de la profession naissante (chapitre 3) et de la production/consommation (chapitre 4) afin de démonter la « fabrique » publicitaire. La troisième partie ouvre un observatoire de ses paysages et saisit les espaces publicitaires comme un « laboratoire » de la « modernité » à Shanghai (chapitres 5 et 6). La dernière partie s'efforce de remettre l'histoire spatiale en mouvement en retraçant les circulations et les rythmes publicitaires (chapitres 7 et 8). Au-delà, la démarche spatiale de cette thèse vise à « faire une place » à l'objet publicitaire dans l'historiographie. Nourrie de matériaux divers (presse, archives, photographies, croquis, cartes, statistiques), elle propose une alternative à l'histoire des représentations et apporte un autre éclairage sur l'histoire urbaine. Articulée à une plateforme ad hoc (MADSpace) (http://madspace.org/) qui en est le prolongement hypertextuel, cette thèse ouvre une réflexion sur les nouvelles manières de faire et d'écrire l'histoire à l'ère numérique. / Directly inspired by Philip Ethington's proposal on "placing history", my dissertation offers a spatial approach to the history of advertising in modern Shanghai (1905-1949). Based on various materials (press, archives, photos, sketches, graphs, maps, trees), this spatial trend aims to shift the gaze from mainstream cultural approach (focused on representations visible on press advertisements) to a spatial and material approach of advertising, with a genuine concern for the physical aspects of advertisements. The first part (chapter 1 and 2) is devoted to mapping and measuring the populations and territories of advertising in Shanghai, both in the local press (Chinese newspaper Shenbao and British North-China Daily News), as well as within the city. The second part examines the actors who made and inhabited these spaces, namely the emerging advertising profession (chapter 3) and the actors involved in the production or consumption of advertised products (advertisers/manufacturing companies, brands/products, markets/consumers) (chapter 4). Chapter 5 is devoted to advertising “landscapes” - a term that I used as an operative concept to replace the overused, and often misused, notion of representation - in order to cover every dimension of advertisements (their physical environment at various scales, the copy surface, the discourses they carried). Chapter 6 offers to take advertising spaces as an ideal observatory for examining tensions, conflicts and other forms of relationships surrounding advertising, as well as a "laboratory" for inventing urban modernity – that is, new ways of conceiving and living the city in modern Shanghai. As spatial approaches are often blamed for “freezing” history, my dissertation eventually attempts to trace the circulations and rhythmic patterns between the printed and urban spaces, within and outside Shanghai (chapters 7 and 8). Beyond the "terrain", my dissertation strives to take advantage of the new resources available to historians in the digital age. The digital platform MADspace (http://madspace.org/), which has been especially designed as a digital companion to this PhD Projet, makes the assumption that the digital ecology offers unexpected opportunities for renewing research questions and methodologies in the field of (Chinese, urban) history.

No description available.

published_or_final_version / Education / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

none / Shanghai is one of China’s most developed cities; by 2006, the GDP per capita had reached US$7490, with the year-to-year economic growth exceeding 8% every year for the past decade. These results leave everyone impressed. Besides this factor, Shanghai is where the East meets the West, with a truly cosmopolitan cultural milieu. For these very reasons, many young Chinese come to Shanghai in search of their lucky pot of gold. But homosexual male-to-male sexual workers leave their hometowns for the big city, availing themselves of the chance to get rid of their family pressures, and to embrace new lives with their sexual orientation. So why do they instead choose to remain subject to the traditional Chinese way of thinking, being limited by the traditional Confucian precepts, seeing marriage as an absolutely essential element of life? What are the relations between economic development and social mores in terms of China’s male-to-male sexual workers (sex or sexual)? As the economy develops very rapidly, the concept of sexulization has begun to sprout in China, so how can male-to-male sexual workers (sex or sexual) envision themselves in light of these trends? From the traditional views of the subservient master-servant Confucian vertical social relations, to the present circumstance of transforming one’s body into a product for sale, does this help China’s male-to-male sexual workers (sex or sexual)to oppose the constraints of the traditional Confucian views, so that they can, like China’s female prostitutes, begin a quest for their equal human rights? These are among the many questions addressed in this study. Therefore, the primary focus of this study is to understand the working milieu of the male-to-male sex workers (sex or sexual) in Shanghai, China, in appreciation of the background causes for underlying male-to-male sex work (sex or sexual) and perception of the entire process of their experiences. .An in-depth study on these male-to-male sex workers (sex or sexual?) in Shanghai, China, was conducted as to when they left their hometowns, and how they came to grip with their sexual orientation yet had to return to face the issue of forming a traditional family (by marriage). How could someone who has been living in a country and society steeped in patriarchy, go to work as a prostitute for the male? How strong are the forces of internal anxiety and external pressure upon these men’s inner world? These are the core issues this study intends to explore and follow up. After the research motivation for this study was specified and the author became acquainted with these men, one realized that each of these men worked as male-to-male sex workers had within their personal histories, some skeletons which they wish they had left alone in the closet. Their inner worlds are both bitter and complicated. This is also the reason why qualitative analysis was adopted in this study, to possibly penetrate the world of these men’s hearts, and to analyze their individual family backgrounds, living predicaments, interactions with the broader world and social pressures, and other aspects during the interview process. After interviewing with the 15 MB, the author has learned more from examining the circumstances of male-to-male sex workers (sex or sexual) who are willing to engage in the male-to-male sex trade and also willing to held a traditional marriage, from the three perspectives of their sexual orientation, economic status and overall social environment. (A) From the sexual orientation point of view. Among the male-to-male sex workers (sex or sexual) in this study with the exception of one participant who was a heterosexual, the majority of the participants in this interview were all homosexuals staying in the closet. And many of the MBs in the countryside share common formative sexual experiences with other boys, such as sleeping together and masturbation…etc. In the more densely populated countryside where living conditions are relatively poor, it is quite common to see many boys sleeping together in one room, thereby increasing the opportunity for the boys to develop intimate contact. Therefore in light of their formative experiences, the ways they grew up actually contributed to these MB’s acceptance of the male-to-male sex trade. (B) From the economics point of view. All of the research subjects had indicated that the main reason for becoming an MB was to make money. Money became the focal point of these MB’s lifestyles because they had grown up in very poor rural areas and suffered from the pressures of an impoverished environment and unfair society. For recently-graduated students from the rural areas, the education which they have received at great expense is still not comparable with those students graduated from the city. Moreover, China is a social-networking or so-called “guanxi” in Chinese. Rural families often find absolutely no connections to help them find jobs. As a result, graduation spells unemployment. And consequently under great economic pressures, many rural youths go to Shanghai in search of their fortunes. However as they run into brick walls and run out of resources, selling their bodies becomes an easy way to increasing their wealth and a means of survival. (C) From the social environment point of view. Chinese people have stepped away from communism due to the development of capitalism. The emergence of the commodity economy society enables people to pursue a material life and leave virtues of contented living behind. Now with the formation of a capitalist society, wealth has become one of the standard measures for things. The impact of the worship for mammon on Chinese people now results in people using the amount of money as a criterion for interaction. Such a society gradually develops a positive attitude towards prostitution. Sensations, attitudes and affinity distance are all determined by the amount of wealth. Prostitution becomes a means of pursuing money. According to the results from this study, respondents indicated that they have agreed that the sale of body is a tool or method for making money, and have repeatedly emphasized that money is the main factor of becoming MBs. Instead, sex trade was triggered by socio-economic oppression and self-expectations or expectation in sudden success (Structural tension theory, Merton). Furthermore, due to unequal social opportunities, for examples, most of the MBs have not attained good schools; neither does their family have good social relations, which results in a consistent and normal behavior of prostitution among the MBs. For this reason, MBs are in need of social and public concern, while nonetheless such efforts cannot be completed through a group. The society should subvert its current social standards and the value classification, evaluate human values and needs with an attitude of non-judgmental awareness, and seriously look into each individual and his or her work. By understanding and helping those people in need, consequently we will develop a happy world in prosperity.

More than 1.2 million students have left China to study abroad during the past three decades of economic reform in China. In 2007 alone, China sent around 144,000 students abroad, 167 times of the number of students in 1978. This large scale of student migration has often raised debate on brain drain , because many of these student migrants do not return to China upon graduation. However, there has been a reverse trend in the past decade as China witnessed a growing wave of return migration. More and more Chinese students are coming back to China after their studies and work abroad due to the strong economic situation and promising career opportunities at home. These returnees are given the nick-name Haigui or, in English, sea-turtles. This doctoral research is therefore an academic inquiry to this emerging social phenomenon. While international migration is mainly researched on the national level, this innovative doctoral research seeks to understand the relationship between migration and global city formation. To do so, it analyses inter-city migration flow by applying a relational case study of circular student migration between Shanghai and Paris and examines the rationale behind return migration and the role of management/business student returnees from French business schools on Shanghai s pathway to become China s premier global city. This research reveals that global cities have become the strategic points for Chinese talents (students and skilled professionals) acting the role as sending, transiting and receiving sites, which are interconnected in the dynamic process of knowledge accumulation, contact making and network creation. Chinese student returnees contribute to the development of Shanghai by actively engaging in transnational activities including developing and maintaining cross-border organisation/corporate ties and personal networks, knowledge transfer, acting as global-local business and cultural interface, as well as enriching cosmopolitan and multicultural business and cultural spaces in Shanghai.

Shanghai’s residential property prices have been consistently rising for the past decade. Both the municipal and national governments have announced a series of alternately restrictive and encouraging house purchasing policies that aimed at adjusting housing prices. This paper studies all of the policies announced from January 2011 to October 2016. Using residential house price data of houses of different sizes and in different locations, this paper shows that two out of the six restrictive policy events achieved their intended negative impact on housing prices, while two out of four encouraging policy events delivered their intended positive impact. When aggregated, encouraging policies had a significant impact and restrictive policies did not.

The research focuses on the production of bodily capital and the consumption of bodily capital, in the context of Abercrombie. Firstly, to embed the inquiry of bodily capital into a practical context, the study investigates the context of Abercrombie at first. The research investigates hot the A&F setting is built up, how the theory of Disneyization is embodied in the setting, and how bodily capital (shirtless models) are associated with the setting. Secondly, in the context of Disneyied A&F, the study intends to investigate the production of male bodily capital. The part entails two stages of production which are the selection of male bodily capital and the maintenance of male bodily capital. Thirdly, the study aims to explore how male bodily capital is consumed in the context of A&F. The exploration of the consumption of bodily capital consists of three dimensions. In the White-bodies-dominant fashion space, how do Chinese male models consume their own bodily capital? In the Chinese societies which are relatively culturally conservative and preserved, how do female consume the bodily capital of the shirtless male models? In the International world cities (Hong Kong & Shanghai), how is the male bodily capital consumed by gay male? Through participant observations in Hong Kong & Shanghai A&F stores and in-depth interviews with A&F shirtless male models, other store staffs and customers (female, male, gay male, local, and foreign), the study argues that A&F store is a practical site of Disneyization. Also, it has been found that unique store decorations and different store positions collaboratively construct a theme of “night club”, along with the existence of dedifferentiation of consumption, merchandising and emotional labor. In particular, the study has found out that the cross-border Disneyization takes on a cultural maladaptation in China. For the exploration of bodily capital production, it is pointed out that the production of A&F male bodily capital goes through standardized selection and restricted criteria. Six-pack abs, Apollo’s Belts, smooth health un-tattooed skin, toned body shapes are the explicit criteria. The meticulous management of bodily capital is found to be essential. Long-term work-out, low-calorie diet and massive absorption of protein builder powder are essential. Besides, the maintenance of bodily capital usually goes along with the performance of emotional labor. Also, in the field of fashion, models’ bodily capital is found to be able to be transformed into other forms of capital. It is also found to have both constant and complex interactions with symbolic capital and economic capital. For the investigation of bodily capital consumption, Chinese shirtless models are found to consider their bodily capital inferior to that of White models due to the cultural and historical legacy despite that their physical difference is insignificant. More, the female gaze is found not to substantially exist in this case for the female have not literally objectified the models’ bodies in a dominant position. Their spectatorships are not mainly for erotic pleasure. Instead the female customers have indeed reinforced the dominant masculinity. On the other hand, gay male gaze is considered to exist but in a compromising way rather than in a dominant way, due to a lack of consent from the straight shirtless male models. In addition, the values of the research lie in five aspects. Firstly, the existing studies of Disneyization mostly focus on tourism and hospitality. The current research adds credence to the theory by scrutinizing it in the practical site of A&F. Secondly, the previous studies have mostly focused on female modeling while male modeling has received little scholarly attention. The current study can fill up this gap. Thirdly, the existing works on emotional labor are mostly concerned with front-line, female-caring, and teaching works. The study applying emotional labor to investigating modeling can deepen the understanding of emotional labor. Fourthly, the discussion of “bodily capital” id still far from enough. The research has incorporated the concept into understanding male modeling, which enriched the field. The discussion of male bodily capital as “beauty” is newly started, which also contributes to the understanding of bodily capital. Lastly, “female gaze” and “gay male gaze” have been rarely investigated. The current research’s examination of the two concepts in the practical setting of A&F broadens the theorizations of “gaze”. / 本研究透過參與式觀察和深度訪談的研究方法展開，深度訪談對象包括A&F（中文譯名“阿貝克隆比·費奇”，常直稱A&F）香港分店和上海分店的半裸男模、店鋪其他工作人員以及店鋪的顧客（包括男顧客、女顧客、同性戀男顧客、華人顧客以及外國人顧客）。本研究的研究問題聚焦在身體資本的生產和消費。在展開對身體資本的討論前，首先，本研究探討半裸男模的身體資本的生產和消費是在怎麼樣的背景展開的。A&F獨特的購物環境是如何建構的，“迪士尼化”理論如何在A&F中實現，半裸男模在這個背景中充當著如何的角色。其次，本研究分析在迪士尼化A&F的空間中，男性身體資本是如何生產的，包括兩個小方面：男性身體是如何被挑選出來的；身體資本又是如何被維持的。最後，本研究嘗試理解男性身體資本是如何被消費的，包括三個小方面：在白人身體占主導的時尚品牌空間中，華人男性是如何看待自己的身體資本的；在社會文化傾於保守的華人社會中女性是如何消費這些男性的身體資本的；在香港和上海兩個國際化現代大都市中男同性戀者是如何理解這些半裸男模的身體資本的。根據觀察結果以及訪談結果，本研究提出，A&F時裝店是“迪士尼化”理論的實踐樣本。店內獨特的設置和裝潢，以及店內不同職位的分工職責，共同建構出“時尚圈的夜店”主題，配合店鋪內“去分化消費”、“特有商品推銷”以及“情感勞動”，形成“迪士尼化”的一個實踐樣本。值得一提的，本研究發現A&F跨國界的“迪士尼化”在中國社會（香港和上海）呈現出文化上的不適應。在A&F這一實踐樣本中，“身體資本”的管理對維持樣本的正常運行尤為重要。本研究就A&F中的“身體資本”展開了深入討論，針對身體資本生產的問題，本研究認為，在A&F的背景下，“身體資本”的生產需要經過標準化的挑選，六塊腹肌、人魚線、健康光滑皮膚、健壯身材比例成為嚴格的准入標準。“身體資本”的維持則需要男模長期的健身訓練、嚴格控制的飲食和大量飲用蛋白粉。“身體資本”的維持同時需要情感勞動的配合。本研究提出，“身體資本”在A&F場域內以及域外（時尚圈等其他場域）轉化為其他形式資本，並且與經濟資本以及符號資本有複雜而頻繁的互動。針對身體資本消費的問題，本研究認為儘管華人與白人男模身體素質相仿，長期文化影響下華人男性不自覺地矮化自己的身體資本。另外，本研究認為“女性凝視”在該實踐樣本中並為真實存在，女性在認知半裸男模身體的時候並非處於主導地位，女性顧客與半裸男模的互動也並非以獲得視覺上的性慾滿足為主要目的。相反，女性表面上的興奮行為實質上在強化男性主導地位。另一方面，本研究提出“同性戀男性凝視”在本實踐樣本中真實存在，然而與“（異性戀）男性凝視”中（異性戀）男性以主導地位方式進行的方式不一樣，“同性戀男性凝視”往往因不能獲得異性戀男性的同意而以妥協的方式進行。本研究的研究價值突出在五個方面。首先，關於“迪士尼化”理論的已有研究主要聚焦在旅遊業和酒店業，其他實踐樣本的研究甚少，本研究在A&F實踐樣本中的闡釋能夠豐富該理論的實踐正確性。其次，目前研究對男性模特的研究甚少，本研究能夠補充部份研究的缺失。另外，“情感勞動”的已有研究多集中在低端前線、女性呵護、教育等行業工作上，本研究從時尚行業的角度出發能夠增強“情感勞動”的實踐適用性。再次，學術界對“身體資本”甚少探討男性身體資本作為“美麗事物”（beauty）是如何生產和消費的，本研究研究將該理論概念用於對男性模特工作的理解能夠深化學術界對該概念的認識，最後，“女性凝視”“同性戀男性凝視”極少被深入探討，本研究對兩個概念的探討能夠極大貢獻學術界對“凝視”的理解。 / Wang, Zhikun. / Thesis M.Phil. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2014. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 124-133). / Abstracts also in Chinese; appendix includes Chinese. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on 24, October, 2016). / Detailed summary in vernacular field only.

by Chou Tak-Ki Dicky. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1990. / Bibliography: leaves 55-57. / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iii / LIST OF EXHIBITS --- p.v / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.vi / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter II. --- METHODOLOGY --- p.4 / Chapter III. --- A STATISTICAL REVIEW --- p.5 / Chapter IV. --- CASE STUDY 一 HONG KONG AND SHANGHAI HOTELS --- p.10 / Introduction --- p.10 / Background of the Target --- p.10 / The Raider --- p.11 / The Scenario of Takeover --- p.11 / Initiation --- p.11 / Fighting for Control --- p.12 / Climax - The Annual Shareholders Meeting --- p.13 / Trigger Point - 35% --- p.13 / Settle Down --- p.15 / A Review of the Issues --- p.17 / Why Did This Takeover Take Place --- p.17 / Strategy Used --- p.19 / Acting in Concert --- p.20 / Reasons of Failure --- p.21 / Who Are the Winners --- p.21 / The HK Hotels Afterwards --- p.22 / Chapter V. --- PROCEDURES OF TAKEOVERS --- p.24 / Chapter VI. --- "COST, RISK AND BENEFITS IN CORPORATE TAKEOVERS" --- p.26 / Cost --- p.26 / Risk --- p.26 / Benefits --- p.27 / Chapter VII. --- ATTACK AND DEFENSE STRATEGIES --- p.28 / Private Company --- p.28 / Public Company --- p.28 / Takeover Strategies --- p.28 / Public Relations and Advertising --- p.28 / Move Fast --- p.29 / Anti-Takeover Strategies --- p.29 / Active Strategies --- p.29 / Keep Share Price High --- p.29 / Stock Watch --- p.30 / Multiple-Vote Common Stock --- p.30 / Employee Stock Ownership Plans --- p.31 / Golden Parachutes --- p.31 / Reactive Strategies --- p.31 / Anti-Trust Suit --- p.32 / Selling the Crown Jewels --- p.32 / Pac-Man --- p.32 / Greenmail --- p.33 / Chapter VIII. --- THE EFFECTS OF TAKEOVERS ON ECONOMY --- p.34 / Effects on Company and Management --- p.34 / Effects on Stock Prices and Stock Market --- p.36 / Effects on Economy --- p.37 / Effects on a Nation --- p.38 / Chapter IX. --- CONTROL OF TAKEOVERS --- p.40 / Why Control is Needed --- p.40 / Investors --- p.40 / General Public --- p.41 / Nations --- p.41 / Control of Takeovers in Hong Kong --- p.42 / The Hong Kong Code on Takeovers and Mergers --- p.42 / General Principles --- p.43 / Power of the Code --- p.45 / Main Problem with the Code --- p.47 / Possible Future Control --- p.48 / Chapter X. --- ROLE OF MARKET PARTICIPANTS & FUTURE TRENDS CONCERNING MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS --- p.49 / Hong Kong Government --- p.49 / Management --- p.49 / Merchant Banks --- p.50 / Financial Consultants --- p.50 / Europe Economic Community --- p.51 / Junk Bond --- p.52 / APPENDIX --- p.53 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.55

王若梅. / "2002年6月" / 論文 (哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2002. / 參考文獻 (leaves 112-125) / 附中英文摘要. / "2002 nian 6 yue" / Wang Ruomei. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2002. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 112-125) / Fu Zhong Ying wen zhai yao. / 論文提要 --- p.i / 引言 --- p.1 / Chapter 一´Ø --- 關於《良友》的幾個角度 --- p.1 / Chapter 二´Ø --- 文化懷舊的歷史意義 --- p.2 / Chapter 第一章 --- 從《良友》畫報到《良友》硏究 --- p.4 / Chapter 一´Ø --- 《良友》簡介 --- p.4 / Chapter 二´Ø --- 研究背景與思路 --- p.6 / Chapter 三´Ø --- 選擇《良友》的理由與硏究狀況 --- p.10 / Chapter 四´Ø --- 時段、材料、理論方法 --- p.15 / Chapter 第二章 --- 良友在上海 --- p.19 / Chapter 第一節 --- 嶺南來的伍聯德 --- p.19 / Chapter 第二節 --- 伍聯德´Ø《良友》´Ø上海 --- p.33 / Chapter 第三節 --- 良友公司二十年簡史 --- p.41 / Chapter 第三章 --- 《良友》的文本解讀 --- p.48 / Chapter 第一節 --- 編讀磨合出的《良友》基調 --- p.49 / Chapter 第二節 --- 作爲引導者的《良友》 --- p.61 / Chapter 第四章 --- 《良友》的意義與比較 --- p.90 / Chapter 第一節 --- 《良友》所處時代的出版業背景介紹 --- p.90 / Chapter 第二節 --- 與同時代畫報的比較 --- p.95 / Chapter 第三節 --- 《時代》、《良友》和一九三四年的《大眾》 --- p.99 / 結語：誰之良友？ --- p.105 / 參考書目 --- p.112

Chen Xiaohua Sylvia. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 35-43). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.6 / Conceptualizing Modesty as Self-Presentation Tactic --- p.7 / Modesty as Politeness Maxim --- p.7 / Modesty as Personality Trait --- p.9 / Modesty as Self-Presentation Tactic --- p.9 / Assessing Modesty with Behavioral Manifestations --- p.11 / Modesty Bias in Evaluative Ratings --- p.12 / Modesty Maxim in Linguistic Scenarios --- p.12 / The Modesty Facet in Personality Structure --- p.12 / Modesty Construct in Behavioral Manifestations --- p.13 / Predicting Modesty in Cultural Contexts --- p.13 / Modernity and Traditionality --- p.14 / Independence and Interdependence --- p.14 / From Self-Construals to Individuation --- p.15 / Self-Esteem and Self-Efficacy --- p.15 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Method --- p.17 / Participants --- p.17 / Instruments --- p.17 / Procedure --- p.19 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- Results --- p.20 / Factor Analysis of Modesty Scale --- p.20 / Correlations of Modesty Measures with Other Variables --- p.20 / Gender and Cultural Differences --- p.21 / Predicting Modest Behavior --- p.22 / Predicting Individuated Behavior --- p.23 / Tables --- p.25 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- Discussion --- p.28 / Conceptualization of Modest Behavior --- p.28 / Composition of Modest Behavior --- p.29 / Interdependence in High-Context Communication --- p.29 / Individuation Is Not the Opposite of Modest Behavior --- p.30 / Gender Differences in Modesty --- p.32 / Cultural Differences in Modesty --- p.33 / Dispositional vs. Situational Measures of Modesty --- p.33 / References --- p.35 / Author Note --- p.44 / Appendix --- p.45