by Shih Sheung Mei. / Thesis submitted in: July 2003. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 206-215). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.ii / Achnoledgements --- p.vi / Abbreviations --- p.viii / List of contents --- p.viv / List of tables --- p.xiii / List of figures --- p.xv / Chapter Chapter One --- Literature Review / Chapter 1.1 --- Introducation of Lentinula edodes --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Life cycle of Basidiomycete --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Differentially Expressed Genes in stages of Lentinula edodes --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2 --- Relationship of Monokaryons and Dikaryons in Basidiomycetes --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Mating Type Gene in Filamentous Fungi --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Dikaryon Formation and Homeodomain Proteins --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Clamp Connection formation in Dikaryon --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3 --- Stuctural Protein of Mushroom --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Hydrophobin --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.1.1 --- General Introduction --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.1.2 --- Structure of hydrophobin --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.1.3 --- Formation of Disulphide bonds and Glycosylation --- p.12 / Chapter 1.3.1.4 --- Functions of Hydrophobins --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4 --- Genomics of filamentous fungi --- p.15 / Chapter 1.5 --- Genetic analysis of filamentous fungi --- p.18 / Chapter 1.6 --- Objectives of the Project --- p.20 / Chapter Chapter Two --- Identification of Differentially Expressed Genes in Dikaryons of Lentinula edodes by Microarray of Primordium Expressed Sequence Tags / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Construction of EST database --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Construction of EST Microarray cDNA gene-chip --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- Amplification of the primordium EST clones --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- Purification of the amplified EST clones --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.2.3 --- Spotting of the amplified EST clones onto chips --- p.29 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Screening of the Differentially Expressed Genes in Dikaryons by Primordium Microarray --- p.31 / Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- Mycelium Cultivation and Preparation of Total RNA --- p.31 / Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- cDNA synthesis and labeling --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.3.3 --- cDNA purification --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.3.4 --- Probe Storage Conditions --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.3.5 --- cDNA analysis --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.3.6 --- Microarray hybridization --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.3.7 --- Stringency washes --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.3.8 --- Detection with TSA --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.3.9 --- Microarray scanning and data anlysis --- p.41 / Chapter 2.3 --- Results --- p.45 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Amplification of primordium ESTs --- p.45 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Purification of PCR products --- p.45 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Data Analysis of Microarray Data --- p.47 / Chapter 2.3.3.1 --- Generation of Primordium EST Microarray Image for analysis --- p.47 / Chapter 2.3.3.2 --- Normalization of the Data --- p.49 / Chapter 2.3.3.3. --- Transciption Profile of Dikaryon compared with Monokaryon --- p.79 / Chapter 2.3.3.4. --- Differentially Expression of Dikaryon L54 --- p.80 / Chapter 2.4 --- Discussion --- p.85 / Chapter Chapter Three --- Enrichment of Genes with Differentially Expression in Dikaryons by Construction of Full-length Subtractive Library / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction of Subtraction Cloning --- p.93 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.97 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Construction of Full-length Dikaryotic Subtractive library --- p.97 / Chapter 3.2.1.1 --- Isolation of PolyA+ mRNA of Dikaryon for Subtraction --- p.97 / Chapter 3.2.1.2 --- Enrichment of Differentially Expressed Genes in Dikaryon L54 by Subtraction with Monokaryons A and B --- p.99 / Chapter 3.2.1.3 --- First-Strand cDNA Synthesis --- p.102 / Chapter 3.2.1.4 --- cDNA Amplification by Long-Distance PCR --- p.102 / Chapter 3.2.1.5 --- Proteinase K Digestion --- p.103 / Chapter 3.2.1.6 --- Sfi Digestion --- p.104 / Chapter 3.2.1.7 --- cDNA size fractionation by CHROMA SPIN-400 --- p.104 / Chapter 3.2.1.8 --- Determination of the Ligation Efficiency --- p.106 / Chapter 3.2.1.9 --- Ligation of cDNA to lamda TriplEx2 Vector --- p.107 / Chapter 3.2.1.10 --- Lamda-phage Packaging Reaction --- p.107 / Chapter 3.2.1.11 --- Titering the Unamplifled Library and Determining the Percentage of Recombinant Clones --- p.108 / Chapter 3.2.1.12 --- Library Amplification --- p.109 / Chapter 3.2.1.13 --- Conversion of λTriplEx2 Recombinant Clones to pTriplEx2 Recombinant Plasmids --- p.111 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Screening of the Subtractive library --- p.114 / Chapter 3.2.2.1 --- Verification of the enrichment by Plaque Lifting hybridization --- p.114 / Chapter 3.2.2.1.1 --- Lifting the Plaques --- p.114 / Chapter 3.2.2.1.2 --- Synthesis of the Probes for Plaque Lift Hybridization --- p.115 / Chapter 3.2.2.1.3 --- Hybridization to the Membranes --- p.116 / Chapter 3.2.2.2 --- Screening the Subtractive library by Macroarray Hybridization --- p.117 / Chapter 3.2.2.2.1 --- Colony Picking by QPik System --- p.117 / Chapter 3.2.2.2.2 --- Gridding of Macroarray --- p.118 / Chapter 3.2.2.2.3 --- Filter Processing of Gridded Membrane --- p.119 / Chapter 3.2.2.2.4 --- Hybridization to the Macroarray Membrane --- p.120 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.121 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Enrichment of Differentially Expressed Genes in Dikaryon L54 by Subtraction with Monokaryons A and B --- p.121 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Construction of the full-length subtractive library --- p.123 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Conversion of A TriplEx2 Recombinant Clones to pTriplEx2 Recombinant Plamid --- p.124 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Verification the Enrichment of Subtractive library by Plaque lifting Hybridization --- p.125 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Screening of the Subtractive library by Macroarray --- p.125 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.126 / Chapter Chapter Four --- Identification of Genes with Differentially Expression in Dikaryons by Subtactive cDNA Library Microarray / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.135 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and Methods / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Selection and Amplification of clonesin SubtractionLlibrary for Microarray screening --- p.140 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- PCR product Purification --- p.141 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Generation of Subtractive Dikaryotic Library Microarray Chip --- p.142 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Screening the Differentially Expressed Genesin Dikaryon L54 by the Subtraction Dikaryotic Library cDNA Microarray Analysis --- p.143 / Chapter 4.2.4.1 --- Preparation of Total RNA --- p.143 / Chapter 4.2.4.2 --- Synthesis and fluorescent labeling of total cDNA --- p.145 / Chapter 4.2.4.3 --- Purification of labeled cDNA --- p.146 / Chapter 4.2.4.4 --- Storage Condition of Probe --- p.147 / Chapter 4.2.4.5 --- Analysis of labeled total cDNA --- p.148 / Chapter 4.2.4.6 --- Microarray hybridization --- p.150 / Chapter 4.2.4.7 --- Stringency washes --- p.152 / Chapter 4.2.4.8 --- Detection with TSA --- p.153 / Chapter 4.2.4.9 --- Image generation and data analysis --- p.155 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Sequence analysis of clones showing differentially expressed in dikaryons in microarray screening --- p.157 / Chapter 4.2.5.1 --- Single-pass partial sequencing of 3´ة-end of subtractive cDNA clones --- p.157 / Chapter 4.2.5.2 --- Compiling dikaryotic EST database --- p.158 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- Comparison microarray analysis with SAGE analysis of the differentially expressed genes --- p.159 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results --- p.161 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Preparation of clones for microarray hybridization --- p.161 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Screening the differentially expressed genesin dikaryon L54 by the subtractive dikaryotic library cDNA microarray analysis --- p.162 / Chapter 4.3.2.1 --- Image capture and microarray data analysis --- p.162 / Chapter 4.3.2.2 --- Comparision of dikaryon L54 with monokaryons A and B --- p.163 / Chapter 4.3.2.3 --- Sequenced and comparison of the differentially expressed genes in dikaryon --- p.166 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Comparison microarray analysis with SAGE analysis of the differentially expressed genes --- p.169 / Chapter Chapter Five --- Conclusion and Future Perpectives --- p.198 / References --- p.206

by Chu Kin Kan Astley. / Thesis submitted in: December 2000. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves xi-xx (3rd gp.)). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract (English) --- p.i / Abstract (Chinese) --- p.iii / Acknowledgments --- p.iv / Table of Contents --- p.v / List of Tables --- p.ix / List of Figures --- p.x / Chapter Chapter 1 --- General Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Popularity of Shiitake Mushroom --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Inheritance of Genetic Materials in L.edodes --- p.1 / Chapter 1.3 --- Genetic Markers and Linkage Maps of L.edodes --- p.2 / Chapter 1.4 --- Aims of Study --- p.5 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Mapping of Sequence Tagged Sites (STSs) and Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) on the Linkage Map of L.edodes by PCR-Single Strand Conformational Polymorphism (SSCP) Test / Chapter 2.1 --- Literature Review --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Construction of Genetic Linkage Map --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Logarithm of the Odds (LOD) Score --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- MAPMAKER Program --- p.10 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Sequence Tagged Site (STS) and Expressed Sequence Tag (EST) --- p.11 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- Polymerase Chain Reaction - Single Strand Conformational Polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2 --- Material and Methods --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2.1. --- Detection of the STS and EST markers with PCR-SSCP test --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2.1.1 --- Biological Material and Growth Conditions --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2.1.2 --- DNA Samples Preparation --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2.1.3 --- PCR Primers Designation --- p.20 / Chapter 2.2.1.4 --- PCR Amplification --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2.1.5 --- SSCP Test --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2.1.6 --- Silver Staining of the Polyacrylamide Gel --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2.2. --- Mapping of the STS and EST Markers --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- Biological Material and Growth Conditions --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- SSI DNA Preparation --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2.2.3 --- PCR-SSCP Test among SSIs --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2.2.4 --- Chi Square (X2) Test --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2.2.5 --- LOD Score Test and Mapping of the Markers --- p.26 / Chapter 2.3 --- Results --- p.27 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Detection of the STS and EST Markers from PCR-SSCP Test --- p.27 / Chapter 2.3.1.1 --- DNA Sample Preparation --- p.27 / Chapter 2.3.1.2 --- Primers Designed for STS and EST Amplification --- p.27 / Chapter 2.3.1.3 --- Size Differences between Experimental and Expected PCR Products --- p.38 / Chapter 2.3.1.4 --- Markers of PCR Polymorphism (PCRP) --- p.38 / Chapter 2.3.1.5 --- Markers of PCR-SSCP and PCR Length Polymorphism (PCR-LP) --- p.42 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Mapping of the STS/EST Markers --- p.49 / Chapter 2.3.2.1 --- DNA Templates of SSIs --- p.49 / Chapter 2.3.2.2 --- Polymorphism Profiles of STSs and ESTs among the L54-SSIs --- p.49 / Chapter 2.3.2.3 --- Chi-square Test --- p.55 / Chapter 2.3.2.4 --- Repeated EST Markers --- p.58 / Chapter 2.3.2.5 --- Anonymous Expressed Sequence Tag - EST31 --- p.58 / Chapter 2.3.2.6 --- Linkage Analysis and Mapping of Markers --- p.59 / Chapter 2.3.2.6.1 --- Linkage Relationships between the16 STS/EST Markers --- p.59 / Chapter 2.3.2.6.2 --- Mapping of the STS/EST Markers onto the RAPD Linkage Map --- p.62 / Chapter 2.4 --- Discussion --- p.69 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- DNA Template Preparation --- p.69 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Size Difference Between Expected and Experimental PCR Product --- p.69 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- PCR Polymorphism (PCRP) --- p.70 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- PCR-LP --- p.70 / Chapter 2.4.5 --- PCR-SSCP --- p.71 / Chapter 2.4.5.1 --- Primer Designed for PCR-SSCP --- p.71 / Chapter 2.4.5.2 --- Markers Producing Efficiency of PCR-SSCP Test --- p.72 / Chapter 2.4.6 --- Linkage Map of L.edodes --- p.73 / Chapter 2.4.6.1 --- Map Distance --- p.73 / Chapter 2.4.6.2 --- Linkage Groups --- p.74 / Chapter 2.4.6.3 --- Map Markers --- p.75 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Mapping of Agronomic Features of L.edodes / Chapter 3.1 --- Literature Review --- p.77 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Aroma Feature of L.edodes --- p.77 / Chapter 3.1.1.1 --- Volatile Compounds in Shiitake (L.edodes) Mushroom --- p.77 / Chapter 3.1.1.2 --- Fragrance Signature of Shiitake Mycelium --- p.79 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Mapping of Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) --- p.84 / Chapter 3.1.2.1 --- Complex Traits --- p.84 / Chapter 3.1.2.2 --- Quantitative Traits Locus (QTL) --- p.85 / Chapter 3.1.2.3 --- Maximum-likelihood Estimate in QTL mapping --- p.86 / Chapter 3.1.2.4 --- MAPMAKER/QTL --- p.87 / Chapter 3.2 --- Material and Methods --- p.88 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Aroma feature of Mycelium --- p.88 / Chapter 3.2.1.1 --- Preliminary Screening of Volatiles in the SSI Mycelia of L.edodes --- p.88 / Chapter 3.2.1.1.1 --- Biological Material and Growth Conditions --- p.88 / Chapter 3.2.1.1.2 --- Volatile Extraction from SSI Mycelia --- p.88 / Chapter 3.2.1.1.3 --- Screening of Volatile Compounds with GC-MS --- p.89 / Chapter 3.2.1.2 --- Quantification of the Target Aromatic Volatile in the Mycelia of SSI and Parents --- p.90 / Chapter 3.2.1.2.1 --- Sample Preparations --- p.90 / Chapter 3.2.1.2.2 --- Quantification of the Target Volatile --- p.90 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Measurement of Mycelial Growth --- p.91 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Observation of Pigment Secretion during Mycelial Growth --- p.91 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Locating Putative QTL on the Genetic Map of L.edodes --- p.92 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.93 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Aroma Feature --- p.93 / Chapter 3.3.1.1 --- Preliminary Screening of Volatiles in Mycelia of L.edodes --- p.93 / Chapter 3.3.1.2 --- Quantification of l-octen-3-ol in SSI Mycelia --- p.103 / Chapter 3.3.1.2.1 --- Sample Preparation --- p.103 / Chapter 3.3.1.2.2 --- l-Octen-3-ol contents in SSI Mycelia --- p.103 / Chapter 3.3.1.3 --- Mapping of QTL for l-octen-3-ol level on the genetic map --- p.106 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Mycelial Growth Rate (MGR) --- p.111 / Chapter 3.3.2.1 --- Measurement of Mycelial Growth Rate --- p.111 / Chapter 3.3.2.2 --- Mapping of QTL for MGR on the genetic map --- p.111 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Pigment Secretion form SSI mycelia --- p.116 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.118 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Significance of the QTLs --- p.118 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- QTL for Aroma Feature --- p.119 / Chapter 3.4.2.1 --- Trait of Aroma: l-octen-3-ol level --- p.119 / Chapter 3.4.2.2 --- QTL of l-octen-3-ol level --- p.120 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Mycelial Growth Rate (MGR) --- p.123 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Pigment Secretion --- p.125 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- General Discussion and Conclusions --- p.127 / Chapter 4.1 --- Future Works --- p.127 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Mapping of L.edodes Genes --- p.127 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Characterizing and Mapping of Agronomic Traits --- p.128 / Chapter 4.2 --- Conclusions --- p.128 / Referencesxi

Abstract: Mycelium growth, production and bromatologicals characteristics of shiitake in function of lineages and chemical and physical properties of eucalyptus clones and species were evaluated. In Experiment 1, mycelium growth of two Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler (LE-95/01 and LE-96/18) species in culture mediums prepared with sawdust extract from seven species (E. saligna, E. grandis, E. urophylla, E. camaldulensis, E. citriodora, E. paniculata e E. pellita) and three eucalyptus clones (hybrid E. grandis x E. urophylla) was analyzed. The experimental design was totally randomized, in 2x10 factorial design, totalizing 20 treatments with 10 repetitions, being that each repetition corresponded to one Petri dish. In Experiment 2, mycelium growth of eight L. edodes lineages (LE-96/17, LE-95/02, LE-95/07, LE-98/55, LE-96/18, LE-95/01, LE-96/13 and LE-98/47) in culture mediums prepared with sawdust extract from Eucalyptus spp was evaluated. The experimental design was totally randomized, with 8 treatments and 8 repetitions, being that each repetition corresponded to one Petri dish. In Experiment 3, production and bromatological characterization of two Lentinula edodes lineages cultivated in seven species and three clones of eucalyptus was evaluated. The experimental design was totally randomized, in 2x10 factorial design, totalizing 20 treatments with 40 repetitions, being that each repetition corresponded to one log. In Experiment 4, physical and chemical properties of seven species and three clones of eucalyptus before and after the cultivation of two L. edodes lineages was evaluated. The experimental design was totally randomized, in 2x10 factorial design, totalizing 20 treatments with 9 repetitions, being that each repetition corresponded to one log. The culture medium that provided highest averages of mycelium growth of L. edodes lineages LE-95/01 and LE-96/18 was the one with... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Marli Teixeira de Almeida Minhoni / Coorientador: José Luiz Stape / Banca: Edson Luiz Furtado / Banca: Claudio Angeli Sansígolo / Banca: Luiz Antônio Graciolli / Banca: Arailde Fontes Urben / Doutor

Submitted by Nathália Faria da Silva (nathaliafsilva.ufv@gmail.com) on 2017-06-19T11:43:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 resumo.pdf: 17841 bytes, checksum: 58ad259ae372ca949c61b0d2b4591cfd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-19T11:43:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 resumo.pdf: 17841 bytes, checksum: 58ad259ae372ca949c61b0d2b4591cfd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-03-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O enriquecimento do cogumelo shiitake com selênio (Se) pode ser uma alternativa para elevar seu valor nutricional e funcional. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do Se sobre o crescimento e atividade biológica do fungo Lentinula edodes e produzir shiitake enriquecido com esse elemento. O crescimento de doze isolados de L. edodes, cultivados em ágar batata dextrose (BDA) e em substrato ligninocelulósico, contendo 0,32; 0,64; 0,96; 1,28 mmol L -1 de selenito de sódio e controle sem Se, variou com o substrato, com o isolado e com a concentração de Se. A matéria seca fúngica da maioria dos isolados cultivados em BDA diminuiu com o aumento da concentração de Se no meio de cultivo. Foram selecionados os isolados UFV11, UFV16 e UFV53, para continuidade do estudo, com base no crescimento da colônia, na biomassa seca e no potencial de produção de cogumelos. Os diâmetros das hifas, as distâncias entre septos e entre núcleos tenderam a diminuir nas maiores concentrações de Se. A atividade da lacase foi crescente com o aumento da dose de selenito de sódio enquanto que as atividades da celulase e xilanase diminuíram. A taxa respiratória acumulada variou com o isolado e foi maior no isolado UFV11. A morfologia e o tamanho dos cogumelos, cultivados em substratos enriquecidos com 0,08; 0,16 e 0,32 mmol L -1 de selenito de sódio, não variaram com a presença de Se e nem entre os isolados. Os valores de L, a e b, referentes à cor dos cogumelos foram menores nos tratamentos com Se quando comparados com o controle. O teor de umidade dos cogumelos variou de 89 a 91 % e aumentou na maior dose de Se. Os valores de proteínas solúveis foram em média 22,3 mg g -1 de matéria seca e não variaram com a presença de Se e nem com o isolado. Os teores de cálcio e de fósforo não variaram com o aumento da concentração de Se enquanto que os de magnésio tenderam a aumentar e os de potássio a diminuir. As concentrações de Se dos cogumelos aumentaram linearmente com o aumento da dose de selenito de sódio, sendo encontrado valores superiores a 17 mg 100 g -1 de cogumelos desidratados no tratamento com 0,64 mmol L -1 de selenito de sódio. Nos cogumelos do tratamento controle não foi detectado Se. A produtividade dos cogumelos aumentou até a concentração 0,32 mmol L -1 de selenito de sódio. O isolado UFV16 foi o que apresentou maior eficiência biológica em doses mais elevadas de Se. / Enrichment of shiitake mushroom by selenium (Se) can be an alternative to elevate it nutritional and functional value. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of Se on the growth and biological activity of fungus Lentinula edodes and to produce shiitake enriched with that element. The growth of 12 isolates of L. edodes, cultivated in Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and in ligninocelulosic substrate, containing 0.32; 0.64; 0.96; 1.28 mmol L -1 of sodium selenite and control without Se, varied according to substrate, to fungus isolate and to Se concentration. Fungal dry matter of most of the isolates cultivated in PDA decreased with the increase of the Se concentration in the cultivation medium. Isolates UFV11, UFV16 and UFV53 were selected, for the continuity of the study, based in the growth of the colony, in the dry biomass and in the potential of mushrooms production. Hyphae diameters, distances between septa and between nuclei tended to decrease in higher Se concentrations. Laccase activity was growing with the increase of sodium selenite while celulase and xilanase activities decreased. The accumulated respiratory rate varied with the isolate and was higher in Isolate UFV11. Mushrooms morphology and size, cultivated in substrate enriched with 0.08; 0.16 and 0.32 mmol L -1 of sodium selenite, did not varied according to Se concentration and neither among isolates. L, a and b values, regarding the mushroom’s color were lower in treatments by Se compared with control. Mushrooms humidity varied from 89 to 91% and increased in the higher Se xvconcentration. Soluble proteins were 22.3 mg g -1 of dry matter on average and did not varied with Se presence neither among isolate. Calcium and phosphorus did not varied with the increase of Se concentration while magnesium tended to increase and potassium to decrease. Se concentrations of the mushrooms increased lineally with the increase of the sodium selenite, being found values above to 17 mg 100 g -1 of mushrooms dehydrated in the treatment with 0.64 mmol L -1 sodium selenite. In the mushrooms of the treatment control Se was not detected. Mushroom productivity increased until 0.32 mmol L -1 sodium selenite. Isolate UFV16 was the one presented greater biological efficiency in higher Se concentration.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2001-09Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:01:59Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 montini_rmc_dr_botfca.pdf: 887473 bytes, checksum: 82debfb38130f8cbc0d1ea11eee1c5d5 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Foram estudadas as interações entre quatro fórmulas de substratos e as linhagens LE 96/17, LE 98/51, LE 98/53 e LE 98/56 na cinética de crescimento micelial e produção do cogumelo Shiitake (Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler), em cultivo axênico, no primeiro fluxo. As linhagens utilizadas foram provenientes da Micoteca do Módulo de Cogumelos da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas - UNESP - Campus de Botucatu. Os isolados foram obtidos por via vegetativa, pela técnica de fragmentos de basidiocarpos e repicados em meio de cultura de serragem-dextrose-ágar. No estudo da cinética de crescimento miceliano, avaliaram-se os parâmetros crescimento em área (mm2) e vigor, em meio de cultura, através de monitoramento digital. O crescimento das linhagens de L. edodes foi fotografado diariamente, até a colonização total do meio de cultura, em placa de Petri. As fotos digitais, foram analisadas pelo programa UTHSCSA ImageTool, versão 2.0, 1997, desenvolvido pela University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas. Para avaliar a produção do L. edodes, foram utilizados os parâmetros massa fresca dos cogumelos, número total de cogumelos, massa fresca média do cogumelo e Eficiência Biológica (EB=(g cogumelo fresco g-1substrato seco)x100). Para tanto, foram utilizados sacos de polietileno de alta densidade (PEAD), com 20cm de largura por 40 cm de comprimento, nos quais foram... / It was studied the interaction among four substratum formula and the strains LE 96/17, LE 98/51, LE 98/53 and LE 98/56 on mycelium growth kinetics and shiitake mushroom yield at the first flush of the axenic sawdust culture. The strains were from the mycological collection of the Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Unesp de Botucatu. Mycelium fragments were transferred to a Petri dish with Sawdust-Dextrose-Agar medium. Mycelium growth kinetics was evaluated by measuring mycelium growth area and vigor on Petri dishes with digital camera and the program UTHSCSA ImageTool, version 2.0, 1997, developed by the University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas. The mushroom yield was evaluated by the Biological Efficiency (BE), total fresh mass and number of mushrooms. The fungus was cultivated in plastic bags of 20 x 40 cm and with 1200g ±10g of substratum. After autoclaved at 121ºC for 4 h the mycelium was inoculated and the bags incubated at 24ºC for 123 days. Primordia were induced at temperature of 8ºC for 72 h in a cold room and after that soaked in cold water at the same temperature for 48 h. It was observed that the best statistical model of curve that adjusts for mycelium growth kinetics was the Gompertz function. The vigor evaluated by mycelium color was in the maximum value between the 4th and 5th day of incubation. The highest yield of mushroom was from substrate with smaller than higher quantity of brain (wheat and rice bran). The higher quantity of bran inhibited the yield. Strains LE 96/17 e 98/56 had the highest yield (174,2 and 145,2 g kg-1, respectively) and the highest BE (40,3 and 33,3%, respectively) on 14 days of culture, the highest value found in this researched literature.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O politereftalato de etileno (PET) é um termoplástico da família dos poliésteres com ampla utilização pela indústria de bebidas carbonatadas, este material, quando descartado no ambiente inadequadamente, como outros resíduos sólidos, torna-se um passivo ambiental, pois, pode ocasionar a poluição dos ambientes, bem como a proliferação de vetores de doenças, entre outros. No que tange ao avanço de pesquisas em buscas alternativas para a minimização de impactos ambientais provenientes do descarte de materiais poliméricos, surgem como alternativas, a investigação de processos fotodegradativos e biológicos que visam a degradação destes materiais. Os processos de fotodegradação incluem a radiação ultravioleta, uma luz de alta energia capaz de provocar modificações na estrutura polimérica que acarreta a degradação/desestabilização do material. Ainda, a utilização de fungos basidiomicetos, responsáveis pela degradação de compostos naturais com grandes cadeias carbônicas, aplicada a decomposição de materiais poliméricos é considerada uma alternativa promissora. O Lentinula edodes, popularmente conhecido como shiitake é um fungo de grande interesse comercial, além de ser comestível, além de ser comestível, produz grandes quantidades de hidrolases e oxidases durante a conversão de resíduos lignocelulósicos. Neste estudo, foram utilizadas garrafas de PET virgem cristal, pré-consumo, como substrato para o crescimento do fungo L.edodes. Os ensaios procederam em duas fases, abiótica e biótica. Na fase de degradação abiótica, os espécimes de PET recortados da faixa central da garrafa, foram submetidos a radiação ultravioleta, em uma câmara irradiação UV acelerada. Os períodos de tempoforam 0h/sem irradiação, 24 horas, 48 horas, e 96 horas, ininterruptos. Os quatro grupos (0hh, 24 h, 48h, e 96h) foram caracterizadas por análises termogravimétricas (TG), Análise de Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial (DSC), Espectroscopia de Infravermelho por Transformada de Fourier (0h e 96H) e Ensaio de Tração Mecânica (ASTM-D638- 10), para analisar o efeito dessa radiação nas propriedade físico químicas das amostras . A segunda fase de degradação, biótica, consistiu na realização de ensaios de interação variáveis entre fungo L.edodes e o PET. Foram empregados como tratamentos o cultivo em placas petri, o cultivo em tubos de ensaio, a fermentação semissólida e o cultivo axênico, mantidos por diferentes períodos de tempo. Como variáveis resposta, por meio do método gravimétrico , obteve-se o percentual da perda de massa e, posteriormente, as amostras foram submetidas a análise de microscopia óptica, análises termogravimétricas, TG/DTG e DSC, e para o cultivo axênico foi determinada a tração mecânica. Os resultados indicam que a irradiação UV altera significativamente as propriedades do PET, fato que influencia na estabilidade e na sua biodegrabilidade. O percentual de perda de massa médio, obtido nos diferentes ensaios, sem considerar o tipo e os períodos de tempo dos tratamentos, foram de 0,44% para PET 0h, sem irradiação o menor valor registrado, 1,28% para o PET 24h, o maior valor registrado, e ainda, 1,07% para o PET 48h e 0,95% para o PET 96h, para as diferentes fases de irradiação UV. Através das microfotografias, foi possível observar a deterioração do material, com a presença de escavações e falhas, mas também foi possível observar que o fundo pode se aderir fortemente à matriz polimérica, e o procedimento utilizado para a remoção não ser eficiente, fato que deixa vestígios do fungo no interior do PET. Oscilações nas propriedades térmicas e mecânicas do PET. Também puderam ser observadas, outro indicativo de que o fungo L. edodes tem potencial para a aplicação em processo de biodegradação, e a irradiação UV age de forma favorável a esse processo, por fim são feitas sugestões que visam a melhoria dos resultados de biodegradação e o conhecimento mais específico de seus processos. / The polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a thermoplastic polyester with widespread use of the carbonated beverage industry. This material, when disposed of improperly in the environment like other solid waste becomes an environment burden. It may cause pollution environmments. As well as the proliferation of disease vectors, among others. With respect to the advancement of research in search of alternatives to minimize environmental impacts from the disposal of polymeric materials, emerge as alternatives, the research photo degradative and biological processes to the degradation of these material. The photodegradation processes include ultraviolet radiation, a high energy light which can cause changes include ultraviolet radiation, a high energy light which, can cause change in the polymer structure which causes degradation/destabilization of the material. Furthermore, the use of Basidiomycete fungi responsible for the degradation of natural compounds with large carbon chains applied to decomposition of polymeric material is considered a promising alternative. The Lentinula edodes , popularly known as shiitake is a great commercial interest fungus, in addition to being edible, produces large quantity of hydrolase and oxidade for the conversion of lignocellulosic wastes, in this study, we used PET bottles crystal virgin, pre-consumer, as a substrate for the growth of the fungus L. edodes. The tests proceeded in two stages, abiotica and biotic. In abiotic degradation , phase PET specimens cult from the central strip of the bottle were subjected to ultraviolet radiation in a chamber accelerated UV irradiation. The time periodos were 0h/ without irradiation, 24 hours, 48 hours and 96 hours uninterrupted. The 4groups (0h, 24h, 48h, 96h and) were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TG), Analysis of Diferential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Infrared Spectroscopy Fourier Transform (0h and 96h) and Mechanical Tensile test (ASTM-D638-10), to analyse the effect of radiation on the physicochemical property of the samples. The second stage of degradation, biotic, consisted of testing interaction between the fungus L. edodes and PET. The treatments used were grown in petri dishes, cultivation in tubes, the semisolid fermentation axenic culture and maintened for different periods of time. The following variables by the gravimetric method gave a weight loss percentage, then the samples were subjected to light microscopy analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, TG/DTG and DSC, and the axenic culture was determined traction mechanical. The results indicate that UV irradiation significantly modifies the properties of PET, a fact that influences the stability and biodegradability. The percentage of average mass loss, obtained in different trials, regardless of the type and the time periods of the treatment were of 0,44% for PET 0h without irradiation the lowest recorded value, 1,28% for PET 24, the highest value recorded and also 1.07% for PET 48h and 0.95% for PET 96h, different UV irradiation phases. Through the photomicrographs, we observed degradation of the material, with the presence of presence of excavations and failures, but it was also observed that the fungus can strongly adhere to the polymer matrix, and procedure for removal was not be affective, a facts that leaves fungus remains inside the PET. Oscilations in thermal and mechanical properties of PET could be observed, another indication that the fungus L. edodes has potential for application in biodegradation process, and UV irradiation acts favorably to this process, finally are made suggestions aimed at improving biodegradation results and more specific knowledge of its processes.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O politereftalato de etileno (PET) é um termoplástico da família dos poliésteres com ampla utilização pela indústria de bebidas carbonatadas, este material, quando descartado no ambiente inadequadamente, como outros resíduos sólidos, torna-se um passivo ambiental, pois, pode ocasionar a poluição dos ambientes, bem como a proliferação de vetores de doenças, entre outros. No que tange ao avanço de pesquisas em buscas alternativas para a minimização de impactos ambientais provenientes do descarte de materiais poliméricos, surgem como alternativas, a investigação de processos fotodegradativos e biológicos que visam a degradação destes materiais. Os processos de fotodegradação incluem a radiação ultravioleta, uma luz de alta energia capaz de provocar modificações na estrutura polimérica que acarreta a degradação/desestabilização do material. Ainda, a utilização de fungos basidiomicetos, responsáveis pela degradação de compostos naturais com grandes cadeias carbônicas, aplicada a decomposição de materiais poliméricos é considerada uma alternativa promissora. O Lentinula edodes, popularmente conhecido como shiitake é um fungo de grande interesse comercial, além de ser comestível, além de ser comestível, produz grandes quantidades de hidrolases e oxidases durante a conversão de resíduos lignocelulósicos. Neste estudo, foram utilizadas garrafas de PET virgem cristal, pré-consumo, como substrato para o crescimento do fungo L.edodes. Os ensaios procederam em duas fases, abiótica e biótica. Na fase de degradação abiótica, os espécimes de PET recortados da faixa central da garrafa, foram submetidos a radiação ultravioleta, em uma câmara irradiação UV acelerada. Os períodos de tempoforam 0h/sem irradiação, 24 horas, 48 horas, e 96 horas, ininterruptos. Os quatro grupos (0hh, 24 h, 48h, e 96h) foram caracterizadas por análises termogravimétricas (TG), Análise de Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial (DSC), Espectroscopia de Infravermelho por Transformada de Fourier (0h e 96H) e Ensaio de Tração Mecânica (ASTM-D638- 10), para analisar o efeito dessa radiação nas propriedade físico químicas das amostras . A segunda fase de degradação, biótica, consistiu na realização de ensaios de interação variáveis entre fungo L.edodes e o PET. Foram empregados como tratamentos o cultivo em placas petri, o cultivo em tubos de ensaio, a fermentação semissólida e o cultivo axênico, mantidos por diferentes períodos de tempo. Como variáveis resposta, por meio do método gravimétrico , obteve-se o percentual da perda de massa e, posteriormente, as amostras foram submetidas a análise de microscopia óptica, análises termogravimétricas, TG/DTG e DSC, e para o cultivo axênico foi determinada a tração mecânica. Os resultados indicam que a irradiação UV altera significativamente as propriedades do PET, fato que influencia na estabilidade e na sua biodegrabilidade. O percentual de perda de massa médio, obtido nos diferentes ensaios, sem considerar o tipo e os períodos de tempo dos tratamentos, foram de 0,44% para PET 0h, sem irradiação o menor valor registrado, 1,28% para o PET 24h, o maior valor registrado, e ainda, 1,07% para o PET 48h e 0,95% para o PET 96h, para as diferentes fases de irradiação UV. Através das microfotografias, foi possível observar a deterioração do material, com a presença de escavações e falhas, mas também foi possível observar que o fundo pode se aderir fortemente à matriz polimérica, e o procedimento utilizado para a remoção não ser eficiente, fato que deixa vestígios do fungo no interior do PET. Oscilações nas propriedades térmicas e mecânicas do PET. Também puderam ser observadas, outro indicativo de que o fungo L. edodes tem potencial para a aplicação em processo de biodegradação, e a irradiação UV age de forma favorável a esse processo, por fim são feitas sugestões que visam a melhoria dos resultados de biodegradação e o conhecimento mais específico de seus processos. / The polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a thermoplastic polyester with widespread use of the carbonated beverage industry. This material, when disposed of improperly in the environment like other solid waste becomes an environment burden. It may cause pollution environmments. As well as the proliferation of disease vectors, among others. With respect to the advancement of research in search of alternatives to minimize environmental impacts from the disposal of polymeric materials, emerge as alternatives, the research photo degradative and biological processes to the degradation of these material. The photodegradation processes include ultraviolet radiation, a high energy light which can cause changes include ultraviolet radiation, a high energy light which, can cause change in the polymer structure which causes degradation/destabilization of the material. Furthermore, the use of Basidiomycete fungi responsible for the degradation of natural compounds with large carbon chains applied to decomposition of polymeric material is considered a promising alternative. The Lentinula edodes , popularly known as shiitake is a great commercial interest fungus, in addition to being edible, produces large quantity of hydrolase and oxidade for the conversion of lignocellulosic wastes, in this study, we used PET bottles crystal virgin, pre-consumer, as a substrate for the growth of the fungus L. edodes. The tests proceeded in two stages, abiotica and biotic. In abiotic degradation , phase PET specimens cult from the central strip of the bottle were subjected to ultraviolet radiation in a chamber accelerated UV irradiation. The time periodos were 0h/ without irradiation, 24 hours, 48 hours and 96 hours uninterrupted. The 4groups (0h, 24h, 48h, 96h and) were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TG), Analysis of Diferential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Infrared Spectroscopy Fourier Transform (0h and 96h) and Mechanical Tensile test (ASTM-D638-10), to analyse the effect of radiation on the physicochemical property of the samples. The second stage of degradation, biotic, consisted of testing interaction between the fungus L. edodes and PET. The treatments used were grown in petri dishes, cultivation in tubes, the semisolid fermentation axenic culture and maintened for different periods of time. The following variables by the gravimetric method gave a weight loss percentage, then the samples were subjected to light microscopy analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, TG/DTG and DSC, and the axenic culture was determined traction mechanical. The results indicate that UV irradiation significantly modifies the properties of PET, a fact that influences the stability and biodegradability. The percentage of average mass loss, obtained in different trials, regardless of the type and the time periods of the treatment were of 0,44% for PET 0h without irradiation the lowest recorded value, 1,28% for PET 24, the highest value recorded and also 1.07% for PET 48h and 0.95% for PET 96h, different UV irradiation phases. Through the photomicrographs, we observed degradation of the material, with the presence of presence of excavations and failures, but it was also observed that the fungus can strongly adhere to the polymer matrix, and procedure for removal was not be affective, a facts that leaves fungus remains inside the PET. Oscilations in thermal and mechanical properties of PET could be observed, another indication that the fungus L. edodes has potential for application in biodegradation process, and UV irradiation acts favorably to this process, finally are made suggestions aimed at improving biodegradation results and more specific knowledge of its processes.

Cai Yi Jin. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1993. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 118-128). / Chapter 1. --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Importance and Cultivation history of edible mushroom --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Variety and structure of growth substrates for mushroom --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Mushroom growth and substrate-degrading enzymes --- p.8 / Chapter 1.4 --- Purpose of study --- p.15 / Chapter 2. --- Methods and Materials / Chapter 2.1 --- Organisms --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2 --- Media --- p.17 / Chapter 2.3 --- Culture conditions --- p.21 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Growth temperature --- p.21 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Growth Studies --- p.21 / Chapter 2.3.2.1 --- Effect of pH on mycelial growth --- p.21 / Chapter 2.3.2.2 --- Effect of different carbon sources on mycelial growth --- p.21 / Chapter 2.3.2.3 --- Effect of lignin-related phenolic monomers and tannin derivatives on fungal growth --- p.22 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Culture conditions for production of extracellular enzymes --- p.23 / Chapter 2.3.3.1 --- Tyrosinase --- p.23 / Chapter 2.3.3.2 --- Laccase --- p.23 / Chapter 2.3.3.3 --- Manganese-dependent Peroxidase and Lignin Peroxidase --- p.23 / Chapter 2.3.3.4 --- Cellulytic and Xylanolytic enzymes --- p.24 / Chapter 2.3.3.5 --- Lipase --- p.25 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Culture conditions for studying properties of cellulases of V. volvacea --- p.26 / Chapter 2.3.4.1 --- CMCase --- p.26 / Chapter 2.3.4.2 --- "CMCase, FPase and β-Glucosidase" --- p.26 / Chapter 2.3.4.3 --- β-Glucosidase --- p.26 / Chapter 2.4 --- Enzyme assay --- p.27 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Tyrosinase --- p.27 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Laccase --- p.27 / Chapter a. --- o-Tolidine Method --- p.27 / Chapter b. --- ABTS Method --- p.28 / Chapter c. --- Syringaldazine Method --- p.28 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Lignin peroxidase --- p.29 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Manganese-dependent peroxidase --- p.29 / Chapter 2.4.5 --- Exoglucanase (avicelase) --- p.30 / Chapter 2.4.6 --- Endoglucanase (carboxymethylcellulase or CMCase) --- p.31 / Chapter 2.4.7 --- Filter paper digesting enzyme (FPase) --- p.32 / Chapter 2.4.8 --- P-Glucosidase --- p.32 / Chapter 2.4.9 --- Xylanase --- p.34 / Chapter 2.4.10 --- β-Xylosidase --- p.34 / Chapter 2.4.11 --- Lipase --- p.36 / Chapter 2.5 --- Other analytical methods --- p.36 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Determination of phenol oxidase activity by the Bavendamm reaction --- p.36 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Qualitative evaluation of CMCase by Congo red staining --- p.37 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- Effect of phenolic monomers and tannic acid on CMCase activity of V. volvacea --- p.38 / Chapter 2.5.4 --- Protein determination --- p.39 / Chapter 2.5.5 --- Non-denaturing gel electrophoresis pattern of fungal laccases --- p.39 / Chapter 2.6 --- Chemicals --- p.39 / Chapter 3. --- Results / Chapter 3.1 --- Growth and Nutritional characteristics --- p.44 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Fungal growth on defined and non-defined culture media --- p.44 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Effect of carbon source on fungal --- p.45 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Effect of pH on fungal growth --- p.45 / Chapter 3.2 --- Effect of lignin-related phenolic monomers and tannin derivatives on fungal growth --- p.45 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Effect of lignin-related phenolic monomers on fungal growth --- p.45 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Effect of tannin derivatives on fungal growth --- p.61 / Chapter 3.3 --- Phenol Oxidase --- p.67 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Phenol oxidase --- p.67 / Chapter 3.3.1.1 --- Guaiacol-reacting enzyme --- p.67 / Chapter 3.3.1.2 --- o-Anisidine oxidizing enzyme --- p.68 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Tyrosinase --- p.69 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Laccase --- p.69 / Chapter 3.3.3.1 --- "Laccase detected by o-Tolidine, ABTS Syringaldazine" --- p.69 / Chapter 3.3.3.2 --- Effect of pH on laccase activity --- p.69 / Chapter 3.4 --- Lignin-Transforming Enzymes --- p.73 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Lignin peroxidase (LP) --- p.73 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Manganese-dependent peroxidase (MnP) --- p.74 / Chapter 3.5 --- Cellulases --- p.78 / Chapter 3.5.1. --- Cellulases of V. volvacea --- p.78 / Chapter 3.5.1.1 --- Qualitative estimation of cellulose-degrading enzymes of V. volvacea grown on different substrates --- p.78 / Chapter 3.5.1.2 --- Influence of pH and temperature --- p.79 / Chapter 3.5.1.3 --- Cellulolytic activities in cultures grown on cellulose --- p.83 / Chapter 3.5.1.4 --- Cellulolytic activities in cultures grown on paddy straw --- p.91 / Chapter 3.5.1.5 --- β-Glucosidase activity in cultures grown on cellobiose --- p.91 / Chapter 3.5.1.6 --- Effect of lignin-related phenolic monomers and tannic acid on CMCase of V. volvacea --- p.95 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Cellulases of P.sajor-caju --- p.96 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Cellulases of L. edodes --- p.96 / Chapter 3.6 --- Xylanase --- p.96 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- "Xylanase of V. volvacea, strain V34" --- p.96 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Xylanase of P.sajor-caju --- p.100 / Chapter 3.6.3 --- Xylanase of L. edodes --- p.100 / Chapter 3.7 --- Lipase of V. volvacea --- p.103 / Chapter 4. --- Discussion / Chapter 4.1. --- Carbon nutrition and pH for fungal growth --- p.104 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Carbon nutrition --- p.104 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- pH --- p.104 / Chapter 4.2 --- "Effect of lignin-related phenolic monomers and tannin derivatives on fungal growth of L. edodes, P. sajor-caju and V, volvacea" --- p.105 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Lignin-related phenolic monomers --- p.105 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Tannin derivatives --- p.107 / Chapter 4.3 --- "Production of phenoloxidases by V. volvacea, L. edodes and P. sajor-caju" --- p.108 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Guaiacol- and Anisidine reacting enzymes and Tyrosinase --- p.108 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Laccase --- p.109 / Chapter 4.4. --- "Lignin-degrading Enzymes of V. volvacea, P. sajor-caju and L. edodes" --- p.110 / Chapter 4.5. --- "Cellulolytic and Hemicellulolytic Activity of V. volvacea, P.sajor-caju and L. edodes" --- p.113 / References --- p.118 / Appendix1 --- p.129

Shiitake (Lentinula edodes (Berkeley) Pegler) produces an edible mushroom that has been cultivated for centuries in China, Korea, Japan, Singapore, Thailand and other Asian countries. Shiitake mushrooms grow naturally on decaying wood of hardwood trees and have traditionally been grown on short lengths of freshly-cut logs. Until now, there has been no serious exploration of the potential for Australian forest owners to utilise small logs of native or plantation forest species for shiitake mushroom production, such as eucalypt (Eucalyptus spp.). / Logs of six tree species were harvested from farm forestry plantations in Victoria and inoculated with shiitake infected dowels imported from the United States. Over the course of the next 18 months the logs were soaked four times to initiate fruiting. The fresh mushrooms were harvested and weighed to allow a comparison between log species and size. A sample of the mushrooms from each log species produced in the 2nd and 3rd fruiting were tested for their protein and fibre content. / Quercus robur was the most productive species. Over the course of the trial (four frutings) the oak logs produced almost 1 kilogram of fresh mushrooms per log which was significantly more than E. cladocalyx (527 g/log) and Alnus glutinosa (465 g/log) and Eucalyptus nitens (389 g/log) which were all, in turn, significantly more productive than Populus sp. (140 g/log) and Acacia melanoxyon (98 g/log). Larger logs produced more fruit although this may have been related to the greater number of inoculations. The protein and fibre content of mushrooms produced from shining gum logs was slightly lower than that from the oak logs but greater than that from alder. Sugar gum mushrooms had the lowest protein content. / The research suggests that there is potential to use eucalypt logs thinned from young fast-grown farm plantations as the basis for a log-based shiitake industry although more work is required to test the marketability of eucalypt grown shiitake and the economic viability of small scale production units.

Shiitake (Lentinula edodes (Berkeley) Pegler) produces an edible mushroom that has been cultivated for centuries in China, Korea, Japan, Singapore, Thailand and other Asian countries. Shiitake mushrooms grow naturally on decaying wood of hardwood trees and have traditionally been grown on short lengths of freshly-cut logs. Until now, there has been no serious exploration of the potential for Australian forest owners to utilise small logs of native or plantation forest species for shiitake mushroom production, such as eucalypt (Eucalyptus spp.). / Logs of six tree species were harvested from farm forestry plantations in Victoria and inoculated with shiitake infected dowels imported from the United States. Over the course of the next 18 months the logs were soaked four times to initiate fruiting. The fresh mushrooms were harvested and weighed to allow a comparison between log species and size. A sample of the mushrooms from each log species produced in the 2nd and 3rd fruiting were tested for their protein and fibre content. / Quercus robur was the most productive species. Over the course of the trial (four frutings) the oak logs produced almost 1 kilogram of fresh mushrooms per log which was significantly more than E. cladocalyx (527 g/log) and Alnus glutinosa (465 g/log) and Eucalyptus nitens (389 g/log) which were all, in turn, significantly more productive than Populus sp. (140 g/log) and Acacia melanoxyon (98 g/log). Larger logs produced more fruit although this may have been related to the greater number of inoculations. The protein and fibre content of mushrooms produced from shining gum logs was slightly lower than that from the oak logs but greater than that from alder. Sugar gum mushrooms had the lowest protein content. / The research suggests that there is potential to use eucalypt logs thinned from young fast-grown farm plantations as the basis for a log-based shiitake industry although more work is required to test the marketability of eucalypt grown shiitake and the economic viability of small scale production units.