Deutscher Akademischer Austausch Dienst / Este estudo tem como objetivo identificar os aspectos socioeconÃmicos de duas comunidades relacionadas a um empreendimento de carcinicultura, caracterizar amostras de Ãgua do estuÃrio do rio Mundaà e comparar os resultados dessa caracterizaÃÃo com a ResoluÃÃo 357/2005 do Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente (CONAMA) para Ãguas salinas. A pesquisa socioeconÃmica foi conduzida em duas comunidades chamadas CoÃcia e Palmeiras, ambas localizadas no distrito de MundaÃ, municÃpio de Trairi. A pesquisa iniciou-se com a abordagem e socializaÃÃo, seguida de entrevistas abertas e semi estruturadas com a populaÃÃo local para compreender sua realidade, obter informaÃÃes sobre os impactos socioeconÃmicos e a relaÃÃo entre o carcinicultor e as comunidades. As coletas de Ãgua foram realizadas em trÃs pontos no estuÃrio do rio MundaÃ. Este estudo mostrou que houve melhoria socioeconÃmica para a comunidade CoÃcia e as anÃlises de Ãgua mostraram que apenas os valores de fÃsforo, pH e oxigÃnio dissolvido estavam fora dos parÃmetros permitidos pela ResoluÃÃo CONAMA 357. / This study aims to identify socioeconomic aspects on two communities related to an shrimp farming enterprise, to characterize water samples from Mundaà river estuary and to compare the results with Resolution 357/2005 from National Council of Environment (CONAMA) for saline waters. The socioeconomic research was conducted in two communitites called CoÃcia and Palmeiras, both located at Mundaà district, city of Trairi. The research began with the approach and socializing, followed by open and semi-structured interviews with the local population to understand their reality, to obtain information on socioeconomic impacts and the relationship between the shrimp farmer and the communities. The water sampling were performed at three points on Mundaà river estuary. This study has showed that there was a socioeconomic improvement to CoÃcia community and the water analisys showed that only the values of phosphorus, pH and dissolved oxygen were outside the parameters allowed by CONAMA 357 Resolution.

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2017-08-04T13:54:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2009 - MICHELLE MIDORI SENA FUGIMURA.pdf: 727349 bytes, checksum: 7ba1d796440495f1fa87bc9994825c7b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-04T13:54:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009 - MICHELLE MIDORI SENA FUGIMURA.pdf: 727349 bytes, checksum: 7ba1d796440495f1fa87bc9994825c7b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-09-09 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior, CAPES, Brasil. / FUGIMURA, Michelle Midori Sena. Effects of temperature and stocking density on the growth and survival of juvenile of Litopenaeus schmitti. 2009. 33p. Dissertation (Master Science in Animal Science). Instituto de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Serop?dica, RJ, 2009. The white shrimp Litopenaeus schmitti is considered a promising species concerning aquaculture; however, there is limited information regarding its growth in captivity. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of temperature and stocking density, as well as the juvenile survival rate of raised L. schmitti in captivity. This study was carried out at the Marine Biology Station of UFRRJ for 42 days. The treatments were distributed in a completely randomized design, in factorial arrangement 2 x 3, referring to water temperature (24 and 26?C) and stocking densities (220; 440 and 660 shrimp/m?), respectively. After the acclimatization period, weight and individual total length were recorded for every shrimp (n= 240), that were assigned to wire baskets. The average initial weight and total individual length were 0,38?0,09 g e 34,91?2,38 mm, respectively. Wire baskets of 0,17 m diameter were considered the experimental units. They were kept on polyethylene tanks which had 150 L of treated seawater and constant aeration. The tanks were cleaned on a daily basis, as data on abiotic factors were collected, such as: salinity, temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen. The temperature was maintained by electrical thermostats heaters. All shrimp were fed on a commercial diet containing 40% protein, on equal quantities, three times a day at 8:00, 14:00 and 20:00 h. At the beginning of the experiment the commercial diet was offered at 40% of shrimp biomass, but this rate was adjusted weekly. Shrimps of every repetition were weighted, in group, once a week. At the end of the experiment, individual weight and total length were measured. The specific growth rate, apparent feed conversion, weight gain (g and %), length gain (%), biomass/ha, survival rate, weight and average total final length were calculated and analyzed to evaluate significative difference related to stocking density and temperature using the ANOVA and Tukey test ?posthoc?. There was no significant difference between the two factors analyzed (p > 0,05), except for biomass/ha. The treatments with 26?C of temperature and the 220 shrimp/m? of stocking density showed a positive effect (p < 0,05) on the juvenile L. schmitti growth. / O camar?o branco Litopenaeus schmitti ? considerada uma esp?cie promissora para aq?icultura, por?m existem poucas informa??es sobre o crescimento da esp?cie em cativeiro. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da temperatura e densidade de estocagem no crescimento e sobreviv?ncia de juvenis de L. schmitti em cativeiro. O estudo foi realizado na Esta??o de Biologia Marinha da UFRRJ durante 42 dias. Os tratamentos foram distribu?dos em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 3, referindo a temperatura da ?gua (24 e 26?C) e as densidades de estocagem (220; 440 e 660 indiv?duos/m?), respectivamente. Ap?s o per?odo de aclimata??o, foram registrados o peso e comprimento total individual de todos os indiv?duos (n=240), e realizada a distribui??o em cestas teladas. Os animais apresentaram peso e comprimento total inicial m?dio igual a 0,38?0,09 g e 34,91?2,38 mm, respectivamente. As cestas teladas com di?metro de 0,17 m foram consideradas as unidades experimentais, e mantidas em tanques de polietileno com cerca de 150 L de ?gua tratada e aera??o constante. Diariamente, foi realizada a limpeza dos tanques e registrado os dados abi?ticos: salinidade, temperatura, pH e oxig?nio dissolvido. A manuten??o da temperatura foi feita atrav?s de aquecedores com termostatos el?tricos. Uma ra??o comercial com 40% de prote?na bruta foi fornecida aos animais em quantidades iguais, tr?s vezes ao dia, ?s 8, 14 e 20 hs. A quantidade de ra??o fornecida foi igual a 40% da biomassa no inicio do experimento, sendo reajustada semanalmente. Uma vez por semana os camar?es de cada repeti??o foram pesados em grupo. No final do experimento, o peso e o comprimento total foram tomados individualmente. A taxa de crescimento espec?fico, a convers?o alimentar bruta, o ganho de peso (g), ganho de peso (%), ganho de comprimento (%), a biomassa/ha, sobreviv?ncia, peso e comprimento total final m?dio foram calculados e analisados para avaliar as diferen?as significativas em rela??o ?s densidades de estocagem e temperatura atrav?s da ANOVA e posteriormente pelo teste de Tukey. N?o foi observado efeito significativo de intera??o entre os dois fatores estudados (p > 0,05), exceto para a biomassa/ha. A temperatura de 26?C e a densidade de 220 camar?es/m? isoladamente apresentou um efeito positivo (p < 0,05) sobre o crescimento de juvenis de L. schmitti.

A criação de camarões marinhos em cativeiro tem sido acusada de causar sérios impactos ambientais, sobretudo em função do lançamento de grandes quantidades de nutrientes e metais pesados nas águas estuarinas. Diversos estudos realizados nos principais estados produtores de camarão no Brasil, através do uso de fatores de emissão, estimaram as cargas destes poluentes para seus principais estuários. Neles ficou caracterizada a importância desta atividade como fonte de nutrientes, uma vez que a carcinicultura dominou as emissões de nitrogênio para os estuários dos rios Açu (RN) e Jaguaribe (CE). Ocorre que esses estudos consideraram a forma de cultivo de camarão, predominante há alguns anos, a qual estava baseada em uma produção intensiva. Desta forma, devem ser consideradas as alterações nos processos produtivos dessa atividade, e precisam ser determinados novos fatores de emissão. O estuário do rio Potengi (RN), objeto de estudo, apresenta características que o tornam bastante susceptível a elevadas depreciações da qualidade de suas águas, pelo fato de nessa bacia hidrográfica estar implantada a capital do estado, cidade com maiores contingente populacional e grau de urbanização do RN. O presente trabalho trata da determinação de novos fatores de emissão relativos a nutrientes e a metais pesados para a carcinicultura, com base na realidade atual desta atividade no estuário do rio Potengi e avalia, também a importância da carcinicultura como fonte de nutrientes e metais pesados para o referido estuário. Estes novos fatores de emissão foram determinados e serviram como base para estimativa da carga anual da carcinicultura; também foram determinadas as cargas de outras fontes naturais e antrópicas presentes no ecossistema de estudo o que permitiu verificar que a carcinicultura, apesar de não ser a atividade predominante, constitui fonte ) importante de nitrogênio (5,28%), cobre (10,54%) e zinco (14,04%). / The creation of marine shrimp in captivity has been blamed for causing serious environmental impacts, particularly through the release of large amounts of nutrients and heavy metals in estuarine waters. Several studies in the major shrimp-producing states in Brazil, through the use of emission factors, estimated the loads of these pollutants to their main estuaries. In them was a characteristic aspect of this activity as a source of nutrients, since the carciniculture dominated the emission of nitrogen to the estuaries of the Acu (RN) and Jaguaribe (CE). It turns out that these studies considered the form of shrimp farming, prevalent a few years ago, which was based on an intensive production. Thus, should be considered the changes in production processes of this activity, and need to be certain new emission factors. The estuary Potengi (RN), the object of study, has characteristics which make it very susceptible to high depreciation of the quality of the water, because this basin has been introduced to the state capital city with the highest overall population and degree of urbanization of the RN. This paper deals with the new emission factors for nutrients and heavy metals in the carciniculture, based on the current reality of this activity in the estuary Potengi and evaluates also the importance of carciniculture as a source of nutrients and heavy metals in that estuary. These new emission factors were determined and served as a basis to estimate the annual load of carciniculture, were also determined loads of other natural and anthropogenic sources in the ecosystem of the study that showed that the carciniculture, though not the predominant activity, constitutes an important source of nitrogen (5.28%), copper (10.54%) and zinc (14.04%).

A ocorrência de Listeria monocytogenes em alimentos vem sendo estudada desde o início dos anos 80, após seu envolvimento em vários surtos de doença de origem alimentar. Os frutos do mar são o grupo de alimentos que despertou menor atenção por parte dos pesquisadores, apesar de terem sido envolvidos em casos esporádicos de listeriose e mesmo em surtos da doença. A amostragem ambiental e de produto, ao longo de uma linha de processamento é uma forma de localizar áreas relacionadas à contaminação do alimento permitindo que sejam feitas correções para evitar a produção de bens que exponham o consumidor a doenças. Com a finalidade de avaliar a contribuição da matéria prima e fatores ambientais na ocorrência e distribuição de L. monocytogenes em uma indústria processadora de pescados, e mais especificamente, numa linha processadora de camarão rosa (penoeus brasiliensis), é que desenvolveu-se a presente pesquisa. Também buscou-se determinar as diversidades antigênica e genética das cepas de L. monocytogenes isoladas, e correlacionar esta diversidade à sua distribuição na indústria. Assim, um total de 363 amostras coletadas em diferentes pontos de uma linha de processamento de camarão rosa foram examinadas para a presença de L. monocytogenes, empregando-se a metodologia recomendada pelo Health Protection Branch, do Canadá. A seguir, 115 cepas de L. monocytogenes representativas das amostras positivas para o microrganismo foram sorotipadas e o polimorfismo do seu DNA cromossomico avaliado com o auxílio dos métodos RAPD (\"randon amplified polimorphic DNA\") e PFGE (\"pulsed-field MTDestro - Doutorado - Listeria monocytogeneses em camarao... 140 gel electrophoresis\"). Um grupo de 25 cepas foi também submetido a sorotipagem completa, fagotipagem e ribotipagem pelo sistema RiboPrint da DuPont. Do total de amostras examinadas, 64 (17,6%) apresentaram-se contaminadas por L. monocyfogenes. As amostras ambientais apresentaram 25,0% de positividade (14 positivas/56 examinadas). As amostras de utensílios 24,2% (8/33) e as de água 23,8% (5/21). As amostras de camarão apresentaram 18,0% de contaminação (32/178) e as de manipuladores 7,6% (5/66). Nenhuma das amostras de gelo foi positiva para L. monocyfogenes. Durante o processamento observou-se um aumento na percentagem de amostras positivas para L. monocytogenes, chegando esta percentagem a 35,0% em algumas etapas, mas reduzindo-se a 16,0% no produto final. O perfil composto gerado pela combinação dos resultados obtidos com a tipagem molecular das 115 cepas de L. monocyfogenes selecionadas, permitiu a sua divisão em 24 grupos, de acordo com seus perfis de DNA. A sorotipagem das 25 cepas selecionadas mostrou que 11 pertenciam ao sorovar 4b, 7 ao sorovar 1/2b, 2 ao sorovar 1/2c e 5 ao sorovar 1/2a. A fagotipagem permitiu que elas fossem divididas em 7 fagovares, sendo que a maior parte das cepas do sorovar 4b (81,8%) não foi fagotipável. A ribotipagem destas 25 cepas originou 6 RiboGroupsTM. Os resultados indicaram que cepas de L. monocytogenes de origem ambiental pertenciam a perfis compostos exclusivos para o ambiente, enquanto que cepas provenientes da água e de utensílios possuiam um perfil composto em comum. Amostras de camarão coletadas nas diversas etapas doprocessamento apresentaram L. monocytogenes com pelo menos um perfil composto em comum, perfil este também presente nas cepas isoladas das mãos dos manipuladores. / The importance of seafood in the spread of foodborne pathogens is well known, however, until the last few years, little attention has been paid to the role of seafood in disseminating L. monocytogenes. Two foodborne listeriosis outbreaks have been linked to the consumption of seafood. L. monocytogenes and other Listeria species have been isolated from different types of raw or processed seafood, but the main source of contamination is unknown. For this reason, it is important to monitor the potential sources of this pathogen in food processing plants, in order to minimize product contamination. The aim of this study was to evaluate the contribution of raw material and environment in the occurrence and distribution of L. monocytogenesin shrimp (Penaeus brasiliensis) processing plant. The antigenic and genetic diversities of L. monocytogenes strains were also determined. A total of 363 samples, collected in different areas of a shrimp processing plant in Santos, SP, were examined using the methodology recomended by the Health Protection Branch, Canada. One hundred and fifteen strains of L. monocytogenes representing the L. monocytogenes positive samples were first serotyped and then sub-typed by molecular typing (RAPD and PFGE). A group of 25 strains were also ribotyped and phage-typed. L. monocytogeneswas isolated from 64 (17.6%) of the total samples analysed. Environmental samples showed the highest positivity rate (25%) followed by utensils (24,2%) and water (23.8%) samples. Shrimp samples presented 18% of positivity for L. monocytogenes while food handlers samples presented 7.6%. None of the ice samples was positive for the microorganism. When the composite profile from \"both (RAPD-PFGE) methods was generated, the 115 strains could be separated in 24 groups, according to their DNA pattern. The results indicated that environmental strains of L. monocytogenes ali feel into composite profile groupings unique to the environment, while strains from both water and utensils shared another composite profile group. L. monocytogenes fresh shrimp iso/ates belonging to one profile group, were found in the different areas of the processing line. This same latter group was also present in food handlers from the processing and packaging areas of the plant.

Orientador: Neura Bragagnolo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T18:59:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Souza_HugoAntonioLima_D.pdf: 1444066 bytes, checksum: 3d5347772ea33b0d3de910de803f9d23 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O camarão é um dos principais produtos da pesca e da aquicultura mundial. A salga e a secagem constituem um dos métodos de preservação mais comuns e baratos utilizados para pescados, contudo, esse método de preservação pode levar à oxidação dos lipídios do camarão, principalmente pela presença de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados. Durante a oxidação lipídica podem ser formados vários produtos, entre eles destacam-se os produtos voláteis de oxidação lipídica que são os principais responsáveis pelo "off-flavor" dos alimentos oxidados. Além dos ácidos graxos poli-insaturados, o camarão, ainda apresenta altos teores de colesterol, que também são suscetíveis à oxidação e os produtos dessa oxidação são associados a várias doenças degenerativas. Assim, os objetivos deste trabalho foram: desenvolver um método para a determinação de produtos voláteis da oxidação lipídica (PVOLs) por micro-extração em fase sólida do headspace (HS-SPME); desenvolver um método de saponificação direta assistida por micro-ondas para a determinação simultânea de colesterol e óxidos de colesterol e avaliar o efeito da salga e da secagem na formação dos PVOLs, na oxidação dos ácidos graxos, e na formação de óxidos de colesterol. Um novo método para a determinação de PVOLs por HS-SPME foi desenvolvido utilizando a fibra com recobrimento de divinilbenzeno/carboxen/polidimetilsiloxano (DVB.CAR.PDMS). A melhor condição de análise obtida através de uma otimização sequencial foi a homogeneização de amostra em água destilada na proporção 1:3 em turrax e extração a 40 ºC por 30 minutos. O método otimizado e validado permitiu a extração rápida e simples dos PVOLs, com baixos limites de detecção (? 0,15 ng.g-1) e quantificação (? 0,50 ng.g-1), com alta precisão (? 12,67%) e eficiência de extração (? 96,11%). Para a determinação simultânea de colesterol e óxidos de colesterol com saponificação assistida por micro-ondas foi realizado um planejamento experimental seguido de uma cinética de saponificação. A melhor condição de saponificação foi utilizando 0,5 g de amostra com 20 mL de solução etanólica de KOH (1 mol/L) com as seguintes condições no micro-ondas: temperatura mantida a 45 °C, por 15 min, com potência máxima fixada em 200 w e velocidade de agitação magnética de 120 rpm. O método otimizado e validado permitiu uma redução significativa do tempo saponificação (75 vezes), com baixos limites de detecção (? 0,57 ?g.g-1) e quantificação (? 1,73 ?g.g-1), com boa precisão (? 10,50% intradia e ? 8,56% interdia) e eficiência de extração (? 87,67%). Com os resultados obtidos pode-se concluir que os métodos desenvolvidos foram rápidos, simples, precisos e com boa eficiência de extração. Além disso, os processos de salga e secagem afetaram negativamente a qualidade dos lipídios do camarão, reduzindo o teor de ácidos graxos, além de aumentar os produtos voláteis de oxidação lipídica, principalmente o hexanal. Durante a salga também se observou um aumento significativo nos óxidos de colesterol, os quais sofreram redução após a etapa de secagem / Abstract: Shrimp is one of the main products of world fishing and aquaculture. Salting and drying are two common and inexpensive preservation methods used for fish products; however, these preservation methods can favor lipid oxidation in shrimp, especially of the polyunsaturated fatty acids. Several products can be formed during lipid oxidation, and among them the volatile products of lipid oxidation should be highlighted because they are the main responsible for the off flavor in oxidized food. In addition to the polyunsaturated fatty acids, shrimp also has a high content of cholesterol, which is also prone to oxidation and the cholesterol oxidation products have been associated to several degenerative diseases. Thus, the aims of this work were: develop a method to determinate the volatile lipid oxidation products (VLOPs) by headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME); develop a direct microwave assisted saponification to determine cholesterol oxides and cholesterol simultaneously and evaluate the effects of salting and drying on the formation of VLOPs, on the oxidation of fatty acids, and on the formation of cholesterol oxides. A new method to determine the VLOPs by HS-SPME was developed using a divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB.CAR.PDMS) fiber, which was the most adequate among the four evaluated fibers. The best analysis condition achieved by a sequential optimization was sample homogenization with water (1:3) in a turrax and extraction at 40 ºC for 30 min. The optimized method was validated and allowed the simple and fast extraction of the VPLO with low detection (? 0.15 ng.g-1) and quantification (? 0.50 ng.g-1) limits, high precision (? 12.67%) and extraction efficiency (? 96.11%). An experimental design followed by saponification kinetics was carried out for the simultaneous determination of cholesterol and cholesterol oxides by microwave assisted saponification. The best extraction condition was achieved by using 0.5 g of sample with 20 mL of a 1 mol/L ethanolic KOH solution and the following microwave conditions: temperature held at 45 ºC for 15 min at maximum potency fixed at 200 W and magnetic stirring at 120 rpm. The optimized method was validated and allowed a significant reduction of the saponification time (75 times), with low detection (? 0.57 ?g/mL) and quantification (? 1.73 ?g/mL) limits, good precision (? 10.50% intermediate precision and ? 8.56% intraday) and extraction efficiency (? 87.67%). In conclusion, the developed methods were fast, simple, precise and showed good extraction efficiency. Salting and drying process negatively affected the quality of the shrimp lipids, decreasing the content of fatty acids and increasing the content of volatile products of lipid oxidation, mainly hexanal. After salting process a significant increase of cholesterol oxides was also observed, which were reduced after drying step / Doutorado / Ciência de Alimentos / Doutor em Ciência de Alimentos

Submitted by Israel Vieira Neto (israel.vieiraneto@ufpe.br) on 2015-03-04T16:30:44Z No. of bitstreams: 2 DISSERTAÇÃO Elizângela Gomes da Silva.pdf: 7776804 bytes, checksum: 98eb97fafbd24443736e2aa8ea9a219d (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-04T16:30:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 DISSERTAÇÃO Elizângela Gomes da Silva.pdf: 7776804 bytes, checksum: 98eb97fafbd24443736e2aa8ea9a219d (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-30 / A geologia da área localizada nos municípios Mogeiro - Gurinhem, Paraíba no Domínio Central ou Zona Transversal da província Borborema. Compreende rochas, constituídos de ortognaisse de composição granodiorítica do embasamento, cortado por granitóides, hoje ortognaisses (Fazenda Salvador), que constituem as serras da Viola, Covento e da Mandioca, as quais são cortadas por exames de diques de graníticos, rochas metassedimentares e cobertura sedimentar. Os granitóides estudados, hoje ortognaisses Fazenda Salvador, estão localizados ao norte da Zona de Cisalhamento do Congo. São ortognaisses migmatizados, grossos a muito grossos, porfiroclástos a equigranulares, localmente exibindo bandamento composicional. Enclaves de dioritos são frequentes. Leucogranitos mais jovens de possível idade brasiliana ocorrem como diques isolados ou exames de diques cortando os ortognaisses. São granitóides metaluminosos a fracamente peraluminosos, com assinatura geoquímica de granitóides ferrosos pós-orogênicos. Os padrões de elementos terras raras são fracionados com razões (Ce\Yb)N variando de 8,7 - 111,5 caracterizados por anomalia negativa de Eu (Eu\Eu* = 0,38 - 0,81). As amostras mais preservadas da migmatização brasiliana são menos fracionadas e mostram anomalias de Eu mais profundas. Os padrões spidergrams são caracterizados por depressões em Sr, Nb, P e Ti. Picos em Th e K. Dados U-Pb em zircão por SHRIMP nos ortogaisses da Serra da Mandioca e granada anfibolito interpretados como rochas ultramáficas intrudidas nos ortognaisses do embasamento, definiu idades de 2095 ± 4Ma e 2094 ± 8Ma respectivamente, interpretadas como as idades de cristalização do protolito. Os dados para a rocha ultramáfica, definiu uma idade no intercepto inferior no diagrama concórdia de 600 ± 12Ma, a qual foi interpretada como a idade do metamorfismo no fácies anfibolito. Os dados apresentados sugerem um magmatismo bimodal Paleoproterozóico na area estudada.

This thesis is intended to improve the understanding of China’s evolving export-oriented farmed seafood systems, and in particularly, shrimp and tilapia farming value chains in Southern China. An integrated, systems thinking and interdisciplinary approach in which both top–down and bottom–up approaches were combined. The research moved from system reviews, to field surveys and workshops, and then to improving sustainability by Action Research (AR), in order to form a holistic understanding of sustainability at both national and local scales. In the new millennium, the aquaculture sector has matured, and many factors now slow the growth rate of Chinese aquaculture production, such as increasing culture of high-value species and an emerging trend of extensification. There are been some strategy shifts in the aquaculture industry such as changing from a high production to high profit orientation and from causing environmental damage to ecological remediation. A key conclusion is that high growth rates, regularly used in policy dialogues, are misleading indicators and do not reflect, realistic or sustainable, growth profiles. Although overall Chinese aquaculture production is likely to further increase to meet an increasing and changing market demand, growth rates will decrease further. China already is and will continue to be a fisheries products net importer, however, if fishmeal excluded China will remain as a seafood net exporter. The status and development of four internationally-traded farmed seafood, tilapia, penaeid shrimp, macrobrachium prawns and striped catfish in China were reviewed. China is the largest producer of tilapia, penaeid shrimp and macrobrachium prawns, and striped catfish is not produced in significant quantities due to climate limitations. Meanwhile, China is the largest exporter of tilapia, the second largest exporter in the volume and third in value of shrimp in the world, while macrobrachium prawns mainly support domestic markets. Tilapia and penaeid shrimp were selected for further research. An analysis of tilapia and shrimp farm scale indicators and their relationship to farming system and market orientation, farm intensification and performance was made. Farm area, both land and water area, labour, including paid and unpaid were effective indicators to distinguish farm scale. Small-scale farms had higher land productivity in production terms but no difference in value output term, and they had much lower labour productivity than medium and large-scale farms. Farming systems were also correlated with land and labour productivities. Market orientation was closely linked to farm scale as most farms with an export orientation required registration with CIQ (China Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine) and were mainly large-scale. An assessment of local stakeholder sustainability perspectives along value chains revealed that more than 80% shrimp and tilapia farmers didn’t want their children to continue basing their living on aquaculture; because they considered it hard work, high risk and poorly remunerated. Farming was comparative stable with few changes in the five years prior to the survey. Major sustainability factors identified by stakeholders included input costs, profit, water availability & quality and the weather, most of which were outside their control. The measurement of these sustainability factors was firstly proposed by stakeholders and then developed to a set of sustainability indicators (SIs). Life cycle assessment (LCA) was used as evaluate the environmental performance of tilapia, pig and integrated tilapia-pig farming systems in China. Pig farming had higher environment impacts based on most impact categories than tilapia, and integrated farming systems. Sensitivity analysis showed that improvements of 5% and 10% higher feed efficiency, reduction of fishmeal in feed to 1% level and use of EU electricity could significant reduce overall environmental impacts. An action research (AR) approach was used to assess the practice of farm record keeping with farmers which were found to be generally low and a major constraint to improving product traceability increasingly demanded by consumers. Large scale and CIQ farms were more likely to keep records and for them to be detailed and analysed to inform improved management. Farmers’ motivation, ability and capability and background had significant correlation with record keeping practice. Two major dilemmas were identified by the analysis. Easy-to-use farm record-keeping system more suitable for less formally educated farmers was a clear requirement but useful storage and analysis of farm data capacity requires sophisticated management tools such as a computer system. Another dilemma is the need for coercion by regulatory authorities or encouragement through provision of education and training in increasing on-farm record-keeping to a level required for international trade and, increasingly, domestic markets. “Precision aquaculture”, value chain integrated solution, and further social-economic reforms were discussed. Finally, sustainable intensification, diversification, and extensification were proposed as strategies for China to meet the challenges of globalization and the growing demands of export and domestic value chains. In order to enhance sustainability of the sector and provide opportunities for small-scale farmers, the current status and changes of the Chinese social, economic context, food safety and environments issues were discussed. Farmers’ organizations, future consolidation, and land reforms were identified as key to the required changes of farmed seafood value chains.

Aquaculture is playing an important role in the development of fisheries in Vietnam, a role which has accelerated since 2000. Sustainability in aquaculture is receiving increasing attention, and this issue is not only the concern of government, but also stakeholders participating in the value chain. Therefore, this study aims to identify sustainability issues of farmed seafood by assessing the main sustainability issues raising concern. The Global Value Chain framework described by Gereffi et al. (2005) is applied for this study to explore the business relationships in supply chain and the perceptions of sustainability concerned by the value chain actors. A combination of qualitative and quantitative methods was used to collect data. An assessment of four species cultured on the Mekong Delta, the countries farmed seafood ‘hub’, found a clear distinction between species cultured with a local domestic market orientation (Giant Freshwater Prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii; and Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus) and the two key export commodities - Striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) and Penaeid shrimp (Penaeus monodon & Litopenaeus vannamei). These orientations were based on a range of factors including the development of effective seed supplies and the cultural value of marketing in the live format. This study, conducted in ten provinces in the Mekong Delta from 2009 to 2013 had a focus on understanding the export-orientated commodities, striped catfish and shrimp through collection of baseline information on the value chain of farmed seafood, focusing on the farming sector, the actors and institutions involved and beneficiaries. Sustainability issues and perceptions of experts (top-down) and primary stakeholders (bottom-up) opinions were assessed through participatory workshops. Shrimp and striped catfish production are mainly farmed for export, with 83% and 95% of its production, respectively, leaving the country mainly after processing. Currently, mainly families operate small-/medium-scale farms; while large-farms are integrated within seafood processors. Production efficiency of large-farms tends to be better than small-/medium farms. Many striped catfish and shrimp farms are likely to reach several standard criteria such as economic feed conversion ratio (eFCR), stocking density, no banned chemical/drug and wild-seed use, and land property rights; however, there were still many standard criteria that existing farms could not meet such as effluent management, farm registration, fishmeal control, farm hygiene and record-keeping requirement. Hence, current farming practices, especially small-/medium farms have a long way to go to meet emergent international food standards. Recently, many small-/medium catfish farms faced problems with low fish prices, so they have had to cease catfish farming activities and temporarily stop farming; while some larger farms also had to temporarily stop farming. Therefore, fish price has tended to be a main driving force for catfish farm changes. In the shrimp industry, there were technical changes occurring in the high intensity level of shrimp farms (HiLI); whereas, the remaining shrimp farms had fewer changes in farm management. Most HiLI shrimp farms were affected by AHPNS disease, which was a main factor driving their farm changes. Many perceptions of sustainability were identified by stakeholder groups, however seven sustainability issues had a high level of agreement among stakeholders including input cost, capital & credit costs, unstable markets, government regulation & policy, disease, seed quality, water quality and water availability factors. Hatcheries, farmers and manager groups were more concerned about environmental issues; while for the input suppliers and processors, economics was the main issue. Farmers and processors were two main actors that played an important role in the production process of the value chain. Small-/medium farms dominated the number of farms overall and still played an important role in primary production. However, small-scale farms were considered as more vulnerable actors in the value chain, and they faced more difficulties in meeting increasing requirements on food quality/safety. To maintain the position in the value chain, the solutions could be horizontal and vertical coordination. Thus policy makers will need to find ways to include them in the planning processes. To reach sustainability will require the efforts of direct stakeholders, the role of the state agencies is essential in negotiation and diplomacy to create partnerships with the seafood importing countries. However, efforts to develop sustainable production become impossible without participation from importers, retailers and consumers.

As the demand for farmed shrimp continues to grow worldwide, the use of probiotics to address the sustainability of aquaculture fisheries has gained much attention. Emerging diseases in shrimp aquaculture, such as acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), have devastating economic impacts in countries that largely depend on this activity. The relevance of this research lies on the fact that it explores the potential of using probiotics to mitigate the negative effects of AHPND in shrimp aquaculture. The scope of these studies includes survival of probiotic microbes in typical aquaculture water conditions, the effectiveness of probiotics in vitro and in vivo against the pathogenic strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus that causes AHPND, and the effects of probiotics on the bacterial community composition in aquaculture water and gastrointestinal tract of shrimp after an induced AHPND infection. The microorganisms chosen as probiotics for this research include a lactic acid bacterium, a yeast and a photosynthetic bacterium. Informal feedback from shrimp farmers in Thailand and Vietnam revealed positive results against AHPND when using a commercially available probiotic containing multiple species of microorganisms from these probiotic groups. This research was divided into four studies. The first study (Chapter 2) evaluated the growth of the three different probiotic microbes in two different salinity conditions commonly found in intensive shrimp production systems to determine whether they could be further considered as potential candidates. The hypothesis was that the NaCl concentrations of the media may not have an effect on acid production, growth and cell morphology of the microorganisms being evaluated due to their metabolic mechanisms of adaptation to differences in osmotic pressure. The probiotic microbes were cultured in nutrient media enriched with 1 and 2% NaCl. Microbial survival, acidity and cell morphology between treatments were compared using enumeration by serial dilutions and plating, pH measurements and scanning electron microscopy imaging, respectively. The results showed that salinity levels up to 2% NaCl did not affect the growth of lactic acid bacteria and yeast. Photosynthetic bacteria grown in media with 1% NaCl showed a 24-hour delay in comparison to the control and a prolonged lag phase that lasted 48 hours when the media contained 2% NaCl. Therefore, the hypothesis was partially supported. Based on these results, all three probiotic microbes demonstrated to be suitable for application in aquaculture ponds with up to 2% salinity. The second study (chapter 3) aimed at determining the inhibitory effects of eight different formulations of probiotic solutions against the pathogenic strain of V. parahaemolyticus in vitro. The hypothesis of this study was that probiotic solutions containing whole microbial cultures of multiple microbial types including lactic acid bacteria may have a greater inactivation of the pathogen. The probiotic formulations consisted of individual cultures, combinations of the three probiotic microbes, and a commercially available probiotic formulation. The inhibitory effects were evaluated following a disk diffusion test on solid media by comparing diameters of zones of inhibition, and a challenge test in liquid media by comparing pathogen survival after exposure to probiotic solutions. Findings revealed inhibition zones with greater diameters in disks treated with whole microbial cultures (min: 7.83 mm, max: 11.33 mm) versus disks treated with only supernatants (min: 7.00 mm, max: 8.50 mm). Results from the challenge in liquid media tests showed greater inactivation of the pathogen after 48 h (6.56±0.07 to 5.43±0.03 log10 reduction) when treated with lactic acid bacteria alone and in combination with other microbial types. From these results, the hypothesis was supported and it was concluded that probiotic solutions including a lactic acid bacterium, the combination of lactic acid bacterium and photosynthetic bacterium and the combination of lactic acid bacterium, yeast and photosynthetic bacterium may be used to effectively inhibit AHPND in shrimp aquaculture. The third study (chapter 4) explored the effects of probiotic solutions on live shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) pretreated with probiotics for 7 days prior to challenging them with the pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus strain causing AHPND. The hypothesis of this study was that higher shrimp survival and weight gains would be observed when shrimps are exposed to probiotics solutions with multiple microbial types in the water and feed. Water quality parameters (dissolved oxygen, temperature, acidity, salinity and total ammonia nitrogen), difference in shrimp weight increase and shrimp survival were compared between probiotic treatments and controls. Treatments included: (1) a lactic acid bacterium alone (Pro.Sol1), (2) a lactic acid bacterium and a photosynthetic bacterium (Pro.Sol2), (3) the combination of a lactic acid bacterium, a yeast, and a photosynthetic bacterium (Pro.Sol3), and (4) a commercial probiotic (Com.Pro) and the results showed shrimp survival of 11.7, 26.7, 36.7 and 73.3%, respectively. Also, treatments Pro.Sol3 and Com.Pro resulted in higher weight gains (19.7 and 31.2%, respectively) versus the negative control (11.2%). Moreover, onset of the disease was delayed in all treatments as follows: 12 h with Pro.Sol1, 20 h with Pro.Sol2, 22 h with Pro.Sol3, and 26 h with Com.Pro. From these results, the hypothesis was supported and it was concluded that probiotics have the potential to effectively mitigate the effects of AHPND in the shrimp aquaculture. Finally, the fourth study (chapter 5) evaluated the effects of probiotics on the bacterial diversity of the gastrointestinal tract of shrimp as well as variation of bacterial and fungal diversity in the water before and after challenging shrimp with the pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus strain causing AHPND. The hypothesis of this study was that probiotic solutions with multiple microbial types may be able to maintain the microbial composition of the shrimp GI tract and aquaculture water preventing an increase in relative abundance of the family Vibrionaceae. Next generation sequencing was conducted using an Illumina MiSeq™ and primers specific for bacterial V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene. The results obtained from the GI tract of shrimp revealed that the relative abundance of the family Vibrionaceae significantly increased in treatments with high mortalities, whereas treatments with higher survivals showed no significant difference in relative abundance of Vibrionaceae family members (P>0.05) in comparison to the negative control. The Shannon diversity index values (abundance and evenness) of the bacterial communities revealed that the treatment with the highest survival had the highest Shannon index value (4.69±0.133) whereas the treatment with lowest survival had the lowest Shannon index value (0.17±0.004). The results obtained from water samples did not show a higher abundance of the family Vibrionaceae, and diversity was maintained after infection (Shannon index 4.64±0.58). Regarding fungal diversity in water samples, Shannon index values revealed no significant changes before (3.627±0.37) and after infection (3.664±0.18) except for Pro.Sol3 (2.859±0.56) and Com.Pro (1.795±0.50), which included yeast in their formulation. Thus, the hypothesis of this study was partially supported since the results revealed that while all probiotics maintained the diversity of microbial composition in the water, only those probiotic solutions with various microbial types in the formulation maintained the diversity of the microbial composition in the GI tract of shrimp providing protection against AHPND.

Mangroves represent an important source of livelihood for many poor people acrossthe world. However, insufficient policy responses relating to mangrove conservation,combined with the lack of clearly defined property rights contribute extensively to theconversion of mangroves to alternative uses, in particular shrimp aquaculture. On thebasis of relevant theoretical perspectives on property rights, this Master’s thesisanalyses various formal and informal institutions and existing governancemechanisms that determine natural resources management in the Mahakam delta, EastKalimantan, Indonesia. By employing a qualitative participatory research approachthe case study explores how different institutions in Indonesia shape the local propertyrights regime in mangroves. The results show that the interplay between formal andinformal institutions involved in defining property rights, along with the lack ofcoordination among responsible government agencies, has resulted in the clearing ofone of the largest Nypah forests in the world for shrimp pond construction withinthree decades. Moreover, the study suggests that the current problem of mangrovedestruction will not be solved merely by declaring the Mahakam delta as a protectedarea or by assigning full ownership rights to the local people. On the contrary, thestudy suggests that the coordination and enforcement mechanisms should be enhancedin such ways that they simultaneously address both local peoples’ needs as well asecosystem integrity.