Descrevem-se os achados epidemiológicos, clínico-patológicos, ultra-estruturais e lectino-histoquímicos de herbívoros intoxicados naturalmente por Sida carpinifolia no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Este estudo incluiu a elaboração de três artigos. Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo de intoxicação natural por Sida carpinifolia em bovinos no Rio Grande do Sul, outro relata pela primeira vez uma intoxicação natural por esta planta em um animal silvestre e o terceiro artigo relata os achados patológicos observados em fetos de fêmeas caprina e bovina que foram intoxicadas experimentalmente e naturalmente respectivamente por Sida carpinifolia. No primeiro artigo foram afetados cinco bovinos entre os anos de 2001 a 2008. O quadro clínico foi caracterizado por emagrecimento, incoordenação, dificuldade de locomoção, tremores generalizados, quedas frequentes e morte. Microscopicamente as principais alterações foram vacuolização dos neurônios de Purkinje do cerebelo, vacuolização das células acinares do pâncreas e das células foliculares da tireoide. No segundo artigo, o cervídeo desenvolveu uma síndrome neurológica caracterizada por fraqueza muscular, tremores de intensão, déficit visual, quedas, postura e comportamento anormal. Os principais achados microscópicos foram vacuolização citoplasmática nos neurônios de Purkinje do cerebelo. No terceiro artigo duas cabras prenhes foram intoxicadas experimentalmente com Sida carpinifolia nas doses de 10 e 13 g/kg respectivamente durante 30 dias e foram acompanhados durante 15 dias após o consumo da planta. Após este período foram eutanasiadas e necropsiadas. Adicionalmente foi incluído um feto bovino no qual a mãe havia sido intoxicada naturalmente por S. carpinifolia. As principais alterações microscópicas observadas nos fetos foram vacuolização do epitélio dos túbulos renais, das células foliculares da tireoide e cerebelo com discreta vacuolização dos neurônios de Purkinje. Na microscopia eletrônica de todos os casos foi observado vacúolos contendo material finamente granulado e delimitado por membrana. Na lectinahistoquímica dos bovinos, do cervídeo e dos fetos observou-se marcação em neurônios com as lectinas Concanavalia ensiformis (Con-A), Triticum vulgaris (WGA) e Succinyl WGA (sWGA). / Describes the epidemiological, clinical, pathological, ultrastructural and lectinhistochemical herbivore naturally poisoned by Sida carpinifolia in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. This study included the preparation of three articles. We conducted a retrospective study of natural poisoning by Sida carpinifolia in cattle in Rio Grande do Sul and the other reports for the first time a natural poisoning by this plant in a wild animal. The third article reports the pathologic findings observed in fetuses of female goats and cattle that were naturally and experimentally poisoned by Sida carpinifolia respectively. In the first paper were affected five cattle between the years 2001 to 2008. The clinical picture was characterized by weight loss, incoordination, difficulty walking, generalized tremors, frequent falls and death. Microscopically the main changes were vacuolation of the Purkinje neurons of cerebellum, vacuolization of acinar cells of the pancreas and thyroid follicular cells. In the second paper, the deer developed a neurological syndrome characterized by muscular weakness, intention tremors, visual and standing-up deficits, falls, and abnormal behavior and posture. The main microscopic findings were vacuolation in Purkinje neurons of cerebellum. In the third paper were two pregnant goats experimentally poisoned with Sida carpinifolia in doses of 10 and 13 g / kg for 30 days and were followed for 15 days after consumption of the plant. Additionally included a bovine fetus where the mother had been poisoned by S. carpinifolia. The main microscopic changes observed in the fetuses were vacuolation of the epithelium of renal tubules, thyroid follicular cells in the cerebellum and mild vacuolation of Purkinje neurons. On electron microscopy all cases was observed vacuoles containing finely granular material and bordered by membrane. In lectin-histochemistry of cattle, the deer and fetuses was observed in neurons marking to lectins Concanavalia ensiformis (Con-A), Triticum vulgaris (WGA) e Succinyl WGA (sWGA).

Submitted by Cristhiane Guerra (cristhiane.guerra@gmail.com) on 2017-02-03T13:22:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2268140 bytes, checksum: ee98e552e89363d0895134b76cac25e6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-03T13:22:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2268140 bytes, checksum: ee98e552e89363d0895134b76cac25e6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-24 / Natural products are considered an extremely valuable source for the discovery of bioactive molecules. Thus, the objective was to make the phytochemical study of Sida rhombifolia L., characterize its fatty acids, determine the chemical composition and ethe antimicrobial activity of its essential oil. To the phytochemical study from the aerial parts of S. rhombifolia, the ethanol extract gross was obtained and, after the completion of phytochemical prospecting, underwent part of the extract of alkaloid march, acid chloroform phase was applied to a silica gel column. A partition was performed with the other portion of the extract and after obtaining the hydroalcoholic phase, this was applied to Amberlite XAD-2 column and then on Sephadex LH-20.Characterization of isolated compounds was given by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (¹H and ¹³C). After extraction of fatty acids from S. rhombifolia, they were separated and quantified using a gas chromatograph with flame ionization detector. The compounds were identified by comparison with standards methyl ester (Sigma). To obtain the essential oil of S. rhombifolia, the plant leaves and flowers was submitted to hydrodistillation using a Clevenger apparatus (100 °C). The chemical analysis of the oil composition is made by a gas chromatograph coupled with mass spectrometry. The compounds were identified by comparing the mass spectrum obtained from the system database (NIST. 62 lib) and retention index (RI). Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity was due to the microdilution technique, using the essential oil of S. rhombifolia against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 15656), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) and Candida albicans (ATCC 1106). The phytochemical study allowed the isolation of ethoxy-ferulate (Sr- 1) and kaempferol (Sr-2). The analysis of fatty acids identified a percentage of 87.36%, of which palmitic acid (27.97%), linolenic acid (26.81%), and oleic acid (25.09%) were the most abundant in different percentages. The essential oil of S. rhombifolia presented as major constituents the octadecyl aldehyde (44.1%), p-vinyl guaiacol (19.4%) and linalool (15.1%). The evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of essential oil of S. rhombifolia showed activity moderate against Staphylococcus aureus (MIC - Minimum inhibitory Concentration 400 μg / ml) and Escherichia coli (MIC 350 μg / ml). / Os produtos naturais são considerados uma fonte extremamente valiosa para a descoberta de moléculas bioativas. Dessa forma, objetivou-se realizar o estudo fitoquímico de Sida rhombifolia L., caracterizar seus ácidos graxos e determinar a composição química e avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana do seu óleo essencial. Para o estudo fitoquímico das partes aéreas de S. rhombifolia, o extrato etanólico bruto foi obtido e, após a realização da prospecção fitoquímica, submeteu-se parte do extrato à marcha de alcaloides, onde a fase clorofórmica ácida foi aplicada em uma coluna de sílica gel. Uma partição foi realizada com a outra porção do extrato e após a obtenção da fase hidroalcoólica, esta foi aplicada em uma coluna Amberlite XAD-2 e, posteriormente, em Sephadex-LH 20. A caracterização dos compostos isolados se deu por Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (¹H e ¹³C) uni e bidimensional. Após extração dos ácidos graxos de S. rhombifolia, estes foram separados e quantificados utilizando um cromatógrafo gasoso com detector de ionização de chamas. As substâncias foram identificadas pela comparação com padrões de ésteres metílicos (Sigma). Para a obtenção do óleo essencial de S. rhombifolia, as folhas e inflorescências foram submetido à hidrodestilação, utilizando um aparelho de Clevenger (100ºC). A análise da composição química do óleo se deu por um cromatógrafo gasoso acoplado ao espectrômetro de massas. As substâncias foram identificadas pela comparação do espectro de massa obtido com o banco de dados do sistema (Nist. 62 lib) e índices de retenção (IR). A avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana se deu pela técnica de microdiluição, utilizando o óleo essencial de S. rhombifolia frente a Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 15656), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) e Candida albicans (ATCC 1106). O estudo fitoquímico permitiu o isolamento do etoxi-ferulato (Sr-1) e do canferol (Sr-2). A análise dos ácidos graxos identificou um percentual de 87,36%, sendo os ácidos palmítico (27,97%), linolênico (26,81%) e oleico (25,09%) os mais abundantes, em diferentes percentuais. O óleo essencial de S. rhombifolia apresentou como constituintes majoritários o octadecanal (44,1%), o p-vinil-guaiacol (19,4%) e o linalol (15,1%). A avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana do óleo essencial de S. rhombifolia apresentou uma moderada atividade frente a Staphylococcus aureus (CIM 400 μg/mL) e Escherichia coli (CIM 350 μg/mL).

This thesis investigates the ways in which the Mission Covenant Church of Sweden could influence the Swedish Foreign Aid Policy for NGOs, with particular focus on financial support for their missionary activities. Furthermore, it investigates how the church’s involvement in the emerging Foreign Aid Policy work, and its relationship with the government agency NIB/SIDA during the years 1964-1980, influenced the church’s own policy-making. Using Mahoney, Streeck and Thelen’s concept of gradual change and Bourdieu’s theory of habitus this thesis investigates the influence the relationship had on 1) the Aid policy 2) MCCS: s evangelical mission. The results of this thesis indicate that the government agency’s original demand for a Foreign Aid work neutral from religious or political influence changed into a policy embracing missionary organisations. The results also indicate a change in the priority of the Mission Covenant Church of Sweden’s mission methods with the church prioritising social work over evangelisation. This study aims in general to deepen the knowledge of the NGOs involved in the Swedish Foreign Aid in order to further the understanding of their influence on the Foreign Aid Policy as well as their methods to remain uninfluenced in return.

Cette étude a cherché à explorer les significations socio-culturelles de la mort provoquée par le VIH / SIDA parmi les Abagusii du Kenya. Façonnée par l’ontologie sociale constructiviste et l’approche épistémologique, l’étude a spécifiquement cerné les significations socio-culturelles de la mort causé par le VIH / SIDA, les expériences vécues de la mort du VIH / SIDA et comment ces expériences vécues influencent l’action préventive au niveau individuel et collectif au regard du VIH/SIDA. L'étude a utilisé des données recueillies à partir d'entretiens conversationnels approfondis et de l'observation participante de 50 personnes séropositives pour le VIH qui étaient sélectionnées à travers la méthode de saturation et sélectionnées par des techniques d'échantillonnage en boule de neige et d'analyse raisonnée. Des données supplémentaires ont également été obtenues à partir de neuf informateurs clés choisis à dessein en utilisant un guide d'entretiens .Les données provenant d'entretiens approfondis et d'entretiens avec des informateurs-clés ont été enregistrées sur bande, transcrites ad verbatim et analysées thématiquement. Les résultats de l'étude ont montré qu'au niveau individuel, mourir du VIH / SIDA était une perturbation biographique, forçant ainsi les personnes infectées par le VIH à subir une réorientation existentielle en faisant de nouveaux arrangements et des quêtes pour leur nouvelle vie afin d’acquérir une sorte d’appartenance culturelle, sociale et morale à leurs réseaux sociaux culturels. Au niveau communautaire, la mort par le VIH/sida a été érigée en «mauvaise mort» par rapport aux discours traditionnels et chrétiens sur les croyances religieuses régissant la vie, la mort et l’après la vie. En conséquence, une telle mort était perçue comme une menace pour l'identité et la solidarité sociale et collective, ainsi que pour la régénération de la communauté à travers la reproduction sociale. L'étude a également révélé que les actions sociales en faveur de la mort et du décès dues au VIH / SIDA ne reposaient pas sur des connaissances biomédicales, mais plutôt sur les relations sociales en particulier les relations de parenté comme défini collectivement dans les discours moraux et sociaux de la personnalité. En conclusion, l'étude soutient que les croyances culturelles et les valeurs régissant la vie et la mort devraient être prises en compte dans la prévention du risque de VIH / SIDA dans des contextes culturels particuliers. / This study sought to explore the socio-cultural meaning of death from HIV/AIDS among the Abagusii-Kenya. Shaped by the social constructivist ontology and interpretative epistemological approach, the study specifically investigated the socio-cultural meanings of death from HIV/AIDS, the lived experiences of dying from HIV/AIDS and how lived experiences of dying and death from HIV/AIDS influence HIV/AIDS preventive action at individual and community level. The study used data collected from in-depth conversational interviews and participant observation from 50 HIV seropositive people who were arrived at through saturation method and selected through snowball and purposive sampling techniques. Augmentative data was also obtained from purposively selected nine key informants using an interview guide. Data from in-depth conversational and key informant interviews were tape recorded, transcribed ad verbatim and thematically analyzed. Findings from the study showed that at individual level, dying from HIV/AIDS was constructed as a biographical disruption, thus forcing those infected with HIV to undergo existential reorientation by making new arrangements and quests for their new life as a way of achieving a sense of cultural, social and moral belonging to their cultural social networks. At community level, death from HIV/AIDS was constructed as “bad death” in relation to traditional and Christian religious belief discourses governing life, death and after life. As a consequence, such death was perceived as a threat to the corporate social identity and solidarity, and to the regeneration of the community through social reproduction. The study further found that social actions towards dying and death from HIV/AIDS was not based on biomedical knowledge alone but on social relationships especially kinship relations as collectively defined in moral and social discourses of personhood. In conclusion, the study argues that cultural beliefs and values governing life and death should be taken into account in dealing with HIV/AIDS risk prevention in particular cultural contexts.

Sida rhombifolia L belongs to the family Malvaceae, it is native to the American continent and can be found in all regions of Brazil. It is popularly known as prickly sida , and used in traditional medicine as anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and lipid lowering. The aim of this study was to determine and evaluate the physical and chemical parameters of quality in the four seasons and the aerial parts and roots of the plant drug; determining the content of total polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins in the extracts of the aerial parts and roots of S. rhombifolia in four seasons; evaluating the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity in these same extracts; investigating the hypoglycemic and lipid lowering activity of extracts that have a higher content of flavonoids, as well as to analyze biochemical parameters of liver, kidney and pancreatic toxicity and cytotoxicity in cells NCTC clone 929 by incorporation of neutral red dye. The drug was collected at the four seasons in Santa Maria, RS, separated into aerial parts and roots and made hydroethanolic extracts 70% from each of these collections. The physico-chemical parameters varied according to the plant part analyzed and the season. The values found for strange matter, determination of water and ash insoluble in hydrochloric acid are consistent with those established for herbs. The winter collection showed higher content of total ash, both to shoots (21.20%) and roots (17.63%). The swelling rates varied significantly among the aerial parts and roots, and the highest rates obtained for each of the samples were collected in summer (35.47%) and autumn (18.40%), respectively. There were significant differences between the content of total polyphenols and flavonoids throughout the year and these have focused differently from the aerial parts and roots. The content of tannins and did not suffer seasonal variation nor the distribution between the parties analyzed the plant. The extracts of the aerial parts (172.50 g / mL) and roots (374.08 g / mL) of winter presented the best antioxidant activity. Extracts of S. rhombifolia showed good antibacterial activity while showed no activity against fungi. The extracts of the aerial parts and roots of the summer of the winter showed no hypoglycemic and lipid lowering activity in healthy animals, the markers of liver, kidney and pancreatic damage did not vary in relation to the control group, and the IC50 obtained at the cytotoxicity assays were 8.88 mg/mL e 12.57 mg/mL, respectively. / Sida rhombifolia L. pertence à família Malvaceae, é nativa do continente americano e pode ser encontrada em todas as regiões do Brasil. É conhecida popularmente por guanxuma, e utilizada na medicina tradicional como antiinflamatória, hipoglicemiante e hipolipidemiante. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar e avaliar os parâmetros físico-químicos de qualidade nas quatro estações do ano e nas partes aéreas e raízes da droga vegetal; realizar o doseamento de polifenóis totais, flavonoides e taninos condensados nos extratos das partes aéreas e raízes de S. rhombifolia nas quatro estações; avaliar a atividade antioxidante e antimicrobiana nestes mesmos extratos; investigar a atividade hipoglicemiante e hipolipidemiante dos extratos que apresentarem maior conteúdo de flavonoides, assim como analisar parâmetros bioquímicos de toxicidade hepática, renal e pancreática e citotoxicidade em células NCTC clone 929 por incorporação do corante vermelho neutro. A droga vegetal foi coletada nas quatro estações do ano no município de Santa Maria, RS, separada em partes aéreas e raízes e feitos extratos hidroetanólicos 70% de cada uma destas coletas. Os parâmetros físico-químicos variaram de acordo com a parte da planta analisada e a estação. Os valores encontrados para matéria estranha, determinação de água e cinzas insolúveis em ácido clorídrico estão de acordo com os estabelecidos para drogas vegetais. A coleta de inverno apresentou maior conteúdo de cinzas totais, tanto para as partes aéreas (21,20%) quanto para as raízes (17,63%). Os índices de intumescência variaram significativamente entre as partes aéreas e raízes, e os maiores índices obtidos para cada uma das coletas foram nas amostras do verão (35,47%) e outono (18,40%), respectivamente. Houve diferença significativa entre os conteúdos de polifenóis totais e flavonoides ao longo do ano e estes concentraram se diferentemente entre as partes aéreas e raízes. O conteúdo de taninos não sofreu variação entre as partes analisadas da planta e de sazonalidade. Os extratos das partes aéreas (172,50 μg/mL) e das raízes (374,08 μg/mL) do inverno foram os que apresentaram melhor atividade antioxidante. Os extratos de S. rhombifolia apresentaram boa atividade antibacteriana e não apresentaram atividade contra fungos. Os extratos das partes aéreas do verão e das raízes do inverno não demonstraram atividade hipoglicemiante e hipolipidemiante em animais sadios. Os marcadores de danos hepáticos, renais e pancreáticos não variaram em relação ao grupo controle, e as IC50 obtidas nos testes de citotoxicidade das partes aéreas e raízes foram 8,88 mg/mL e 12,57 mg/mL, respectivamente.

Il s'agit d'une analyse de l'action publique destinée à prévenir le sida en Belgique dans le contexte de normalisation du sida. La prévention du sida a été reliée à la nouvelle question sociale et aux modes d'action publique qui se donnent à voir, en passant par le recours à des pratiques qui individualisent et subjectivent la relation aux usagers en situation de précarité et de vulnérabilité. La phase d'élaboration et la phase de mise en oeuvre (via quatre associations thématiques, analysées au travers des notions de capacitation, responsabilisation et confiance)sont étudiées et approchées au moyen d'un travail d'enquête mobilisant une observation et des entretiens. Dans les deux phases, une approche pragmatique de l'action publique est développée, puis l'analyse se prolonge en utilisant des modèles d'Etat pour comprendre et décrypter ces deux phases de l'action publique. / Doctorat en sciences politiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Dans la prise en charge globale du VIH dans les hôpitaux au Cameroun, le suivi psychosocial bouscule les savoirs et pratiques dans les hôpitaux en intégrant de nouveaux acteurs : Agent Relais Communautaire, Conseillère Psychosociale… Cette introduction entraîne l’intrusion dans l’espace soignant d’associations de PVVIH et de lutte contre le sida au sein desquelles est recruté ce nouveau personnel mais surtout de la PVVIH, non plus comme patient dans le circuit de soins, désormais comme acteur d’offre de soins. Cette thèse analyse ce suivi psychosocial des patients VIH+ dans les structures de santé tout en relevant l’implication de ces acteurs non soignants sur l’hôpital et l’association de provenance. Les observations directes des pratiques et des entretiens individuels ont permis d'avoir dans dans 5 régions du Cameroun, 193 enquêtés pris dans 15 hôpitaux et 26 associations. Les données relèvent qu'il n’existe pas pour cette nouvelle profession un cadre systématique pour la formation. Des modules sont proposés par des acteurs de la société civile et, sur concours aux professionnels de la santé. Pourtant, les acteurs du suivi psychosocial sont majoritairement issus des associations. Leurs pratiques sont un mixte comprenant: le counselling, l'accompagnement psychologique, le relais communautaire, l'animation thérapeutique… Ces activités conduisent à une réorganisation de l’espace soignant et conséquemment du circuit du patient. Bien qu'acceptés et reconnus pour leur témoignage du vécu de la maladie, les acteurs associatifs ne sont pas vus comme des soignants. Ils recherchent une reconnaissance de leurs activités hospitalières à travers une intégration à la fonction publique. / The reorganisation of HIV care in Cameroon, now essentially driven by the will to control the social aspects of the illness, disturbs the usual knowledge and practices of hospitals carriers. Firstly, the psychosocial work appears as a mix of nutritional education, social assistance and psychology follow-up. Secondly, new actors, coming in major from HIV/AIDS associations without any diploma training as doctors and nurses, are introducing as counsellors to insure the psychosocial care. The HIV patient is integrating in the treatment process by bringing models of seropositivity’s acceptation and as well as therapeutic follow up. They also insure the “pair-seropositive” psychological support. Yet, although these new agents play a central role in HIV care, they are not considering as health professionals. The tag of this thesis is to analyse how psychosocial care is ensure and how it brings out the lay expertise in order of understanding the impact of counsellor’s activities on HIV health centre and on the associations they are affiliated. This study is based on ethnographic data collected from the interview and observation of the professional practises of 193 interviewers in 15 health centres and 26 associations against HIV/AIDS were observed in 5 regions in Cameroon.

The aim is to explore indigenous life situation and by identifying problems in service and infrastructure,health and social aspects provide suggestions on how the current situation can be improved.The goal is to provide a proposal for a plan for a new community with homes that are adapted to theindigenous people’s needs and unique tradition. The plan is part of the modernization taking place inChiapas but where indigenous traditions and culture are preserved and taken advantage of. How wouldthe housing and community planning look like? What can you learn from indigenous practices to takecare of our nature and self‐sufficiency? What type of modernization from the West is important andhow to combine tradition and modernity?A number of new housing for the relocation of indigenous people has been built. These neighborhoodshave received much criticism. Santiago el Pinar is an example. The indigenous were moved to minimalhouses built on stilts in a dry hillside without vegetation. There is absolutely no land to cultivate, thefloors are made of wood which makes it impossible to cook on the floor the traditional way and thereare no natural meeting places. The new housing is absolutely not linked to the people's needs andbackground.In the autonomous communities where indigenous people live today, there is a great opportunity tofurther develop sustainable agriculture because these communities opposes neoliberalism, capitalisttrade and multinational control. At the same time they develop an autonomous system for training andregional reinforcement. There are efforts to strengthen the culture of origin and the knowledge ofhealth, education and traditional agriculture. In The housing program which the state built the residents'life is based on consumption, and they depend on the state apparatus. Food could previously beobtained relatively easily at low or no cost. In The "rural town", people must, in contrast to past lives inthe countryside, buy everything.Important in this project is to find and exploit opportunities in indigenous society today and strengthenthese but also modernize so that access to services, infrastructure an architecture improves. / Syftet är att undersöka den inhemska livssituationen in Chiapas och genom att identifiera problem i service och infrastruktur, hälso-och sociala aspekter ge förslag på hur den nuvarande situationen kan förbättras. målet är att ge ett förslag till en plan för ett nytt samhälle med bostäder som är anpassade till de specifika människornas behov och unika tradition. Planen är en del av moderniseringen sker i Chiapas men där inhemska traditioner och kultur bevaras och tas tillvara. Hur skulle dessa bostäder och en sådan samhällsplanering se ut? Vad kan vi lära av den inhemska befolkningens kunskaper och traditioner?  Vilken typ av modernisering från väst är viktigt och hur kan man kombinera tradition och modernitet? Ett antal nya bostäder för omlokalisering av ursprungsbefolkningen har byggts. Dessa projekt har fått mycket kritik. Santiago el Pinar är ett exempel. En inhemsk grupp flyttades till minimala hus byggda på styltor i en torr sluttning utan vegetation. Där finns  ingen mark att odla, golven av trä  gör det omöjligt att laga mat på traditionellt sätt. Dt finns inga naturliga mötesplatser. Det finns ett behov av nya visioner och alternatriv till den typ av samhälls och urban planering som sker både metoder och förslag. I detta examensarbetet sker detta sökande efter alternativ.

Sextortion is a gendered form of corruption that takes place when those trusted with power abuse it, to sexually take advantage of those dependent on that power. This type of crime has long been anonymous but it is gaining importance through reports, studies and awareness actions by well-known international organizations.  The purpose of this study was to review sextortion from a corruption point of view. As well as to examine if sextortion has been integrated in Sida’s anticorruption agenda and map efficient actions against sextortion.  By conducting a literature study and interviews, it has been possible to create a comprehensive description of its challenges. A feminist approach in combination with intersectionality helped to visualize how sextortion is trivialized and attributed as normalized and institutionalized in some parts of the world.  The term sextortion is associated with several meanings that make unambiguous acceptance difficult. In the same way, it is difficult to identify sextortion in Sida's anti-corruption plan in spite of their commitment to fight sextortion. On the bright side, Jammu and Kashmir became in 2018 the first state in India to criminalize sextortion against women and sextortion has been included in the Global Corruption Barometer 2019 for LAC and MENA.  To conclude, the best option is to incorporate sextortion under anti-corruption laws. Where there is an abuse of power and an undue advantage, should be enough to invoke the law.

El contexto y los esfuerzos a nivel mundial se están centrando en combatir el COVID-19; sin embargo, esto ha dejado de lado la atención de otras enfermedades, sobre todo de una epidemia que aqueja al mundo desde hace más de dos décadas. El VIH/Sida es una problemática arraigada en todos los países, sobre todo el Perú. El sector de salud del Perú emplea diversos proyectos y medidas para disminuir los casos registrados, pero no son lo suficientemente eficaces puesto que al consultar con la data se observa un incremento alarmante. Al realizar un ensayo sobre la prevención del VIH se está omitiendo del lado la conducta del humano, la cual está relacionado con el comportamiento. Dentro de los factores que se han empleado son los de carácter socioeconómico, cultural, sexo, edad y nivel educativo, puesto estos llegarían a explicar los sesgos conductuales que llevan a una persona tener un comportamiento sexual riesgoso. Para demostrar estas pesquisas se empleará un modelo data panel, así como una evaluación de impacto de la salud para el Programa Presupuestal N° 0016. / The context and global efforts are focusing on fighting COVID-19; However, this has neglected the attention of other diseases, especially an epidemic that has plagued the world for more than two decades. HIV / AIDS is a deeply rooted problem in all countries, especially Peru. The Peruvian health sector employs various projects and measures to reduce registered cases, but they are not effective enough since, when consulting the data, an alarming increase is observed. When conducting an HIV prevention trial, human behavior, which is related to behavior, is being omitted from the side. Among the factors that have been used are those of a socioeconomic, cultural, sex, age and educational level, since these would explain the behavioral biases that lead a person to have risky sexual behavior. To demonstrate these investigations, a data panel model will be used, as well as a health impact evaluation for Budget Program No. 0016.