Past research suggests that social organisation in Australian rodent species is determined by the predictability of resources in the environment (Happold 1976a). Notomys alexis (the spinifex hopping mouse or tarrkawarra) is widely distributed throughout the Australian arid-zone (Breed 1998a; Watts & Aslin 1981). Large groups of animals have been found sharing burrows in the wild and laboratory observations suggest that the species is highly social (Happold 1976a; Stanley 1971). A closely related species, Notomys mitchelli (Mitchell’s hopping mouse or pankot) is relatively common throughout the southern semi-arid zone (Watts 1998a; Watts & Aslin 1981). Much less is known about N. mitchelli; field studies have been subject to low recapture rates and few laboratory studies have involved this species (Baverstock 1979; Cockburn 1981a; Crichton 1974). Following Happold (1976a), it was hypothesised that the socio-ecology of N. mitchelli will be qualitatively different to that of N. alexis. Studying wild populations of Notomys mitchelli in the Middleback Ranges, South Australia and N. alexis outside the desert township of Roxby Downs, S.A., this research aimed to describe the socio-ecology of these species, with reference to the predictability of their environments. Uniquely, bioclimatic modelling of the species’ known distributions was also conducted to confirm that the study’s underlying assumption that the two rodents inhabit essentially different environments was correct. These studies were complemented by the observation of captive groups of N. alexis. This work confirmed that the habitats of Notomys mitchelli and N. alexis are distinct; the more arid habitat of N. alexis is subject to greater environmental fluctuations than that of the semi-arid dwelling N. mitchelli. Contrary to expectations, however, observation of free-living animals characterised N. mitchelli social groups as highly unstable; while particular individuals remained in the population for long periods, many animals appeared to be transients. Further, burrow groups appeared to be much smaller than predicted by Happold (1976a), and based on loose aggregations of male animals rather than small groups of females. While decidedly social in the laboratory, free-living N. alexis lived in groups no bigger than N. mitchelli and these groups were equally ephemeral in constitution. Moreover, free-living N. alexis appeared to utilise activity areas that were no larger than those used by N. mitchelli, despite occupying a more unpredictable and apparently less well-resourced habitat. As a whole, this research represents a comprehensive examination of the principal behavioural theory commonly applied to Australian native rodent species, untested since its publication three decades ago. From the data collected during this work, it cannot be said that the environmental predictability hypothesis for native rodent social organisations as proposed by Happold (1976a) is adequate to differentiate the social behaviour of these semi-arid and arid-dwelling species. Instead, it is suggested that, while both N. mitchelli and N. alexis are undoubtedly socially tolerant, predation and/or parasite load, driving burrowing behaviour, has a greater influence on the social behaviour of free-living rodent populations than habitat predictability. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1373743 / Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2009

Past research suggests that social organisation in Australian rodent species is determined by the predictability of resources in the environment (Happold 1976a). Notomys alexis (the spinifex hopping mouse or tarrkawarra) is widely distributed throughout the Australian arid-zone (Breed 1998a; Watts & Aslin 1981). Large groups of animals have been found sharing burrows in the wild and laboratory observations suggest that the species is highly social (Happold 1976a; Stanley 1971). A closely related species, Notomys mitchelli (Mitchell’s hopping mouse or pankot) is relatively common throughout the southern semi-arid zone (Watts 1998a; Watts & Aslin 1981). Much less is known about N. mitchelli; field studies have been subject to low recapture rates and few laboratory studies have involved this species (Baverstock 1979; Cockburn 1981a; Crichton 1974). Following Happold (1976a), it was hypothesised that the socio-ecology of N. mitchelli will be qualitatively different to that of N. alexis. Studying wild populations of Notomys mitchelli in the Middleback Ranges, South Australia and N. alexis outside the desert township of Roxby Downs, S.A., this research aimed to describe the socio-ecology of these species, with reference to the predictability of their environments. Uniquely, bioclimatic modelling of the species’ known distributions was also conducted to confirm that the study’s underlying assumption that the two rodents inhabit essentially different environments was correct. These studies were complemented by the observation of captive groups of N. alexis. This work confirmed that the habitats of Notomys mitchelli and N. alexis are distinct; the more arid habitat of N. alexis is subject to greater environmental fluctuations than that of the semi-arid dwelling N. mitchelli. Contrary to expectations, however, observation of free-living animals characterised N. mitchelli social groups as highly unstable; while particular individuals remained in the population for long periods, many animals appeared to be transients. Further, burrow groups appeared to be much smaller than predicted by Happold (1976a), and based on loose aggregations of male animals rather than small groups of females. While decidedly social in the laboratory, free-living N. alexis lived in groups no bigger than N. mitchelli and these groups were equally ephemeral in constitution. Moreover, free-living N. alexis appeared to utilise activity areas that were no larger than those used by N. mitchelli, despite occupying a more unpredictable and apparently less well-resourced habitat. As a whole, this research represents a comprehensive examination of the principal behavioural theory commonly applied to Australian native rodent species, untested since its publication three decades ago. From the data collected during this work, it cannot be said that the environmental predictability hypothesis for native rodent social organisations as proposed by Happold (1976a) is adequate to differentiate the social behaviour of these semi-arid and arid-dwelling species. Instead, it is suggested that, while both N. mitchelli and N. alexis are undoubtedly socially tolerant, predation and/or parasite load, driving burrowing behaviour, has a greater influence on the social behaviour of free-living rodent populations than habitat predictability. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1373743 / Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2009

As duas primeiras semanas de vida em ratos são críticas para o desenvolvimento, pois os animais são suscetíveis a influências ambientais. Diversos parâmetros neuroendócrinos e comportamentais podem ser influenciados, a curto e a longo prazo, pelas interações com a mãe, assim como por estressores. Entre esses estressores, um ambiente precoce socialmente aversivo pode alterar os comportamentos sociais, a ansiedade e as respostas neuroendócrinas ao estresse em adultos. O foco deste trabalho foi investigar o impacto do paradigma de provocação social na díade mãe-filhote sobre os comportamentos sociais e as respostas hormonais da prole em três idades. A provocação social foi realizada nos dias pós-natais (PP) 2 e 5. O comportamento maternal das lactantes foi registrado em PP3, 4, e 6. Os filhotes foram submetidos ao teste de preferência olfatória em PP7, o comportamento de brincadeira em juvenis foi registrado em PP30 e os ratos adultos (a partir de PP80) foram submetidos aos testes de campo aberto, labirinto em cruz elevado e interação social. Os adultos também foram expostos ao estresse por contenção (PP90). Os resultados mostraram que a intervenção aumentou a presença das mães no ninho. A intervenção reduziu o tempo gasto pelos filhotes no lado da maravalha do ninho, reduziu os níveis plasmáticos de ocitocina e prolactina, porém, aumentou os níveis de arginina-vasopressina. Nos juvenis, a intervenção reduziu a brincadeira de luta e os níveis plasmáticos de arginina-vasopressina. Nos adultos, a intervenção não levou a alterações na ansiedade e nas respostas hormonais ao estresse, porém, reduziu a latência para os comportamentos agressivos e os níveis plasmáticos basais de ocitocina. Conforme observado nas lactantes e nos neonatos, a provocação social levou a uma alteração da relação mãe-filhote, afetando, também, hormônios relacionados ao comportamento afiliativo em neonatos. Da mesma forma, a redução da brincadeira de luta em juvenis expostos à intervenção neonatal pode ter ocorrido devido à alteração da argininavasopressina, hormônio envolvido nesse comportamento. Apesar da intervenção não ter alterado a ansiedade e as respostas hormonais ao estresse em adultos, afetou de maneira específica o comportamento agressivo, reduzindo a sua latência. Este achado pode ser relacionado à ocitocina diminuída, conhecida por ter efeitos antiagressivos. Logo, sugerimos que a provocação social altere, tanto de forma precoce quanto duradoura, os comportamentos sociais, assim como os hormônios responsáveis pela modulação desses parâmetros. / The first two weeks of life in rats are critical for development because the animals are susceptible to environmental influences. A variety of neuroendocrine and behavioral parameters may be influenced in a short or long lasting way by the interactions with the mother as well as by stressors. Among these stressors, a socially aversive environment may alter social behaviors, anxiety and neuroendocrine responses to stress in adult subjects. The focus of this work was to investigate the impact of the social instigation paradigm on motherlitter dyad over social behaviors and hormonal responses in rats at 3 ages. Social instigation was carried out at postpartum days (PP) 2 and 5. Maternal behavior from lactating rats was registered at PP3, 4 and 6. Pups were submitted to the nest odor preference test at PP7, play behavior was registered in juveniles at PP30, and adult rats (starting at PP80) were submitted to the open field, elevated plus maze and social interaction tests. Adult rats were also submitted to restraint stress. Results show that the intervention increased presence in nest of lactating rats. The intervention reduced time spent on nest bedding side in pups, decreased oxytocin and prolactin plasma levels, however, increased arginine-vasopressin levels. Juveniles submitted to the neonatal intervention had reduced play-fighting frequencies and arginine-vasopressin levels. In adults, the intervention has not altered anxiety and hormonal responses to stress, however, it decreased the latency for aggressive behaviors, as well as oxytocin basal levels. According to the outcomes observed in lactating rats and pups, social instigation altered mother-infant relationship, as well as levels of hormones involved in affiliative behavior in neonatal rats. Similarly, the reduced play-fighting in juveniles exposed to the intervention may be related to the decreased arginine-vasopressin levels, which is a hormone involved in such behavior. In spite of the intervention having not altered the anxiety and hormonal responses to stress in adult rats, it altered in a specific manner the aggressive behavior, reducing its latency. This finding may be related to the decreased oxytocin levels, which is a hormone known to have antiaggressive effects. Thus, we suggest that social instigation impairs early to late social behaviors, as well as the hormones responsible for the modulation of such parameters.

Contexte : L’ocytocine (OT) et la vasopressine (VP) modulent les comportements sociaux. Leurs rôles ont été étudiés indépendamment l’un de l’autre mais des effets combinatoires de ces deux peptides sont à envisager puisqu’ils sont tous les deux libérés au cours des comportements sociaux. Dans le septum latéral (SL), une structure cérébrale intégrant des informations sociales, l’ocytocine et la vasopressine sont libérées au cours des interactions sociales et modulent la reconnaissance ainsi que la discrimination sociale.Objectif : Comprendre la fonction duale de l’ocytocine et de la vasopressine mise en jeu lors des interactions sociales dans un cadre physiologique et pathologique. Méthode : Chez la souris mâle, nous avons utilisé l’activité électroencéphalographique (EEG) comme marqueur et avons caractérisé des traces EEG dépendantes de l’OT et de la VP. Nous avons manipulé le système OT et le système VP au sein du septum au cours d’un protocole de reconnaissance/discrimination sociale en utilisant des outils pharmacologiques ou optogénétiques. Des expériences d’électrophysiologie sur tranche ont permis de caractériser la réponse électrophysiologique des neurones du septum latéral à l’application de chacun de ces peptides.Résultats : L’étude de l’activité EEG nous a permis de discriminer des effets induits par l’action septale de l’OT et la VP dans la bande de fréquence theta. Ces résultats suggèrent que la VP serait libérée dans le septum au cours de la première rencontre avec un juvénile alors que l’OT serait libérée au cours du processus d’habituation. La modulation de l’action de l’OT et de la VP sur le SL démontre que l’activation des récepteurs V1a au cours de la première rencontre est essentielle à la discrimination sociale tandis que l’activation des récepteurs à l’OT au cours du processus d’habituation permet de regain d’intérêt lorsqu’un nouveau juvénile sera présenté. Nous montrons aussi que l’OT et la VP modulent l’activité électrique de la quasi-totalité des neurones septaux. La nature de ces modulations définit 3 catégories de neurones qui communiquent entre eux via des signaux GABAergiques. Chez la souris Magel2KO, un modèle murin de troubles des comportements sociaux, la balance des effets septaux de l’OT et de la VP est altérée. Ceci suggère que cette régulation pourrait être impliquée dans certaines conditions pathologiques.Conclusion : Ces résultats mettent en évidence qu’il est essentiel, lorsque l’on étudie l’ocytocine, d’étudier le système vasopressinergique. Avec cette approche, nous avons montré que l’activation séquentielle du SL par l’OT et la VP est importante pour la régulation des interactions sociales. De plus, cette séquence d’évènements est altérée dans un modèle animal présentant des troubles sociaux. / Context : Oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (VP) modulate social behaviors. The roles of OT and VP have been interrogated so far in isolation whereas combinatorial effects are anticipated as both hormones are secreted during social behavior. In the lateral septum (LS), a brain area processing behavioral social cues, OT and VP are released during social interaction and modulate social recognition or discrimination. Aim : To understand the dual function of OT and VP during social behavior in physiological and pathological conditions. Methods : In male mice, we used electroencephalographic (EEG) activity as a readout to characterize OT and VP dependent electrophysiological signatures and their sequence. We manipulated OT and VP systems to LS during social recognition/discrimination paradigm using pharmacology and optogenetic tools. Using slice electrophysiology, we characterized electrophysiological responses of LS neurons to both of these hormons.Results : Measurement of EEG theta activity allowed us to discriminate between OT and VP dependent LS modulation and indicated that VP would be released in the LS during 1st encounter with a juvenile while OT would be released during the habituation process. Modulation of OT and VP actions on the LS demonstrate that V1a activation during 1st encounter is essential for social discrimination and OT receptor activation during the habituation process allows the regain of interest for a new juvenile. We also demonstrated that OT and VP modulate electrical activity of almost all LS neurons. The nature of this modulation define 3 neuronal categories that communicate with each other through GABAergic signalling. Magel2KO mouse, which features social deficits, presents an altered balance of LS regulation by OT and VP. It suggests that this regulation could be involved in some pathological symptomatology.Conclusions : These results shed a light on the necessity to study vasopressin along with oxytocin. Doing this, we showed that vasopressinergic and oxytocinergic activation of the LS are sequentially important during the social recognition paradigm. Futhermore, this sequence of events is impaired in a mouse model featuring deficits of OT and social disabilities.

As duas primeiras semanas de vida em ratos são críticas para o desenvolvimento, pois os animais são suscetíveis a influências ambientais. Diversos parâmetros neuroendócrinos e comportamentais podem ser influenciados, a curto e a longo prazo, pelas interações com a mãe, assim como por estressores. Entre esses estressores, um ambiente precoce socialmente aversivo pode alterar os comportamentos sociais, a ansiedade e as respostas neuroendócrinas ao estresse em adultos. O foco deste trabalho foi investigar o impacto do paradigma de provocação social na díade mãe-filhote sobre os comportamentos sociais e as respostas hormonais da prole em três idades. A provocação social foi realizada nos dias pós-natais (PP) 2 e 5. O comportamento maternal das lactantes foi registrado em PP3, 4, e 6. Os filhotes foram submetidos ao teste de preferência olfatória em PP7, o comportamento de brincadeira em juvenis foi registrado em PP30 e os ratos adultos (a partir de PP80) foram submetidos aos testes de campo aberto, labirinto em cruz elevado e interação social. Os adultos também foram expostos ao estresse por contenção (PP90). Os resultados mostraram que a intervenção aumentou a presença das mães no ninho. A intervenção reduziu o tempo gasto pelos filhotes no lado da maravalha do ninho, reduziu os níveis plasmáticos de ocitocina e prolactina, porém, aumentou os níveis de arginina-vasopressina. Nos juvenis, a intervenção reduziu a brincadeira de luta e os níveis plasmáticos de arginina-vasopressina. Nos adultos, a intervenção não levou a alterações na ansiedade e nas respostas hormonais ao estresse, porém, reduziu a latência para os comportamentos agressivos e os níveis plasmáticos basais de ocitocina. Conforme observado nas lactantes e nos neonatos, a provocação social levou a uma alteração da relação mãe-filhote, afetando, também, hormônios relacionados ao comportamento afiliativo em neonatos. Da mesma forma, a redução da brincadeira de luta em juvenis expostos à intervenção neonatal pode ter ocorrido devido à alteração da argininavasopressina, hormônio envolvido nesse comportamento. Apesar da intervenção não ter alterado a ansiedade e as respostas hormonais ao estresse em adultos, afetou de maneira específica o comportamento agressivo, reduzindo a sua latência. Este achado pode ser relacionado à ocitocina diminuída, conhecida por ter efeitos antiagressivos. Logo, sugerimos que a provocação social altere, tanto de forma precoce quanto duradoura, os comportamentos sociais, assim como os hormônios responsáveis pela modulação desses parâmetros. / The first two weeks of life in rats are critical for development because the animals are susceptible to environmental influences. A variety of neuroendocrine and behavioral parameters may be influenced in a short or long lasting way by the interactions with the mother as well as by stressors. Among these stressors, a socially aversive environment may alter social behaviors, anxiety and neuroendocrine responses to stress in adult subjects. The focus of this work was to investigate the impact of the social instigation paradigm on motherlitter dyad over social behaviors and hormonal responses in rats at 3 ages. Social instigation was carried out at postpartum days (PP) 2 and 5. Maternal behavior from lactating rats was registered at PP3, 4 and 6. Pups were submitted to the nest odor preference test at PP7, play behavior was registered in juveniles at PP30, and adult rats (starting at PP80) were submitted to the open field, elevated plus maze and social interaction tests. Adult rats were also submitted to restraint stress. Results show that the intervention increased presence in nest of lactating rats. The intervention reduced time spent on nest bedding side in pups, decreased oxytocin and prolactin plasma levels, however, increased arginine-vasopressin levels. Juveniles submitted to the neonatal intervention had reduced play-fighting frequencies and arginine-vasopressin levels. In adults, the intervention has not altered anxiety and hormonal responses to stress, however, it decreased the latency for aggressive behaviors, as well as oxytocin basal levels. According to the outcomes observed in lactating rats and pups, social instigation altered mother-infant relationship, as well as levels of hormones involved in affiliative behavior in neonatal rats. Similarly, the reduced play-fighting in juveniles exposed to the intervention may be related to the decreased arginine-vasopressin levels, which is a hormone involved in such behavior. In spite of the intervention having not altered the anxiety and hormonal responses to stress in adult rats, it altered in a specific manner the aggressive behavior, reducing its latency. This finding may be related to the decreased oxytocin levels, which is a hormone known to have antiaggressive effects. Thus, we suggest that social instigation impairs early to late social behaviors, as well as the hormones responsible for the modulation of such parameters.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O tema central da nossa dissertação é a violência e a educação nos valores no contexto escolar. O tema é abordado a partir da bibliografia disponível e da investigação realizada durante seis meses com os adolescentes da turma BP1 da EMEF Chico Mendes do Bairro Mário Quintana, em Porto Alegre, com o objetivo de investigar os fatores que, numa proposta de educação para a paz, favorecem o desenvolvimento de comportamentos pró-sociais nos adolescentes e evitam comportamentos violentos no contexto escolar. O texto está estruturado em quatro capítulos. Os dois primeiros estão dedicados à fundamentação teológica e psicopedagógica da investigação, referenciada, basicamente, nas contribuições teóricas advindas de três linhas de pesquisa: em teologia, em psicologia social e do desenvolvimento e em pedagogia, especialmente na linha de educação nos valores e educação para a paz. Neste sentido, opta-se por um modelo de educação integral e solidária. O terceiro capítulo da dissertação descreve o percurso e a opção metodológica adotada na investigação, que é qualitativa. A técnica adotada é a pesquisa de campo, a partir de uma atitude participante. Por fim, no quarto capítulo, fazem-se a análise e o comentário dos dados coletados, tomando como referência básica as quatro variáveis trabalhadas no programa de intervenção implementado durante seis meses com os adolescentes sujeitos da investigação e relacionadas todas elas com comportamentos pró-sociais: auto-estima, expressão/compreensão de sentimentos, relações de cooperação e resolução de conflitos. A pesquisa constatou sinais de avanços nos comportamentos pró-sociais dos adolescentes, mostrando a possibilidade de educar para a paz nas escolas através de programas de intervenção psicopedagógica específicos e de fácil implementação. / The central theme of our dissertation is violence and education regarding the values at school. This theme is discussed based on the bibliography available and an local investigation. This investigation was carried through six months, with adolescents of class BP1 of EMEF Chico Mendes from Bairro Mário Quintana in Porto Alegre. The objective of that research was to investigate the factors that, in a proposal of education for peace, favors the development of pro-social behaviors in the adolescents and prevents violent behavior at school. The text is structured in four different chapters. The first two chapters are related to the theological-psycho-pedagogical foundations of the research. This refers to the contributions of theory from three areas of research, namely: Theology, Social Psychology and Education Development, especially in the line of educational values and education for peace. Therefore, is decided on a model of education based on the ideas of complete education and education for solidarity. The third chapter describes the course and the method used to carry out this research, which is the qualitative one. The adopted technique is the field research with participant attitude. The fourth chapter is based on the analysis and comments of collected data. For that purpose reference was made to the four parameters worked in the program of intervention. This was implemented during six months with the teenagers regarding their pro-social behaviors: self-esteem, expression / comprehension of feelings, cooperation relations and resolution of conflicts. The research showed advancements in the pro-social behavior of the adolescents, indicating possibilities of education for peace in schools. This could be done by means of specific psycho-pedagogical intervention programs, which are easily implemented.

O tema central da tese é a educação para a paz na escola. É abordado a partir da bibliografia disponível e da investigação realizada durante o ano letivo de 2009 com 151 adolescentes de quatro escolas da rede pública e particular da região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte. A pergunta fundamental e motivadora da tese é: é possível educar para a paz na escola? Com o foco nesta questão central e a partir da hipótese inicial de que na medida em que educarmos comportamentos pró-sociais na escola, inibiremos os comportamentos violentos, foi realizada a pesquisa de campo com o objetivo geral de investigar os fatores que, numa proposta de educação para a paz, favorecem o desenvolvimento de comportamentos pró-sociais nos adolescentes e evitam comportamentos violentos no contexto escolar. Foram objetivos específicos da investigação realizada os seguintes: entender a educação para a paz como um compromisso fundamentado na experiência religiosa expressada nas diferentes tradições e como elemento central numa proposta de diálogo inter-religioso; estudar a adolescência como etapa privilegiada de intervenção psicopedagógica; analisar os efeitos da aplicação de um programa de intervenção psicopedagógica de educação para a paz na escola. A pesquisa combina métodos qualitativos e quantitativos ao usar o modelo experimental-estatístico, com um delineamento experimental multigrupo de medidas repetidas pré-teste/pós-teste, junto com o observacional-descritivo, privilegiando a observação participante. O primeiro capítulo é dedicado à fundamentação teológica da tese desde uma perspectiva pluralista e libertadora que privilegia o diálogo inter-religioso. O segundo capítulo é dedicado à fundamentação psicopedagógica da pesquisa e reflete sobre o binômio educação integral para a paz / comportamento pró-social. O terceiro capítulo descreve o percurso e a opção metodológica adotada na investigação. Finalmente o quarto analisa os dados coletados tomando como referência básica as quatro variáveis trabalhadas no programa de intervenção implementado com os adolescentes sujeitos da investigação e relacionadas todas elas com comportamentos pró-sociais: autoestima, expressão/compreensão de sentimentos, relações de cooperação e resolução de conflitos. A pesquisa constatou a efetiva diminuição dos comportamentos violentos dos adolescentes na sala de aula, especialmente nas escolas da rede pública participantes, junto com sinais de avanços na manifestação de comportamentos pró-sociais, mostrando que é possível e viável educar para a paz nas escolas através de programas de intervenção psicopedagógica específicos e de fácil implementação. / The central theme of theses is education for the peace at school. This theme is discussed based on the bibliography available and on investigation. The investigation was carried through the school year of 2009 with 151 adolescentes from four public schools in the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte. The fundamental and motivating question of the thesis is: Is it possible to educate for peace at school?With the focus on this central issue and from the initial hypothesis that the extent to educate pro-social behavior at school, inhibit violent behavior. A field research was conducted with the aim to investigate the factors that, in a proposal of education for the peace, favors the development of pro-social behaviors in the adolescents and prevents violent behavior at school. Our research was motivated by the following points: understanding education for the peace as a religious experience based on the commitment expressed in the different traditions and as a central element in a proposal for inter-religious dialogue and to study the adolescent stage as prime psychopedagogical intervention, analyze the implementation of a psychopedagogical intervention program of education for the peace at school. The research combines qualitative and quantitative methods to use the experimental-statistical model, with a multigroup experimental design with repeated measures pre-test/post-test, along with observational and descriptive, focusing on participant observation. The first chapter is related to the theological foundation of the research from a pluralistic and liberating perspective that focuses interreligious dialogue. The second chapter refers to the psychopedagogical fundamentals of the research and reflects on the dual integral education for peace / pro-social behavior. The third chapter describes the course and the methodological approach used to carry out this research. The fourth chapter is based on the analysis and comments of collected data. For that purpose reference was made to the four parameters worked in the program of intervention implemented with adolescent subjects of the investigation and all of them related to prosocial behaviors: self-esteem, expression / comprehension of feelings, cooperation relations and conflict resolution.The research showed the effective reduction of violent behaviors of adolescents in the classroom, especially in public schools participating, along with signs of progress in the demonstration of prosocial behaviors, showing that it is possible and feasible to educate for the peace at schools through psychopedagogical intervention programs which are easily implemented.

Submitted by Daniele Amaral (daniee_ni@hotmail.com) on 2016-09-14T20:10:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseGAF.pdf: 2448190 bytes, checksum: 08c41156c28e3e99e6284a8c18acb2d2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-16T19:49:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseGAF.pdf: 2448190 bytes, checksum: 08c41156c28e3e99e6284a8c18acb2d2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-16T19:49:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseGAF.pdf: 2448190 bytes, checksum: 08c41156c28e3e99e6284a8c18acb2d2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-16T19:49:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseGAF.pdf: 2448190 bytes, checksum: 08c41156c28e3e99e6284a8c18acb2d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-26 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / The orchid bees have always been considered promising for studies of the evolution of social behavior and reproductive division of labor. This is due to the fact that the orchid bees are the only members not clearly eusocial in corbiculate clade. In this study, the correlation between genetic relatedness and reproductive skew was investigated in the genus Euglossa, one of the five genus of Euglossini tribe, in order to support the understanding of the evolution of reproductive division of labor in Euglossini. Among the five genera of Euglossini, Euglossa is the most suitable for studies on the evolution of reproductive division of labor, because in this genus can be found solitary, communal and primitively eusocial species. Twelve nests of Euglossa cordata (Linnaeus, 1758) were analyzed. In this species, the foundation process is solitary, but small colonies are formed during nest reactivations, with females establishing different types of associations, in which their relatedness differs. During reactivations, one of the females performs oophagy and then oviposition in brood cells previously operculated by another females, consequently leaving a larger number of offspring. The behavioral analysis associated with relatedness estimates, made through the use of microsatellite markers, indicated that the dominant female perform oophagy followed by oviposition in all operculated cells by the subordinated bees. The reproductive skew was complete, regardless of the type of association established between the interacting females, and so reproductive skew and genetic relatedness was not associated in this study. Furthermore, the nesting biology of Euglossa was also studied, given the information scarcity about the nesting process in most species already described for this genus. Using the technique of trap nests, 43 nests of Euglossa were sampled. This study provides new information on the nesting biology of this genus, especially with regard to natural enemies associated with nests. / As abelhas da tribo Euglossini sempre foram consideradas promissoras para estudos sobre evolução do comportamento social e divisão de trabalho reprodutivo. Isto decorre do fato dos Euglossini serem os únicos membros não claramente eussociais entre as abelhas corbiculadas. Neste estudo, foi investigada a correlação entre parentesco genético e desvio reprodutivo em uma espécie do gênero Euglossa, um dos cinco gêneros de Euglossini, visando subsidiar o entendimento da evolução da divisão de trabalho reprodutivo na tribo. Dentre os cinco gêneros de Euglossini, Euglossa é o mais indicado para estudos sobre a evolução de divisão de trabalho reprodutivo, pois neste gênero são encontradas espécies solitárias, comunais e primitivamente eussociais. Foram analisados doze ninhos da espécie Euglossa cordata (Linnaeus, 1758). Nesta espécie, o processo de fundação dos ninhos é solitário, mas pequenas colônias são formadas durante as reativações, com as fêmeas estabelecendo diferentes tipos de associações, nas quais o parentesco entre elas é distinto. Durante as reativações, uma das fêmeas realiza oofagias, seguidas de oviposições em células anteriormente operculadas por outras fêmeas, deixando um maior número de descendentes. As análises de comportamento, associadas a estimativas de parentesco, realizadas mediante o uso de marcadores microssatélites, indicam que as fêmeas dominantes realizam oofagia, seguida de oviposição, em todas as células operculadas pelas subordinadas. O desvio reprodutivo foi completo, independentemente do tipo de associação formada entre as fêmeas reativadoras e, portanto, não houve correlação entre parentesco genético e desvio reprodutivo. Além disso, a biologia de nidificação em espécies de Euglossa foi estudada, dada a escassez de informações sobre os hábitos e características do processo de nidificação na maioria das espécies já descritas. Utilizando a técnica de ninhos-armadilha, foram obtidos 44 ninhos de Euglossa. O estudo traz novas informações sobre a biologia de nidificação no gênero, principalmente no que diz respeito aos inimigos naturais associados aos ninhos.

Submitted by Fernando Souza (fernandoafsou@gmail.com) on 2017-09-11T13:02:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2641273 bytes, checksum: 8c725d43724a6708bdac514e1caa1ecc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-11T13:02:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2641273 bytes, checksum: 8c725d43724a6708bdac514e1caa1ecc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-09 / Introduction: Moral harassment is a subject matter that has been much discussed in the last decades, incorporating itself in the studies of the worker's health area, and as so, it has being an object of growing worldwide concern by employees, employers and also of the scientific community. Objective: Build an instrument for the identification of the healthcare professionals‘ vulnerability in the hospital environment in regard to the moral harassment occurrence and practice; additionally, proceed to validate the proposed instrument aiming to be able to identify the vulnerability of healthcare professionals to moral harassment. Methodological Approach: Methodological research carried out in eight stages: construct domain specification; activities of item generation and validation of face and content; decisions about the responses; research instrument construction; first sampling; scale cleaning procedure; validity and reliability analysis of the final scale; standards development, use recommendations and interpretation. The data collection period for the instrument content validation process occurred between March and April 2016. For this process, 13 expert researchers on moral harassment participated. Regarding the validation of the reference instrument, which occurred in October 2016, a sample was composed of 84 healthcare professionals who work in the intensive care units of the Hospital Universitário Lauro Wanderley (HULW). Results: The instrument construction followed as recommended steps in the literature. There were no significant changes in the content of items belonging to the following dimensions: relationship between the worker and professionals in the work environment; job pressure by the boss-immediate and professional; and working conditions; thus, indicating greater appropriation of the concepts they represent. The instrument composed by 42 items obtained a total IVC of 0.94. This study also performed a verification of the internal consistency of the instrument by the experts in relation to the domain items; understanding and clarity; conceptual relevance; format and presentation. The proposed instrument had the content validity accomplished by 13 experts who have experience in moral harassment. Items with Content Validity Index (CVI) ≥ 0.8 were either completely maintained or revised as experts' suggestions. It was also possible to verify the reliability level of the 12 instrument through internal coherence, which was tested through Cronbach's alpha measurement, and it was noted that the items related to domain, comprehension and clarity, which the instrument obtained greater than 0.7, were classified with high reliability. As regard to the instrument validation, it was finalized comprised by 42 items distributed in 3 dimensions, which either in the analysis of internal consistency or reliability measurement (n = 84), it has presented Cronbach's alpha of 0.930, therefore, classified as excellent value. Conclusions: The instrument presented satisfactory content validity index and can be used to identify the vulnerability of healthcare professionals to the practice of moral harassment in the workplace environment. It is hoped that the validation of the proposed instrument may support new investigations in the moral harassment field, especially, in the Healthcare area. / Introducción: El estudio moral es una temática que se basa en la discusión de las últimas décadas, incorporando a los estudios del área de salud del trabajador, por lo tanto, objeto de creciente preocupación mundial, por parte de los trabajadores, los empleadores y también de la comunidad científica . Objetivo: Construir un instrumento para la identificación de la vulnerabilidad de los profesionales de la salud no contexto hospitalar para la realización de la práctica del assédio moral; Y validar el instrumento para la identificación de la vulnerabilidad de los profesionales de la salud. Percurso Metodológico: Investigación metodológica, realizada en las etapas siguientes: especificación do domínio do construto; Actividades de generación de artículos y validación de cara y contenido; Décisions sobre as respostas; Construcción do instrumento de pesquisa; Primeira amostragem; Procedimiento de limpieza de la escala; Análisis de validez y confiabilidad de la escala final; Desarrollo de normas y recomendaciones de uso y interpretación. El período de coleta de datos para el proceso de validación de contenido del instrumento ocurrido entre marzo y abril de 2016. Para este proceso, participaram 13 pesquisadores expertos sobre assédio moral. No hay nada que no sea un mes de octubre, una muestra fue constituida por 84 profesionales de salud que trabajan en las unidades de terapia intensiva del Hospital Universitario Lauro Wanderley (HULW). Resultados: La construcción del instrumento siguió como etapas recomendadas en la literatura. No existe cambio en las condiciones no relacionadas con los elementos pertencentes a las dimensiones: relación entre el trabajador y los profesionales no ambiente de trabajo; Presión no trabajo pelo chef-imediato e profesionales; E condições de trabajo; Indicando mayor apropriación de los conceptos que representan. O instrumento compuesto por 42 elementos obteve IVC total de 0,94. Este estudio también comprende una comprobación de la consistencia interna del instrumento por parte de los expertos en relación a los ámbitos dominantes; Compreensão e clareza; Pertinencia conceitual; Formato y presentación. Una validez de contenido del instrumento propuesto por la experiencia de 13 expertos que poseen experiencia en moral moral. (IVC) ≥ a 0,8 por lo que se refiere a los expertos. Pôde-se realizar, também, una comprobación del nivel de confiabilidad del 14 instrumento, por medio de la coerción interna, que ha sido comprobado por el de Cronbach, constatando que los elementos relacionados con el dominio, a la comprensión y la clareza, o instrumento obteve mayor que 0 , 7, clasificados com confiabilidade alta. (No = 84) presentou alpha de Cronbach de 0,930, siendo este valor clasificado como excelente. Conclusiones: O instrumento presentado en un índice de validez de contenido satisfactorio y puede ser utilizado para identificar una vulnerabilidad de los profesionales de la salud. Espera-se que una validación de instrumento de subsidiar nuevas investigaciones no campo do assédio moral, sobretudo, en el área de salud. / Introdução: O assédio moral é uma temática que vem sendo bastante discutida nas últimas décadas, incorporando-se aos estudos da área de saúde do trabalhador, sendo, portanto, objeto de crescente preocupação mundial, por parte de trabalhadores, empregadores e também da comunidade científica. Objetivo: Construir um instrumento para identificação da vulnerabilidade de profissionais de saúde no contexto hospitalar para a ocorrência da prática do assédio moral; e validar o instrumento proposto para a identificação da vulnerabilidade de profissionais da saúde. Percurso Metodológico: Pesquisa metodológica, realizada em oito etapas: especificação do domínio do construto; atividades de geração de itens e validação de face e conteúdo; decisões sobre as respostas; construção do instrumento de pesquisa; primeira amostragem; procedimentos de limpeza da escala; análise de validade e confiabilidade da escala final; desenvolvimento de normas e recomendações de uso e interpretações. O período de coleta de dados para o processo de validação de conteúdo do instrumento ocorreu entre março e abril de 2016. Para este processo, participaram 13 pesquisadores experts sobre assédio moral. No que diz respeito a validação do referido instrumento, que ocorreu no mês de outubro, a amostra foi constituída por 84 profissionais de saúde que trabalham nas unidades de terapia intensiva do Hospital Universitário Lauro Wanderley (HULW). Resultados: A construção do instrumento seguiu as etapas recomendadas na literatura. Não ocorreram mudanças significativas no conteúdo dos itens pertencentes às dimensões: relação entre o trabalhador e profissionais no ambiente de trabalho; pressão no trabalho pelo chefe-imediato e profissionais; e condições de trabalho; indicando maior apropriação dos conceitos que elas representam. O instrumento composto por 42 itens obteve IVC total de 0,94. Este estudo realizou também a verificação da consistência interna do instrumento por parte dos experts em relação aos itens domínio; compreensão e clareza; pertinência conceitual; formato e apresentação. A validade de conteúdo do instrumento proposto foi realizada por 13 experts que possuem experiência em assédio moral. Os itens com Índice de Validade de Conteúdo (IVC) ≥ a 0,8 foram mantidos na íntegra ou sofreram revisões conforme sugestões dos experts. Pôde-se realizar, também, a verificação do nível de confiabilidade do instrumento, 10 por meio da coerência interna, que foi testada através do alfa de Cronbach, constatando que os itens relacionados ao domínio, à compreensão e clareza, o instrumento obteve maiores que 0,7, classificados com confiabilidade alta. Quanto à validação do instrumento, foi finalizado compondo-se de 42 itens distribuídos por três dimensões, que na análise da consistência interna ou medida de fidedignidade com a amostra (n=84) apresentou alpha de Cronbach de 0,930, sendo este valor classificado como excelente. Conclusões: O instrumento apresentou índice de validade de conteúdo satisfatório e pode ser utilizado para identificar a vulnerabilidade de profissionais de saúde quanto à prática de assédio moral no ambiente de trabalho. Espera-se que a validação do instrumento proposto possa subsidiar novas investigações no campo do assédio moral, sobretudo, na área de Saúde.

"It's not a mask, it's an appendix". Reflections through text and moving image around the Beauty Community as a representative expression of individuality on the internet.  The Essay also contains thoughts around the authors artistical practice. / Documentation Photos of the Master Exam Exhibition "The Compliment Machine". The first edition of the essay was used as an appendix, complementary to the artworks.   Photographer: Jean Baptiste Béranger / Documentation Photo from the Essay Release organised 12 of april 2018 by fellow master students. The photo illustrates the presentation of the second and final edition of the essay. Photographer: Karolina Oxelväg / <p>The master work includes both a written and a performing part. </p><p>Masterarbetet består av en skriftlig och en gestaltande del.</p>