Previous studies have shown that characteristics like gender and ethnicity can affect the possibility to be hired. Decisions in hiring may also be justified by weighting the importance of hiring criteria and can thus seem unbiased. In other areas, bias due to political affiliation have been noted to be even more pronounced than bias due to ethnicity. However, effects of candidates’ political affiliation in hiring are not equally researched. This study aimed to fill this blank. Participants (N= 283) were randomized to a between-subjects design; A third read a resumé from a candidate affiliating with the The Left Party, a third read a resumé from a candidate affiliating with The Sweden Democrats, a party at the right end of the spectrum, and a third read a resumé from a candidate with no political affiliation. After reading the resumés, participants evaluated the hireability of their candidate. They also stated which hiring criteria, experience or education, was considered most important in this evaluation. Results showed that participants evaluated candidates with divergent political affiliation from the own as less hireable than candidates with unknown political affiliation, or a politicalaffiliation more similar to the own. Cues of political affiliation may thus be a disadvantage for an individual, applying for a job. However, biased evaluations were not justified to seem unbiased by weighting criteria. It is suggested that social norms do not imply hiding political bias to the same degree as bias due to for example gender or ethnicity.

The background to this study is that there is no studies on youth and their transition to adulthood in preindustrial Sweden. The main objective of this thesis has therefore been to analyze young peoples transition to adulthood during the late 18th and 19th centuries in a region of the northern part of Sweden. The social context of the region was mainly agrarian during the investigated period despite the fact that in the later part of the 19th and beginning of 20th century, a development of a growing forest industry had started. The main questions is: How and when in life did different social categories of young people establish an independent and adult life? Where there any changes in transitional patterns and was the establishment smoother or more troublesome at different times during the investigated period ? Where there any changes regarding social norms related to the establishment of adult life? The transition to adult life is studied from a life-course approach and four key-transitions; The First Holy communion, leaving home, marriage and parenthood are regarded as significant steps within the process to a independent social position. Individual data related to keytransitions is mainly collected from cathectical examination records and comprised 2206 individuals born in six different cohorts between 1770 and 1900. The selected cohorts represents individuals that had to deal with different social conditions during their youth and transition to adult life. The main results regarding the transition to adult life can be summarized in two words, complexity and variance. Usually it was a "long" transition but the number of accomplished keytransitions and the order between them varied, as well as ages when taking the first Holy Communion, leaving home, marriage and entering parenthood varied. Transitional patterns varied between different categories of youth. A dividing line existed between the sexes, those from households strongly rooted in the agricultural structure and those with background in social categories that didn't own or was in possession of land. Social norms related to keytransitons changed along this dividing line during the investigated period of time, and became less permissive within landowning or land-possessing categories and less prescriptive in other categories. Transitional patterns were also influenced by the social situation at different historical times. The need for labor, war and years of famine directly intervened in timing and sequencing of keytransitions. A long term development was that the transition to adult life became more problematic in the later part of the 19th century, especially among young people who were less integrated in the social context and among socially stigmatized youth. Finally, young people were active and reflexive in seeking social space to make the transition to adult life, actions that sometimes caused tensions and conflicts between generations. / digitalisering@umu

Syftet med vår studie var att se hur Sverigedemokraterna genom sitt principprogram konstruerar svenskhet och på så vis skapar en gräns mellan ”oss och de andra”. Metoden för vår studie har varit en kvalitativ text- och diskursanalys. Vårt resultat visar att texten i programmet påverkar och konstruerar sociala kategorier som är avgörande för människors sociala positioner och tillgång till resurser. Partiets konstruktion av svenskhet bygger på en social och nationell likhet som skapar social ojämlikhet. Resultatet visar även att det är viktigt att kritiskt granska texter som används av vår samhälleliga elit eftersom de i egenskap av sin maktposition har ett tolkningsföreträde. / The purpose of this study was to investigate how Sverigedemokraterna, in their program of principles, design Swedishness and as an effect of this creates a boundary between “us and them”. Our method of choice has been text- and discourse analysis. By analyzing the text in the program we’ve come to the conclusion that it has an effect on, and helps to create social categories that are crucial to people’s social positions and resource possibilities. The party builds their version of Swedishness on a social and national likeness that creates social inequality. Our results also shows that it’s important to examine texts used by the elite of society since they in their powerful position has a preferential right of interpretation.

This study took place in the city of Rasht, which is the capital of Gilan Province, situated in North-Western Iran. The aim has been to investigate how a group of young Rashti women constitute their identities through their talk-in-interaction, and how they relate to the concept of Rashti, be it the dialect, people living in a geographical area, or a notion of collective characteristics. The participants constitute their identities by using different social categories to position and categorise themselves and contrast themselves with others. In positioning and categorising they use various discursive means, such as code-switching, active voicing, and extreme-case formulations. Moreover, the social categories also overlap and work together when the participants negotiate and re-negotiate their identities, making an intersectional approach highly relevant. The methods used in this study are of a qualitative nature and belong in the third wave of sociolinguistics (Eckert 2012). The analysed data consists primarily of staged conversations, whereas participant observation, field notes, and natural conversations have been used to help the researcher in understanding the field. The study adopts an emic or participants’ perspective through the use of membership categorisation analysis and conversation analysis, but also within a theoretical intersectionality framework. In many of the conversations, the culture of Rasht and Gilan is a re-emerging theme, and it is contrasted with that of the rest of the country. Gender norms and gender roles are very central to the study, as these young women describe themselves as much freer and less controlled than women in other parts of the country. Gender is made relevant when the participants discuss how the local traditions surpass both national (religious) laws and social codes in other places. The Rashti and Gilaki language varieties also play a role in the constructing of the Rashti identity of the participants. There is, however, a discrepancy between the participants’ values vis-à-vis Rashti and Gilaki as a dialect or a language, and how they value being a Rashti as well as the Rashti and Gilaki culture. In the majority of conversations the participants express a highly positive opinion regarding their Rashti identity, while at the same time the Rashti and Gilaki language varieties are mostly valued in very negative ways.

The concept of domestic violence pertains to different definitions of violence, one of which is the concept of honour related violence and oppression. This paper looks at honour related violence and oppression, as defined in policy documents at a central political level, and how various discourses stand in relation to social categories and power relations. Consequently, the theoretical and methodological premise of the paper has been based on discourse analysis and an intersectional perspective has been applied to gain further depth and breadth in the analysis of the material. The intersectional perspective houses various approaches to the understanding of specific phenomena based on factors of gender, ethnicity, sexuality and class.The analysis concludes that the concept of honour related violence and oppression is a concept without a single scientific definition. There is, however, a general consensus in the political context that honour related violence and oppression is a collective force that can be directed at both sexes. The explanations for the violence in the studied documents vary from this kind of violence being seen as a cultural condition, to it being seen as part of the universal patriarchal oppression aimed at all women regardless of their background. Socio-economic factors are not mentioned as a possible explanatory factor.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T14:20:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VIVIANE CRUVINEL DI CASTRO.pdf: 813393 bytes, checksum: 790833513dd373c807559cd7fdfb5ae6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-27 / Despite the high number of Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A) visible all over the world, a phenomenon explained since there is a process of globalization and internationalization of markets, little is known about how to prevent the failure of these operations, failure that is very common nowadays. It seems that there is a lack of reliable theoretical elaborations on the topic, especially those concerning the human side of M&A. On this basis, this study sought to highlight the human and the identity aspects of mergers using theories like the Social Identity Theory and the Social Categorization Theory, which are elements of the Intergroup/Intercategorial perspective reinforced in this investigation. This study sought to evaluate the relationship between social categories (organizations) pre-merger and post-merger, the different degrees of merger survivors and the perceptions of the employees concerning mergers under study. In this study, Merger Survivors are employees who were part of the staff of the companies before the merger, passed by the merger process and remained in the new company with psychological remnants of pre-merger environment and also without proper acceptance; acceptance that goes from the employees towards the new company and from the new company towards them.The study included 128 workers, 37 portuguese and 91 brazilian workers. One unique questionnaire divided into 5 parts was used for the research. The parts are: an adaptation of social identity questionnaire developed by Moreira (2007), a question about the passage through the merger process, a question about the perception of the merger, six questions about survivors of the merger , and lastly, socioorganizational and socio-demographic variables. Analyzes were performed based on the two samples together. The results of the analyzes from the T test for independent samples, Chisquare test and nonparametric tests such as Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis and Spearman correlation showed that a less favorable perception of the merger and less identification with post/pre-merger categories, are significantly related to a higher merger surviving degree. This research contributed to the understanding of human aspects involved in mergers and, consequently, contributes to the success of these operations. / Apesar do número cada vez mais alto de Fusões e Aquisições (F&A) em todo o mundo, dado o processo de globalização e internacionalização dos mercados, pouco se sabe a respeito de como evitar o insucesso destas operações, algo recorrente nos dias atuais. Nota-se uma ausência de elaborações teóricas confiáveis acerca do assunto, principalmente no que diz respeito ao lado humano das F&A. Com base nisso, este estudo procurou evidenciar o aspecto humano e identitário das fusões utilizando como arcabouço teórico as teorias da Identidade Social e da Categorização Social, integrantes da Perspectiva Intergrupo/Intercategorial reforçada nesta investigação. Assim, este trabalho buscou avaliar a relação entre as categorias sociais (organizações) pré-fusão e pós-fusão apontadas pelos colaboradores, os diferentes graus de sobrevivência à fusão e as percepções dos referidos sujeitos acerca das fusões em estudo. Neste estudo, Sobreviventes da Fusão são colaboradores que fizeram parte do quadro de funcionários das empresas antes da fusão e que passaram pelo processo de fusão, permanecendo na nova empresa com resquícios psicológicos do ambiente pré-fusão e sem a devida aceitação , tanto destes colaboradores para com a nova empresa quanto da nova empresa para com eles. Participaram do estudo 128 trabalhadores, sendo 37 portugueses e 91 brasileiros. Foi utilizado um único questionário para coleta composto por cinco partes principais: uma adaptação do questionário de identidade social desenvolvido por Moreira (2007), uma questão sobre a passagem pelo Processo de Fusão, uma questão sobre a Percepção da Fusão, seis perguntas relativas aos Sobreviventes da Fusão, e por último, variáveis Sócio-organizacionais e Sócio-demográficas. Foram realizadas análises tendo por base as duas amostras em conjunto. Os resultados das análises feitas a partir do test T para amostras independentes, teste Qui-Quadrado e testes nãoparamétricos, tais como Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis e Correlação de Spearman demonstraram que quanto menos favorável é a percepção da fusão e quanto menos os colaboradores se identificam com as organizações pós e pré-fusão, maior é o grau de Sobrevivência à fusão. Esta investigação contribuiu para a compreensão dos aspectos humanos envolvidos em processos de fusão e, consequentemente, contribui para o sucesso destas operações.

abstract: Social categories such as race and gender are associated by people with certain characteristics (e.g. males are angry), which unconsciously affects how people evaluate and react to a person of specific social categories. This phenomenon, referred to as implicit bias, has been the interest of many social psychologists. However, the implicit bias research has been focusing on only one social category at a time, despite humans being entities of multiple social categories. The research also neglects the behavioral contexts in which implicit biases are triggered and rely on a broad definition for the locus of the bias regulation mechanism. These limitations raise questions on whether the current bias reduction strategies are effective. The current dissertation sought to address these limitations by introducing an ecologically valid and multidimensional method. In Chapters 1 and 2, the mouse-tracking task was integrated into the implicit association task to examine how implicit biases were moderated in different behavioral contexts. The results demonstrated that the manifestation of implicit biases depended on the behavioral context as well as the distinctive identity created by the combinations of different social categories. Chapter 3 laid groundwork for testing working memory as the processing capacity for the bias regulation mechanism. The result suggested that the hand-motion tracking indices of working memory load could be used to infer the capacity of an individual to suppress the influence of implicit bias. In Chapter 4, the mouse-tracking paradigm was integrated into the Stroop task with implicit associations serving as the Stroop targets. The implicit associations produced various effects including the conflict adaptation effect, like the Stroop targets, which suggested that implicit associations and Stroop stimuli are handled by overlapping cognitive mechanisms. Throughout these efforts, the current dissertation, first, demonstrated that a more ecologically valid and multidimensional approach is required to understand biased behaviors in detail. Furthermore, the current dissertation suggested the cognitive control mechanism as a finer definition for the locus of the bias regulation mechanism, which could be leveraged to offer solutions that are more adaptive and effective in the environment where collaboration and harmony are more important than ever. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Human Systems Engineering 2019

The purpose of this study has been to critically review RF-SISU Vasterbottens communication channels in text and picture with a focal point of different norms related to social belonging. Which can become visible from a norm-critical perspective. To analyze how different norms can be visible in RF-SISU Vasterbottens communication channels the chosen method has been document analysis. What is normal? How do pictures and text express power structures? How are the social categories presented in text and pictures? In which sports are these social categories presented? These have been central questions to support the result of the study. The results showed that the organization in general is aware of norms in the communication when the topics are around diversity and gender equality however in general communication the invisible concepts of norms create areas of discussion. Racialization and hegemony are two of these concepts that shone through during the analysis. In order to achieve the organization's goals of gender equality and equal conditions regardless of where you are from, how you look or how you function they need to be aware consistently through their communication.

This study analyses how abusive treatment is handled in three novels for adolescents, Färglös, Näthat blues, and Fjärde riket, in order to reveal how these novels can be used as a basis for discussions of values in the teaching of Swedish in upper secondaryschool. The three novels were chosen because statistics showed that they were the most frequently borrowed books for young people under the subject heading bullying at a library in southern Sweden. The analysis shows that there are different forms of abusive treatment in the three books. Färglös describes abusive treatment against a social category, where the members of the vulnerable group are forced to protect themselves and each other as a group. Näthat blues is about net bullying, sexual harassment, and gender-related bullying against a specific individual, while Fjärde riket shows how abuse can be used as a strategy to achieve a higher power position. The latter book tells the story from the point of view of both the victim and the perpetrators. The conclusionis that the three novels, in different ways, invite changes of perspective and can function well as a basis for discussions about abuse using fictitious characters.

T-Mobile Czech Republic a.s. Abstract.docx 1/1 Abstract This thesis is focused on the living conditions of the serf population in the West Bohemian domain of Horšovský Týn beetween 17th and 19th centuries. The core of this work is in the 17th century. The geografical area of the domain was defined in the Tax Rule - the city, fifty- four villages and five partial villages. This paper consists of four basic sections. In the first section you can find the overview of the main literature regarding this topic. The second one is dedicated to the brief historical and territorial development of the domain and to the characteristic of the administrative and economic circumstances. The demografical structure of the domain in the 17th century is described in depth in the third section. This analysis was done on the basis of the register of the serf people classified according to their religion. The focus is partially dedicated to the social structure as well, mainly to the houseless lodgers and servants. The typology and composition of the households is discussed briefly. Above that, there is an approximation of population in the domain Horšovský Týn from the mid 17th until the end of 19th century. The last section is focused on the social stratification of the domain and its changes from the mid 17th to the mid 19th...