[pt] Práticas empreendedoras motivadas por propósitos sociais e ambientais têm ganhado reconhecimento mundial. No entanto, ainda existem muitas lacunas no conhecimento científico a respeito desse fenômeno. Esta tese investiga atributos e processos de liderança que possibilitam os empreendimentos sociais a serem efetivos. Inclui dois ensaios autônomos que investigam empiricamente a liderança em empreendimentos sociais e o processo pelo qual ela permite inovações sociais. A questão de pesquisa do primeiro estudo está relacionada a quais características, comportamentos e habilidades de liderança são essenciais para que os líderes de empreendimentos sociais alcancem seus objetivos de negócios. Assim, uma pesquisa qualitativa com base no protocolo metodológico da Grounded Theory foi realizada. Foram entrevistados 36 atores - líderes de organizações sociais e seus stakeholders. Os resultados revelaram oito atributos essenciais dos líderes de empreendimentos sociais: impulso para causar impacto, integridade moral inabalável, comunicação centrada no outro, postura relacional construtiva, desenvolvimento da equipe, resolução co-criativa de problemas, desenvolvimento de redes estratégicas e compromisso com alta qualidade da entrega. Essas descobertas sugerem que uma perspectiva clássica de liderança sozinha não pode abranger totalmente todos os atributos essenciais da liderança em empreendimentos sociais. A questão de pesquisa do segundo estudo está relacionada a quais processos psicossociais habilitados por líderes de empreendimentos sociais promovem a criatividade e a inovação de suas equipes. Assim, foi realizada uma pesquisa quantitativa, no nível de análise das equipes, para verificar os mecanismos pelos quais a liderança servidora e empoderadora possibilitam a criatividade e a inovação das equipes em empreendimentos sociais. A pesquisa foi realizada com uma amostra de 41 líderes e 73 colaboradores de organizações socioambientais. As hipóteses foram avaliadas estatisticamente por meio da modelagem de equações estruturais (Partial Least Squares - PLS), utilizando o software SmartPLS 3.0. Todas as hipóteses foram confirmadas, exceto uma. A liderança servidora influencia positivamente a identidade e o comprometimento da equipe. No entanto, a conexão desses processos com a criatividade não foi estabelecida. A liderança empoderadora influencia positivamente a ampliação de fronteiras da equipe e as suas capacidades dinâmicas, que foram associadas à criatividade da equipe e à inovação em empreendimentos sociais. Essas descobertas são uma contribuição única para a literatura e possibilitam um entendimento mais profundo de quais processos de liderança são necessários para gerar inovações sociais para resolver problemas socioambientais. Ambos os estudos avançam o conhecimento sobre liderança e seu papel nos empreendimentos sociais. / [en] Entrepreneurial practices motivated by social and environmental purposes have gained worldwide recognition. Nevertheless, there are still many gaps in scientific knowledge regarding this phenomenon. This thesis investigates leadership attributes and processes that enable social endeavors. It encompasses two stand-alone essays that empirically investigate social venture leadership and the process through which it allows social innovations. Essay one research question concerned which characteristics, behaviors, and leadership skills are essential for social venture leaders to reach their business objectives. A qualitative research was conducted based on the Grounded Theory methodological protocol. Thirty-six actors were interviewed – social organizations leaders and their stakeholders. The results unveil eight essential attributes of social venture leaders: drive to cause impact, unswerving moral integrity, other-centered communication, constructive relational stance, team empowerment, co-creative problem solving, strategic network development, and high-quality delivery commitment. These findings suggest that one classic leadership perspective alone cannot fully encompass all the essential attributes of social venture leadership. Essay two research question concerned which psychosocial processes enabled by social venture leaders promote team creativity and innovation. A quantitative research was conducted, focusing on the team level of analyses, to verify the mechanisms through which servant and empowering leadership enable team creativity and team innovation in social ventures. A survey was conducted with a sample of 41 leaders and 73 team members from socioenvironmental organizations. The hypotheses were statistically evaluated through Partial Least Squares (PLS) structural equations modeling, using the SmartPLS 3.0 software. All hypotheses were confirmed but one. Servant leadership positively influences team identity and team commitment. However, the connection between these processes with creativity was not established. Empowering leadership positively influences team boundary spanning and team dynamic capabilities, which were associated with team creativity and innovation in social ventures. These findings are a unique contribution to the literature and contribute to a deeper understanding of which leadership processes are necessary to bring about social innovations to solve socio-environmental problems. Both studies advance knowledge on leadership and its role in social ventures.

Background: The world’s population is confronting challenges related to sustainability. Businesses can and should contribute to solving these challenges, through their activities. Social entrepreneurs are the driving force of scaling social enterprises, through which economic and social value can be maximized. Hence, it is important to understand the leadership factors that shape a social entrepreneur’s capability to lead scaling processes. Purpose: To explore the role leadership factors play in social entrepreneurs’ capability to scale social enterprises Method: Ontology- Relativism; Epistemology- Social constructionism; Strategy- Qualitative, Exploratory; Design- Inductive, Grounded theory; Data collection- 11 Semi-structured interviews; Sampling- Purposive, Snowball; Data analysis- Grounded analysis. Conclusion: Several leadership factors, including background, personality characteristics and skills, motivation, team, work environment, networks and partnerships, environmental forces, and underlying factors, are identified as shaping social entrepreneurs’ capability to scale. By acknowledging not only multiple leadership factors but also on what level they exist and how they are connected, novel insights about social entrepreneurs’ capability to scale are offered.

Social Entrepreneurship and Social Enterprises are an emerging trend. An increasing number of individuals are finding ways to address a social issue through their entrepreneurial skills. As well as increasing number of corporations and investing organizations are looking for ventures that address a social issue to fulfil their social responsibility. Thus, it is increasingly becoming important for the social entrepreneurs to measure and report their impacts to society in an accurate way. This research seeks to find out the challenges faced by social entrepreneurs while setting up social impact measurements in their ventures and the solutions adopted by them. Through a series of semi‐structured interviews with successful social entrepreneurs, this research collects qualitative data that increases the knowledge in this area and contributes in a better understanding of the challenges faced by social entrepreneurs. This research found that Theory Of Change is the most commonly used method and is preferred by practitioners as it is easy to implement. The research summarises the efforts it takes to implement the measurements, recommends best practices or advice to make impact measurement easier and useful. Also, a framework is developed that can be used in setting up measurements in a social venture.

Article overviews public-private partnership mechanisms for social entrepreneurship development. Comparative analysis of federal laws and regulatory acts in the field of public-private partnership mechanisms and social entrepreneurship has been conducted. Mechanism of private initiatives for development and implementation of public-private partnership projects is described. Measures for municipal-private partnership development are proposed. The importance of this study is confirmed by the normative legal act of strategic planning: the Order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated June 8, 2016 No. 1144-R “Support for access of non-governmental organizations to the provision of services in the social sphere” (“road map”). The purpose of “the road map” is to increase the participation of non-governmental organizations in the social sphere to improve the availability and quality of services and optimize budget expenditures. At the regional level, activities to promote the development of the non-state (non-municipal) sector in the social sphere are carried out within the framework of the following mechanisms: 1. Implementation of “pilot” projects. 2. One of the principles of the standard coincides with the purpose of “the road map” to increase the satisfaction of consumers and other participants of economic activity with the quality of goods, works and services sold in regional markets. 3. Development, approval and implementation of regional and municipal action plans (“the road maps”). These mechanisms pursue significant goals-improving the availability and quality of social services provided to consumers, the development of competition in the markets of these services. The mechanism of development and consideration of “a private initiative” in the law on public-private partnership is not regulated by a separate article. Thus, the foundations of the development of social entrepreneurship on the basis of public-private partnership mechanisms are based on theoretical sources. Modern legislation has formulated a legal framework in which the mechanisms of public-private partnership and municipal-private partnership for the development of social entrepreneurship can be implemented. / Магистерская диссертация содержит 117 страниц, 18 таблиц, 58 литературных источников, включая электронные ресурсы. Объект исследования – процесс реализации механизмов развития социального предпринимательства. Цель исследования – изучить теоретические и организационно-правовые основы реализации государственно-частного партнерства в социальной сфере и механизмы развития социального предпринимательства. Основными методами проведения исследования стали анализ теоретической литературы, анализ нормативно-правовых документов, анализ статистических данных. В процессе исследования был изучен и уточнен понятийный аппарат государственно-частного партнерства и социального предпринимательства в теоретических и правовых источниках, обоснована необходимость использования государственно-частного партнерства как механизма развития социального предпринимательства, в том числе на уровне муниципального управления. Результатом работы стала разработка рекомендаций для муниципальных образований Свердловской области в целях развития социального предпринимательства на основе механизмов государственно-частного партнерства. Теоретической базой данной работы стали 10 авторефератов диссертаций, 1 монографическая работа, 19 статей в научных журналах, Интернет – публикации.

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The United Arab Emirates are challenged to include the national workforce into their increasingly diversified and knowledge-based economic vision. The federal Khalifa Fund for Enterprise Development incubates Sougha, a non-profit company acting as market intermediary for Emirati artisans. This study aims at providing an insight into Sougha‘s potential to become a social enterprise. A pragmatic and exploratory approach is followed. An iterative process underpins the concept of social enterprise from established literature, re-visits it through a social constructivist lens as an emerging topic in the GCC region, and benchmarks Sougha against two selected social enterprise frameworks, based on data analysis from documents and interviews. Sougha demonstrates social value creation while its commercial value creation is restricted to social mission activities. Financial motives are insufficiently reflected in Sougha‘s strategic documentation; leaving doubt to whether Sougha is genuinely seeking financial sustainability, which endangers its eligibility as a social enterprise. / Development Studies / M.A. (Development Studies)

After the initial excitement about the Internet as a space outside of governmental control has evaporated and courts in several states have applied national laws to ‘Cyberspace’, there is now a consensus among scholars that regulators have in principle the authority and capacity to regulate the Internet. Nevertheless, the application of the established tools of regulation - legislation and adjudication - to the current challenges to copyright regulation posed by the Internet has proven to be ineffective and produced undesirable side effects. Although market self-regulation has been suggested as a more efficacious approach to regulating the Internet and has proven effective in content regulation and Internet governance, the market has so far been unsuccessful in providing an effective and efficient remedy to the challenges to copyright regulation. The purpose of this thesis is to examine a novel approach to regulation and analyse its benefits and limitations. The novel approach defies the conceptualisation as co- and self-regulation, but introduces the solution from outside the regulated environment through entrepreneurship and innovation, and relies on the forces of the market to become effective. In this thesis, I analyse the regulatory systems implemented by two private organisations, Noank Media and Creative Commons, in China’s reportedly ineffective copyright law environment and find that their market-based and innovative approach to regulation can be understood as a form of social entrepreneurship. Social enterprises have been claimed to deliver social goods more effectively and efficiently than governmental intervention, because they are said to rely on local knowledge, to be driven by the demand of the stakeholders, and to be focused on social value creation. Based on quantitative and qualitative fieldwork with Noank Media’s and Creative Common’s stakeholders in China I analyse to what extent these two enterprises managed to successfully leverage the assets of social entrepreneurship. I conclude that while the novel approach has demonstrated the potential to produce more effective and more efficient regulation, it does not automatically result in Better Regulation. Further efforts are required to ensure participation, transparency, and public accountability, and to avoid regulatory fragmentation.

Taking into account the theoretical approaches of Joseph Alois Schumpeter and Clayton Christensen to innovation, this case study is mapping the current Czech environment of written online media. Traditional media houses are dealing with the crisis of finances and information as generally described by Christensen, which means they are in real need for innovation yet they are not always successful. Other new incentives also appear on the market. Similarly to the situation abroad, the NGO sector is able to provide quality content on issues of its interest. Social innovation is rather a buzzword in the country, yet the author identifies a couple of efforts in the online written media. The author also suggests there might even be a niche for a social enterprise in the area to cooperate with the NGO sector and blogosphere. Keywords creative destruction, disruptive innovation, social entrepreneurship, social innovation, Czech Republic, print media online, watchdog journalism Abstrakt Tato případová studie nahlíží teoretickou optikou kreativní destrukce dle Josepha Aloise Schumpetera a rozkladných technologií dle Claytona Christensena prostředí digitálních podob současného českého tisku. Zatímco velké mediální domy se snaží ustát krizi financí a informací, potřebují také v duchu Christensenova přístupu...

The literature presented in the following pages explores the shortcomings of the American public education system in the context of creating long-term, sustainable social change. Using financial illiteracy and its relationship to low quality of life as an entry point, the first section exposes public schools’ shortcomings as agents of social change by delving into the hardships endured by the original public school promoters of the 19th century, the pitfalls of President George W. Bush’s 2001 enactment of No Child Left Behind, and the shortcomings of the financial literacy programming that found traction in urban schools following the subprime lending crisis. These examples render the public education system unfit to address social change, at which point the paper segues into a discussion of social enterprise and the new field’s demonstrated potential to capture social value. After a brief historical exploration of social innovation which examines some values and principles of this “fourth sector,” successful ventures and failed social organizations are scrutinized in the penultimate chapter. The comparisons made ultimately argue in favor of social entrepreneurship’s fitness, on both a structural and ideological level, in addressing the complex social, environmental, and cultural issues of our time.