The emergence of social entrepreneurship in Russia has historical roots and is a new approach to solving social problems. The article presents an analysis of the prerequisites for the formation of a new category in social life. Social entrepreneurship can be safely attributed to the socially responsible activities of small and medium-sized businesses aimed at solving social problems. In modern Russia the number of social entrepreneurs who started their activities initially as a subject of social entrepreneurship is little. Commercial enterprises often become social. In Russia the problem of social entrepreneurship is not theoretically understood. At the moment there is a lack of research on social entrepreneurship. In Russia the development of the concept of social entrepreneurship is formed on the basis of practice which undoubtedly causes difficulties. Social entrepreneurship is represented primarily in the areas of health, education and social services. However, the field of social entrepreneurship can include the solution of many problems affecting society. The practice of social entrepreneurship in Russia faces a number of problems such as the definition of the organizational and legal form of the enterprise, the presence of the current legislative framework regarding the phenomenon, the lack of state programs that stimulate social entrepreneurs to introduce innovations in the social sphere. / Выпускная квалификационная работа на тему «Внедрение социального предпринимательства в сферу образования стран СНГ: Российская Федерация и Республика Казахстан» содержит введение, 3 главы, 6 параграфов, включающие 2 таблицы, 5 рисунков, заключение и библиографический список. Научная работа содержит 120 листов машинописного текста, 88 литературных источников, 3 приложения. В результате проведенного исследования были достигнуты следующие основные результаты: в первой главе рассмотрено большое количество определений социального предпринимательства, предложена авторская трактовка понятия социального предпринимательства, выделены конкретные факторы, отличающие социальное предпринимательство от традиционного предпринимательства, рассмотрены характеристики социального предпринимательства, выделены этапы в становлении социального предпринимательства, рассмотрен исторический аспект появления и развития социального предпринимательства в России и за рубежом; во второй главе изучено развитие социального предпринимательства конкретно в сфере образования в Российской Федерации и Республике Казахстан, рассмотрено правовое обеспечение социального предпринимательства двух стран, проанализированы проекты социального предпринимательства в России и Казахстане; в третьей главе предложена модель, способная отразить механизм работы социального предпринимательства в сфере образования, отвечающая возможностям стран СНГ, рассмотрены проблемы и риски реализации данной модели.

Over the last four decades, social entrepreneurship (SE) has evolved from an experiment toa recognized practice dedicated to social change, popularly used globally. As a result, manyof its premises are having a spillover effect into the field of communication for development(C4D). While some view this combination of disciplines and practices as a new paradigm fordevelopment in the twenty first century, others view it as part of a larger trend towards theneoliberalization of humanitarianism. This ‘new spirit’ of development practitioners,whether they be corporations or non-government organizations (NGOs), adopts capitalisttrends creating ‘humanitarian doxa’, understood as the civic identity which conforms tocorporate responsibility. While this intersection of SE with C4D has been observed for sometime, empirical research on its application on the local level is limited. This paper investigateswhether and how NGOs which operate as social enterprises in Croatia use communicationpractices which align with neoliberal values and strategies. To accomplish this, contentanalysis and critical discourse analysis are applied to a group of NGOs by analyzing theirofficially published statutes and websites. The goal is to observe whether the neoliberal trendsoutlined in the literature are apparent in regional NGOs by exploring how they practice theircommunication and whether they communicate their self-defined development goals. Theresults show a presence of neoliberal discourse in NGO statutes which is often not present incorresponding websites, with few exceptions noted.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Linking the new institutionalism to entrepreneurial orientation (EO), my dissertation investigates institutional forces and entrepreneurial forces—two contradicting types of forces—as main effects and moderating effects upon practices and performance of organizations embedded in the institutional duality. The case chosen observes unique hybrid funders that this study collectively calls social investment funders (SIF), which integrate philanthropy and venture capital investment to create and implement a venture philanthropy model for a pursuit of their mission. A theoretical framework is developed to propose regulative and normative pressures from two dominant institutions governing SIFs. Original data collected from 146 organizations are scrutinized by moderated multiple regressions for two empirical studies: Study 1 for effects on SIFs’ venture philanthropy practices, and Study 2 for effects on SIFs’ social and financial performance. Multiple imputations, diagnostic analyses, and several post hoc analyses are also conducted for robustness of data and results from multiple regression analyses. Results from these analyses find that EO and venture capital institutional forces both enhance SIFs’ venture philanthropy practices. A hypothesis postulated for a negative relationship between the nonprofit status and venture philanthropy practices is also supported. Results from moderated regression analyses, along with a subgroup and EO subdimension analyses, confirm a moderating effect between EO and the nonprofit status, i.e., a regulative institutional pressure. A positive relationship is found in EO- financial performance, but not in EO-social performance. While support is lent to hypotheses posited for a social/financial performance relationship with donors’/investors’ demand for social outcomes, and with the management team’s training in business, the overall results remain mixed for Study 2. Nonetheless, this dissertation appears to be the first study to theorize and test EO as a micro-level condition enabling organizations to strategically shape and resist institutional pressures, and it reinforces that organizations’ behavior is not merely a product of their passive conformity to environmental forces, but of the agency, also. As such, this study aims to contribute to scholarly efforts by the “agency camp” of the new institutionalism and EO, answering a call from the leading scholars of both EO (Miller) and the new institutionalism (Oliver).

The study aims to evaluate the Entrepreneurial Seed Fund Programme (ESFP) of the Cape Winelands District Municipality (CWDM). This Programme aims to provide seed funding to emerging and established businesses in order to start and/or grow their businesses. The Programme provides funding through a grant-in-kind by procuring the goods and equipment that the business needs. The businesses qualifying for the funding are not solely focusing on profit-making; they are addressing social issues through business activities in their communities. The population of the study includes five successful and unsuccessful beneficiaries and a questionnaire was designed in order to determine the contributing factors to the success or failure of the business and if the objectives of the Programme was realised. In conclusion, the ESFP can be regarded as a sustainable programme which contributed to job creation and social upliftment. The ESFP should be strengthened with a small business incubation programme in order to enhance its sustainability. / Public Administration & Management / M. Tech. (Public Management)

Abstract Title: Organic Coffee for a sustainable development in Peru -­‐ A qualitative study on how Peruvian coffee farmers’ development is affected by choosing organic cultivation and certification Seminar date: 2013-­‐05-­‐31 University: Mälardalen University Västerås Institution: School of Business, Society and Engineering Level: Bachelor Thesis in Business Administration Course name: Bachelor Thesis in Business Administration, FÖA 300, 15 ECTS Author: Marcus Brink 1987-­‐05-­‐10 Tutors: Birgitta Schwartz Examiner: Peter Dobers Pages: 145 Attachments: List of interviews, Interview questions to coffee farmers Key words: Sustainable development, organic, coffee, certifications, coffee farmers, small scale farmers, Peru, bachelor, conventional coffee, organic certification, profitability, environment, social entrepreneurship, context, coffee producers Research question: In what way are small-­‐scale coffee farmers in the region of Junín, Peru, able to benefit from “Organic” certifications or conventional coffee cultivation to develop sustainable? Purpose: The purpose of this field study was to get an understanding of how and if organic farming is an adequate solution for sustainable development of small-­‐scale coffee farmers in developing countries or not. Method: This bachelor thesis was done as a field study financed by the Swedish International Development Agency (Sida) under the program of Minor Field Studies provided by the International Programme Office for Education and Training. For the field study a qualitative method has been used to better submit how the people involved understand and interpret their surrounding reality and to get a deep insight in their lives. The nature of the research question and the test subjects provided for a qualitative method rather than a quantitative. Qualitative measuring methods used for primary data gathering were, in-­‐depth interviews, observations, participations, spontaneous conversations, videos and photographs. Secondary sources used include literature, news magazines, public documents, and statistical data provided by organizations, institutions, webpages, and libraries through both Internet and physical form. The theoretical framework that lays a ground for the study has been based upon scholarly journals, scientific studies, scientific articles and other relevant existing research. The data that was gathered were later analyzed by qualitative methods. Conclusion: Small-­‐scale coffee farmers in developing countries are able to benefit from organic certification but it cannot be considered a sustainable development. There’s too little emphasis on the social and economical aspects and too much focus on the environmental factors by the organic certification to make it interesting to many farmers. For a small-­‐scale coffee farmer to benefit from the organic certifications he need to have a very low intense cultivation from the beginning, before becoming certified. The organic certification incurs increased costs for the farmer and is more labor intense while it at the same time provides limited productivity ability and only gives a slightly better price to the farmer for his product. Farmers that grows conventional coffee and have a somewhat managed plantation will not benefit from certifying organic as it would give them the same income or less. The organic growing procedure also prohibits the use of important pesticides as insecticides and herbicides that makes organic farmers further susceptible and sensible for diseases and plagues on their crop. The numerous facts that make organic growing low productive labor intense makes it more motivating for many farmers to chose conventional coffee cultivation instead of organic and working with certification. / Resumen  Titulo: Café Orgánico para un desarrollo sostenible en el Perú – Un estudio cualitativo sobre como el desarrollo de los agricultores peruanos de café es afectado por elegir trabajar con café orgánico y certificaciones Fecha de examen: 2013-05-31 Universidad: Universidad de Mälardalen Facultad: Facultad de Negocios, Sociedad e Ingeniería Nivel: Tesis de licenciatura en Administración de Empresas Nombre de curso: Tesis de licenciatura en Administración de Empresas, FÖA 300, 15 ECTS Autor: Marcus Brink 1987-05-10 Tutor: Birgitta Schwartz Examinador: Peter Dobers Paginas: 145 Adjuntos: Lista de las entrevistas, Preguntas de entrevista para agricultores de café Palabras clave: Desarrollo sostenible, orgánico, café, certificaciones, agricultores de café, agricultores de pequeña escala, Perú, bachiller, café convencional, certificación orgánica, rentabilidad, medio ambiente, empresariado social, contexto, productores de café. Pregunta de investigación: ¿De que manera se pueden beneficiar los productores de café en la región Junín, Perú, con las certificaciones orgánicos o con los cultivo de café convencional para desarrollarse de una manera sostenible? Propósito: El propósito de este estudio fue obtener conocimientos sobre si es y como la agricultura orgánica es una solución adecuada para desarrollo sostenible de pequeños agricultores de café en países de desarrollo o no. Método: Esta tesis de licenciatura se realizó como un estudio de campo financiado por la Agencia Sueca de Desarrollo Internacional (ASDI) bajo el programa de “estudio de campo de menor envergadura” proveído por la Oficina del Programa Internacional de Educación y Formación. Para el estudio de campo un método cualitativo ha sido usado para de una mejor manera presentar como la gente involucrada entiende y interpreta su realidad circundante y para obtener una visión profunda de sus vidas. La naturaleza de la pregunta de investigación y los sujetos dio razones e hizo relevante usar un método cualitativo en vez que un cuantitativo. Métodos cualitativos usados para coleccionar datos primarios eran entrevistas en profundidad, observaciones, participaciones, conversaciones espontáneas, vídeos y fotografías. Las fuentes secundarias utilizadas incluyen literatura, revistas de actualidad, documentos públicos y datos estadísticos de empresas, instituciones, paginas web y bibliotecas a través de internet y de la forma física. El marco teórico que establece una base para el estudio se ha basado en revistas especializadas, estudios científicos, artículos científicos y otras investigaciones de interés al respecto. Después los datos coleccionados han ido analizados con métodos cualitativos. Conclusión: Los agricultores pequeños de café en países en desarrollo pueden beneficiar de la certificación orgánica, pero no se le puede considerar un desarrollo sostenible. Hay poco énfasis en los aspectos sociales y económicos en comparación con los factores ambientales en la certificación orgánica que desmotiva a los agricultores a adaptarlo. Para que un pequeño agricultor se beneficie de la certificación tiene que ser un agricultor con muy baja productividad y falta de manejo adecuado antes de volverse certificado. La certificación orgánica aumenta los gastos o costos para el agricultor, parte de esto por el incrementado de la mano de obra y la capacidad de productividad limitada mientras el café orgánico solo recibe un precio que es un poco mejor que la del café convencional. Agricultores convencionales que tienen una chacra un poco o bien manejado no van a beneficiarse al volverse certificados orgánicos porque les daría el mismo ingreso o menos. El manejo orgánico de café también prohíbe diferentes pesticidas como herbicidas y insecticidas que hacen a los agricultores orgánicos mas susceptibles y vulnerables de enfermedades y plagas en sus cultivos. Los numerosos hechos que hacen que el cultivo orgánico tenga baja productividad y necesita mano de obra intensa y pesada motiva a muchos agricultores a escoger cultivar café convencional en lugar de trabajar con la certificación orgánica.

This dissertation describes the manner by which a multinational corporation (MNC) enacts a market-based logic with a locally embedded partner in a complex and unfamiliar operating setting to fulfil both business and social objectives. It examines a hybrid partnership between BP, an MNC, and SSP, a rural Indian non-governmental organisation (NGO). Together, the organisations trained rural women, who were affiliated with SSP, as agents to distribute and sell BP’s ‘smokeless’ cookstoves and fuel pellets to households who cook on smoky firewood stoves. The research draws on two theories—neo-institutional organizational theory and real markets theory—to examine the process by which logics are aligned across partners and projected and translated into the rural Indian exchange setting. It constructs a four-actor model (MNC, NGO, agent, customer) to explore the exchange relationships between the actors at the meso- and micro-levels. At the meso-level, it explains how the MNC and NGO’s non-aligned logics, asymmetric power dynamics, and lack of mutual trust contribute to the venture’s failure. In addition, the NGO was so determined to succeed as a professional, market-driven, channel partner that it shed part of its identity as a civil advocacy organisation and adopted mainstream commercial practices that were not sensitive to the needs of its local stakeholders. At the micro-level, the partners did not come to a common understanding with the agents regarding the cultural challenges they faced marketing the stove. Moreover, the marketing strategy glossed over the multi-layered social relationships and culinary, behavioural, and religious practices that needed to be translated for the technology to meet the needs of consumers. Using gritty ethnographic data, the dissertation highlights a challenge that large, foreign companies face when entering ‘Base of the Pyramid’ markets, namely the inconsistency between the MNC’s market logic and the wider associational logics that motivate village agents and customers.

The thesis addresses the topic of employment of persons with disabilities on sheltered and training positions. Its intention is to draw attention to the importance of employment in the life of these people, the importance of raising public awareness and the necessity to establish a responsive attitude of the public as well as employers in this sphere. The thesis provides a theoretical background for the issues of employment of the disabled. It intentionally explains the term of vocational rehabilitation in a broader context of active employment policy and as an element of complex rehabilitation. The thesis characterises the sphere of social entrepreneurship as one of the options where the creation of sheltered and training positions may form a central programme of an enterprise. It presents operational programmes which currently enable the creation of training positions. The thesis includes characteristics of a selected entity where training and sheltered positions are implemented on a sociotherapeutic farm. The practical section of the thesis describes the possible ways of utilising the sociotherapeutic farm in the employment of individuals with disabilities. The research section assesses the benefits of working on the farm for specific disabled individuals employed as animal attendants. Powered by TCPDF...

本研究以個案分析的方式探討社會企業之經營模式，試圖挖掘出社會企業經營模式與一般企業經營模式間的差異，並以使命對象在價值鏈的位置作為操作變數，比較兩類社會企業，因使命對象在價值鏈位置的不同，而對經營模式內涵產生的影響。依使命對象在價值鏈的位置劃分：第一類社會企業，其使命對象位於價值鏈末端，本研究以「台灣主婦聯盟生活消費合作社」，作為第一類社會企業的代表個案；第二類社會企業，其使命對象位於價值鏈過程，本研究以「光原社會企業股份有限公司」，作為第二類社會企業的代表個案。本研究以Hamel（2000）的經營模式架構為基底，以Hamel提出的四個經營元素：核心策略、策略性資源、顧客介面、價值網絡，來對個案之經營模式進行驗證與分析。 　　根據本研究定義，社會企業為：以商業途徑來滿足特定社會需求或解決特定社會問題的永續性組織，強調社會使命的達成，致力財務自足與自主，具有創業精神，能以創新的方式來運用機會與組合資源。社會企業與一般企業最根本的差異在於，社會企業首重社會使命，不以營利為目的。在社會使命的追求下，社會企業經營模式不同於一般企業的地方在於：（1）社會企業關心的是，如何以經營模式創造最大化社會價值。（2）經營模式之建構，必須納入使命對象，新增一經營元素「使命對象介面」。（3）建構經營模式時，社會企業須將非營利母組織納入考慮，合併籌畫。（4）社會企業更加強化與注重價值網絡，並且要能夠主動去創造屬於社會企業自己的價值網絡。 　　使命對象位於價值鏈位置之差異，對社會企業經營模式帶來影響：（1）使命對象位於價值鏈末端之社會企業，其經營模式以合作做為運作基礎；使命對象位於價值鏈過程中之社會企業，其經營模式以市場競爭做為運作基礎。（2）使命對象位於價值鏈末端之社會企業，其使命對象在價值鏈可能會有位移、變異之現象，此類社會企業須注意使命對象之動態，因應調整經營模式的各經營元素。

Social entrepreneurs seek to create social value in various ways in the community. Notably, they encounter not only enabling factors but also face and attempt to deal with a variety of challenges in their endeavor to start and run social ventures. This academic paper adopts a single case study approach with the aims to explore challenges and attempts to deal with them, as well as enablers, in how Dr Govender sought to create social value within the community of Gelvandale in Port Elizabeth in South Africa. Famhealth Medipark was chosen because it is unique and has been considered as an example of successful social entrepreneurship in Port Elizabeth. In the light of this, there has not been any previous study particularly focusing on its challenges and enablers in adding social value in the community through a multi-disciplinary venture. This research is valuable as it builds our understanding of how social entrepreneurs create social value. This qualitative study uses a single case study to focus on incidents of challenges and enabling factors as experienced, recollected and expressed by Dr Govender as a social entrepreneur. A variety of data, such as interview data collected through sampling incidents in nine in-depth initial and follow-up interviews, documents, audio documentaries and emails, were used. Open coding and constant comparison was used to analyze data and induce themes. Findings depict that Dr Govender as a social entrepreneur was propelled by four enablers: (1) strong enthusiasm to create positive change in others within a community, (2) network to resources, (3) a nurturing world view, and (4) consistent self-sacrifice. Dr Govender also revealed that he faced four types of challenges in setting up and operating Famhealth Medipark (FHM) as a vehicle with the sole purpose of creating and adding social value to the community of Gelvandale. Predominantly, (1) limitation of finance, (2) overwhelming effect of multiple roles, (3) negative effects of the non-accredited status of the care-giver training programme, and (4) the predominance of a destructive mindset entrenched within the Gelvandale community were key challenges he faced and attempted to deal with in setting up and operating a social venture to ultimately create social value. Although other types of data have been used, the predominant reliance on primary data collected through in-depth interviews is one of the major limitations of this qualitative study. However, this qualitative and exploratory study provides insights into our understanding of not only challenges encountered by social entrepreneurs but also the various drivers that sustain their social mission. Recommendations were then made, based on the findings from the research conducted.

The study aims to evaluate the Entrepreneurial Seed Fund Programme (ESFP) of the Cape Winelands District Municipality (CWDM). This Programme aims to provide seed funding to emerging and established businesses in order to start and/or grow their businesses. The Programme provides funding through a grant-in-kind by procuring the goods and equipment that the business needs. The businesses qualifying for the funding are not solely focusing on profit-making; they are addressing social issues through business activities in their communities. The population of the study includes five successful and unsuccessful beneficiaries and a questionnaire was designed in order to determine the contributing factors to the success or failure of the business and if the objectives of the Programme was realised. In conclusion, the ESFP can be regarded as a sustainable programme which contributed to job creation and social upliftment. The ESFP should be strengthened with a small business incubation programme in order to enhance its sustainability. / Public Administration and Management / M. Tech. (Public Management)